一品红花粉离体萌发影响因子的研究

以一品红7个品种为试材,研究了培养基组分、pH值、培养方法和培养条件对一品红花粉离体萌发的影响.结果表明:一品红花粉较适宜离体萌发培养基为ME3+15％ PEG 4000+10％蔗糖(pH=6.0);培养基中添加适宜浓度的PEG 4000、蔗糖、ME3均可显著促进一品红花粉萌发,其中以添加PEG 4000萌发率最高,蔗糖次之;ME3还可提高花粉管质量,花粉管长度适中、较直且粗.花粉萌发适宜温度为20℃-25℃,固体和液体培养以及黑暗和光照条件对一品红花粉萌发的影响差异均不显著.7个一品红品种花粉离体萌发率存在较大差异.     

陆地棉花粉粒萌发和花粉管生长特性

以陆地棉为材料,用苯胺蓝染色法对花粉管进行染色,观察棉花花粉粒在柱头上的萌发和花柱中花粉管的生长状况.授粉后,统计花柱中花粉管的数量,将花粉活力与花粉管数量直接联系起来,为棉花花粉活力测定和生殖过程的基本规律研究提供了新的方法.活体和雌蕊离体培养两种条件下,花粉原位萌发结果基本一致.活体原位萌发在授粉1h后.个别花粉开始萌发,4h后柱头上的花粉全部萌发,12h后大量的花粉管伸长到花柱基部.统计花柱中花粉管数量的准确时间应在授粉后4—12h.离体原位萌发各式各阶段均较活体原位萌发慢1h.可用离体原位萌发法代替活体原位萌发法测定花粉活力,活体和离体原位萌发两种情况下,花粉管的平均生长速度分别为0.03和0.29cm/h.花粉萌发及花粉管在花柱中生长的最适温度为30℃.花粉管在花柱中呈曲线方式生长.     

白蜡花粉最佳离体萌发培养基筛选

【目的】筛选白蜡(Fraxinus sp.)花粉最适离体培养基，能够为后续的授粉受精和育种工作提供一定的参考依据。【方法】通过收集绒毛白蜡‘金箭’(F.velutina‘Jinjian’)和美国红梣‘鲁蜡5号’(F.pennsylvanica‘Lula 5’)的花粉，比较固体培养基和液体培养基上花粉的萌发情况，选用适宜的离体培养法观察培养时间对花粉萌发情况的影响，设计正交试验，筛选最佳离体萌发培养基。【结果】(1)固体培养基上‘金箭’的花粉萌发率均显著高于液体培养基，02和03号固体培养基上‘鲁蜡5号’的花粉萌发率显著高于液体培养基。(2)培养2.5 h左右的花粉适宜进行生活力的观测。(3)正交试验表明：‘金箭’花粉的最适萌发培养基为150 g/L蔗糖+20 mg/L硼酸+30 mg/L氯化钙，‘鲁蜡5号’花粉的最适萌发培养基为150 g/L蔗糖+40 mg/L硼酸+30 mg/L氯化钙。【结论】采用150 g/L蔗糖+20 mg/L硼酸+30 mg/L氯化钙的固体培养基培养2.5 h后适宜统计两种白蜡花粉的萌发情况，但不同种的花粉萌发率与花粉管长度的相关性有差异。     

哈密瓜花粉离体萌发特性的研究

通过哈密瓜花粉在固体培养基上进行离体培养，对哈密瓜品种金皇后的离体萌发特性进行研究。结果表明，培养基中硼酸的不同浓度对哈密瓜花粉离体萌发具有明显的影响，适宜的硼酸浓度为20mg／L；在不同的温度条件下，哈密瓜花粉的萌发率不同，25℃时哈密瓜花粉的萌发率达到了最大值，花粉萌发的适宜温度范围为10．35℃，随着温度的升高，花粉管的长度也相应的增加；另外，不同的贮藏时间和贮藏温度对哈密瓜花粉的萌发率也有一定的影响，一般在低温条件下贮藏花粉，可以较长时间保持花粉较高的萌发率。     

芍药花粉离体萌发培养基组分的优化

以芍药花粉为材料,采用正交设计L^9（34）法研究蔗糖、硝酸钙、硼酸对芍药花粉离体萌发和花粉管生长的影响,筛选芍药花粉离体萌发最适宜的培养基,并研究了不同pH值对芍药花粉萌发的影响。结果表明,蔗糖对芍药花粉萌发率和花粉管生长影响最大,硼酸次之,硝酸钙影响最小;芍药花粉离体萌发最适宜培养基为,蔗糖20g·L^-1＋硼酸20mg·L^-1＋硝酸钙60mg·L^-1;其萌发率和花粉管长度分别为63．12％和183．33μm;适合芍药花粉萌发的pH为6～7。     

阿拉伯半乳糖蛋白在茉莉花粉萌发和花粉管生长中的作用研究

阿拉伯半乳糖蛋白(arabinogalactan proteins, AGPs),是一类具有繁杂构造的糖蛋白，遍及于植物的不同组织中.大量研究表明，AGPs在花粉的黏附、水合、萌发和花粉管在花柱内极性生长过程中都起着重要作用.采用花粉离体培养技术，对AGPs与其抑制剂β葡萄糖基-Yariv试剂(β-D-glucosyl-Yariv reagent,βGlcY)结合后，茉莉花粉萌发和花粉管生长的情况，以及去除抑制剂后，花粉管再生情况进行了研究，以探明AGPs是否对茉莉花粉萌发和花粉管生长起作用.结果表明：Yariv试剂在处理后1～2 h内能明显抑制茉莉花粉萌发和花粉管的生长，花粉萌发率和花粉管生长速度与对照相比都显著下降；去除抑制剂后，茉莉花粉管可恢复正常生长能力，故AGPs在茉莉花粉萌发和花粉管生长过程中起着重要的促进作用.研究结果对提高茉莉花粉活力、促进花粉管生长以克服结实障碍、提高结实率有重要的指导意义.     

转水稻osRACD反义基因拟南芥植株的育性分析

利用反义RNA技术,将水稻低分子量GTP结合蛋白基因osRACD反向置于CaMV 35 S启动子的调控下,构成反义基因表达载体pBID,并用真空渗透法转化拟南芥植株.转基因植株的荚果自花谢之后就停止生长,其后荚果便自顶端开始逐渐枯黄并死亡;而对照植株的荚果在花谢之后仍继续生长直到成熟.花粉离体萌发生长实验显示,转基因植株花粉萌发后的生长延伸过程受到抑制,形成短而略粗的花粉管;而对照植株花粉萌发后的生长状况正常,形成长圆柱形的花粉管.这些结果表明,osRACD基因的功能是参与控制花粉管的生长延伸过程,其编码的蛋白质可能是调控光敏核不育水稻58S育性的重要因子之一.     

两种豹子花花粉及其发育形态的研究

本文借助光学显徽镜对宽瓣豹子花和滇蜀豹子花的花粉形态作了动态观察，并观察了不同发育阶段的茨粉结构．这两种豹子花的花粉其萌发孔均为单沟（远极）型，花粉外壁结构及表面纹饰的特点属较进化的网纹型．花粉发育基本相同，首先发育形成单核花粉粒，然后形成双核花粉粒，随后从萌发孔萌发出花粉管，生殖核随花粉管伸长逐渐移到花粉管顶端。有丝分裂一次形成二个精子。其发育过程与百合属植物相似。     

沙田柚花粉蛋白质双向电泳分析

比较分析沙田柚花粉不同发育时期和自交、异交花粉蛋白质的双向凝胶电泳图谱，随着花粉的发育，其蛋白质格局始终处于变化之中，单核期和双核期花粉中相对分子质量小的蛋白质明显增多，萌发的花粉中相对分子质量小的蛋白质亦较多，是与此时花粉生理活动旺盛有关，自交、异交花粉蛋白质格局无明显差别，但是发现异交粉管中一些蛋白质在自交花粉中缺失或含量较低，说明自交条件下花粉管一些蛋白质表达可能受到了抑制，该结果为“膜受体假说”提供了一个新的实验证据。     

钙对花粉萌发的启动产效应和对花粉管生长的调节作用

本文以云南松和烟草为材料，研究了钙对花粉萌发和花粉管生长的效应。结果表明花粉萌发介质中高浓度的钙（１０￣（－１）～１０￣（－１）２ｍｏｌ／Ｌ）显著抑制了云南松和烟草的花粉萌发和花粉管生长，而较低浓度的钙或缺钙（１０￣（－３）～０ｍｏｌ／Ｌ）对花粉萌发和花粉管生长无明显影响。测定萌发过程中花粉钙含量变化的结果表明，花粉水合阶段和萌发早期有一急剧的钙释放高峰。在培养介质中加入钙螫合剂ＥＧＴＡ抑制了花粉的萌发，但这种抑制可被随后加入的钙所逆转。钙通道阻塞剂Ｖｅｒａ－ｐａｍｉｌ和Ｃｏ￣（２＋）也能抑制或阻止花粉萌发，但这种抑制主要发生在花粉萌发的早期。此外，在同样浓度的钙载离子体Ａ＿（２３１８７）的处理下，花粉管生长比花粉萌发过程更为敏感。上述结果暗示着钙可能作为花粉萌发的启动者（Ｉｎｉｔｉａｔｏｒ）和花粉管生长的调节者（Ｒｅｇｕｌａｔｏｒ）来启动花粉萌发和调节花粉管生长。     

Membrane skeleton spectrin in pollen and pollen tube

Immuno-western blots, immunofluorescence and immuno-gold labeling methods were used to study the existence and distribution of a homologue of the membrane skeleton spectrin in the pollen and pollen tube ofLilium davidii Duch. A spectrin homologue was found to exist in the pollen and pollen tube, distributed on membranes of secretory vesicles near Golgi apparatus.     

Chromosome engineering of pollen wheat

Chromosome engineering of pollen wheat is the new procedure combining anther culture and chromosome engineering techniques. It could transfer useful alien genes into wheat varieties, enhancing genetic diversity for investigation of genetics and breeding. In the present study, two new procedures, at genome level and single chromosome level, were established. Compared with the classical chromosome engineering, the chromosome engineering of pollen wheat has the following main characters: (i) diversity of products, (ii) rapid stability and (iii) high efficiency of selection. Experiments indicated that chromosome engineering of pollen wheat is an efficient way for creating alien translocation line, especially non-Robertsonian translocation line. Meanwhile, using this procedure combined with comprehensive identifying methods, the investigation of useful genes and molecular markers on rye chromosomes 1R and 6R respectively has been done. The roles and relationships between chromosome engineering of pollen wheat and gene engineering on crop improvement were discussed.     

川蔓藻科植物的花粉形态研究

应用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜对产自世界不同地区的川蔓藻科植物的花粉形态进行了观察。结果表明，川蔓藻科植物花粉为异极、两 侧对称，花粉中部稍弯曲呈弓形，无萌发孔，花粉外壁纹饰为网状或拟网状。花粉特征表明，该科植物与眼子菜科十分接近，支持将川蔓藻科作为眼子菜科的近缘科处理的观点。     

Cryopreservation of pollen by vitrification inBrassica

The key factors affecting pollen cryopreservation by vitrification inBrassica campestris var.purpurea were investigated. The factors involved the pollen maturity, the pollen resistance to dehydration, the components of vitrification solution (PVS), and the concentration of diluent. Thus, a suitable procedure was established for pollen vitrification, the maximum relative survival rates of mature (at the day of anthesis) and nearly mature (3 days before anthesis) pollen were about 80%, 63% respectively. This procedure has been also successfully applied to two other species (Brassica napus, Brassica chinensis). The advantage of cryopreservation of pollen by vitrification was discussed. Xu Bingfang: born in Sep. 6. 1970, Ph. D graduate student     

Preparation of exine-detached pollen inNicotiana tabacum

A method of preparing exine-detached pollen inNicotiana tabacum was established. Anthers containing early-middle binucleate pollen were cold-pretreated at 4–6°C for 7–14 days, and were suspended in 0.3 mol/L sucrose solution for 2 days. During this process, the exine of most pollen grains dehisced. Then they were transferred into an enzyme solution containing 1% cellulase, 1% pectinase, 0.1% pectolyase, 1 mol/L mannitol, 0.3 mol/L sorbitol, 0.5% potassium dextran sulphate and K3 medium macro elements. After 15–20 min enzymatic maceration, the exine was detached resulting in the release of exine-detached pollen. Factors affecting preparation of exine-detached pollen were investigated, including cold-pretreatment, osmoticum concentration and enzymes used. Xia Huijun: born in Oct. 1963, Ph.D. Current research interest is in plant reproductive biology Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China     

百合属植物花粉亚显微形态研究

应用扫描电子显微镜对百合属（Lilium L.）植物3种1变种的花粉形态进行了观察研究。结果显示：花粉形态皆呈椭圆体,具单沟萌发器官。花粉粒在大小、外壁雕纹等性状上种间差异显著。     

慈姑雌花在自然居群中的受粉过程--花粉粒落置、萌芽及花粉管生长的荧光显微观察

用荧光显微术观察了慈姑（Ｓａｇｉｔｔａｒｉａ ｔｒｉｆｏｌｉａ Ｌｉｎｎ）不同时期的雌花柱头上花粉粒的落置、萌发及花粉管的生长过程与途径。结果表明：该种雌花开花２ｈ 柱头受粉率为０,开花４ｈ 和８ｈ受粉率分别为５３８％ 和９８３％ ,柱头上花粉萌发率达１００％ ;花粉管沿雌蕊之向心一侧的组织中穿行,至子房基部后部分花粉管转向胚珠,由珠孔进入珠心。本研究发现该种花粉管常穿过子房基部至花托组织,并可进入其他雌蕊中,作者认为这种行为可能对保证雌花的结实率有一定意义     

Deep-sea pollen research in China

This paper briefly presents the progress of deep-sea pollen research in China since the beginning of ninetieths of the last Century. All the deep-sea pollen contri-butions mainly come from the South China Sea (SCS) and the East China Sea (ECS). The German-Chinese joint cruise (Sonne 95) and ODP 184 cruise initiated by Chinese scientists in the SCS provided excellent material for the deep-sea pollen research. So far a number of pollen results of 20-30 ka and million years from the SCS have been published. A couple of deep-sea pollen records from Okinawa Through of the ECS also came out. The high resolution pollen records obtained from the continuous deposits with high sedimentation rates and reliable age control of the deep-sea sediments provided a high time resolution history (hundred to millennial scales) of vegetation, environment and monsoon evolution of the pollen source areas (southern China and Japan). Spectral analysis of deep-sea pollen records from the SCS discovered orbital (100, 41, 23, 10 ka) and suborbital cyclicities(Heinrich and Dansgaard/Oscheger-O/D events) in the vegetation changes. Moreover, cross spectral analysis showed that the trend of vegetation changes in northern SCS was regulated mainly by changes of the ice volume in the Northern Hemisphere. The pollen record of the last 20 ka from the Okinawa Through of the ECS indicates that the marine environmental change lagged that on the terrestrail by about 1000 year. The asynchronous environmental changes between land and sea were probably caused by the time difference in thermohaline circulation. This study underscored the role of the deep-sea plant fossils as a bridge across the land and sea.     

百合品种的花粉形态研究

应用扫描电镜对东方百合(TheOrientalHybrids)、亚洲百合(TheAsiaticHybrids)、麝香百合(TheLongiflorumHybrids)杂种系10个品种及兰州百合(L davidiivar unicolor)、细叶百合(L pumilum)、新铁炮百合(L ×L formolongiHort,L formosanum×L longiflorum)的花粉形状、大小、外壁纹饰等作了比较研究.结果表明,几种百合花粉形状皆呈椭球体,具单沟萌发孔,沟长达两端;不同品种花粉粒在大小、外壁纹饰等性状上存在不同程度的差异,对区分某些品种具有一定的参考价值.其中品系内部百合品种的主要特征相似性较大,反映出较为紧密的亲缘关系和相同的杂交背景.