生物柴油-乙醇-水微乳化燃料的燃烧和排放特性

为了研究生物柴油-乙醇-水微乳化燃料在柴油机上的应用,在一台单缸直喷式柴油机上进行了燃烧特性和排放特性的对比试验,分别使用燃烧分析仪和排放分析仪,测录燃料的燃烧压力和排放浓度.研究结果表明:与生物柴油相比,随着乙醇和水的加入,微乳化燃料的压力曲线、压力升高率曲线以及放热率曲线明显后移;小负荷时,生物柴油-乙醇-水微乳化燃料峰值燃烧压力高,而峰值压力升高率和峰值瞬时燃烧放热率略低;大负荷时,微乳化燃料峰值燃烧压力、峰值压力升高率和峰值瞬时燃烧放热率均明显增加;微乳化燃料燃烧开始时放热明显滞后,燃烧结束时放热明显提前,微乳化燃料NOx和烟度排放降低.     

直喷式柴油机排放性能仿真研究

以直喷式柴油机燃烧过程现象学描述为基础,利用BOOST软件建立柴油机的准维多区现象学燃烧模型,对增压直喷式柴油机的排放特性进行仿真计算,其计算结果与实验数据取得了良好的一致性.利用三维仿真软件FIRE对其在标定工况下排放物的生成分布进行分析对比.讨论调整喷油始点对控制直喷式柴油机排放性能的影响.仿真结果表明,喷油始点提前越多,NOx生成增加,碳烟则有所减少.     

柴油-丙烷发动机不同喷油提前角时的燃烧和排放特性

在一台单缸直喷式柴油机上开展了不同喷油提前角下燃用柴油和柴油-丙烷混合燃料时的燃烧和排放特性研究.研究结果表明:柴油-丙烷混合燃料的燃烧与排放参数随喷油提前角的变化趋势与燃用纯柴油时基本相同;对于给定的平均有效压力,柴油-丙烷混合燃料的放热率峰值和NOx排放随喷油提前角的推迟而减小,而总燃烧持续期、CO、HC和碳烟排放随喷油提前角的推迟而增加;对于给定的平均有效压力和喷油提前角,放热率峰值和NOx排放随混合燃料中丙烷含量的增加而增大,而总燃烧持续期、CO、HC和碳烟排放随丙烷含量的增加而减小.     

后喷对轻型柴油机燃烧过程及排放性能的影响

以某轻型柴油机为样机,研究了常用转速1600r.min -1、小负荷率工况下,后喷对柴油机NOx和soot排放特性、燃烧过程及油耗的影响规律.结果表明:后喷会使缸内温度在主燃烧末期再次提升;随着后喷油量增加,主燃烧段缸内压力、最高燃烧温度、平均燃烧温度及主燃烧放热率峰值逐渐降低;随着喷间隔角增加,主燃烧段缸内压力及烧放热率峰值略微上升,但缸内平均温度降低.在小负荷率工况,后喷可以同时有效降低NOx和soot排放,随着后喷油量增加,NOx和soot排放逐渐减少;随着后喷间隔角的增加NOx排放不断减少,soot排放呈现先减小后增加趋势;后喷会增加柴油机的燃油消耗,且随着后喷油量和后喷间隔角的增加,燃油消耗不断上升.     

CFD耦合化学动力学模拟EGR对柴油机燃烧的影响

研究了柴油机低速部分负荷工况引入不同EGR对缸内燃烧排放特性的影响.将CHEMKIN-Ⅱ化学反应求解器集成到KIVA 3V Release 2程序中,用正庚烷化学反应机理替代柴油燃烧,建立柴油机缸内燃烧数值模拟模型;结合试验数据,模拟分析喷油时刻保持不变,EGR率(废气再循环)从0%增加到60%的燃烧过程、NOx和碳烟排放.结果表明:引入大比例EGR后点火延迟明显增长,燃烧相位推迟,燃烧温度降低;较低燃烧温度避开了NOx的高浓度生成区,EGR率60%时NOx排放比无EGR时降低93.5%;但高EGR率未使燃烧路径避开碳烟生成区,加之较低的氧浓度不利于碳烟的氧化,碳烟排放增高.     

米勒循环模式的柴油机性能及NO_x排放的数值研究

为了使非道路柴油机达到第三阶段排放法规的要求,引入米勒循环技术。利用AVL Boost软件建立非道路D6114型柴油机的仿真模型,研究米勒循环对该柴油机的性能和NOx排放的影响。结果表明:进气门关闭正时提前,缸内的气体因膨胀降温过程,使压缩阶段的温度降低,NOx排放最大降低36%,但柴油机功率损失增加、油耗升高;压缩比的提高能改善柴油机的经济性,但同时会导致缸内爆发压力增高,柴油机机械负荷加重;推迟喷油正时可以使燃烧相位后移,缸内爆发压力降低,NOx的排放进一步降低。米勒循环、高压缩比、优化喷油正时等技术的结合,可以实现油耗仅升高2.2%的同时NOx排放降低30%,爆发压力降低2 MPa。该结论可以为非道路柴油机满足第三阶段法规而进行的改进设计提供参考。     

EGR对柴油机燃烧影响模拟

 废气再循环（EGR）作为控制缸内NOx生成的一项技术已广泛应用在现代直喷柴油发动机上。但EGR对氮氧化合物（NOx）、碳烟（Soot）排放的影响原因尚未被完全理解。为了全面分析EGR的特性,建立了基于GT-POWER的柴油机仿真模型。根据柴油机的基本结构,该模型为带有EGR系统的增压直喷柴油机一维流体动力学循环仿真模型。在分别固定进气压力和空燃比两种情况下,对EGR影响柴油机燃烧的特性进行了研究。结果表明,在恒定进气压力和EGR温度的情况下,随着EGR率的升高,缸内压力升高率减小,最高缸内爆发压力降低,燃烧放热始点推迟,燃烧峰值放热率升高。EGR导致Soot升高燃油经济性降低。在恒定进气空燃比和EGR温度的情况下,随着EGR率的升高,缸内压力的升高使燃烧放热始点提前,废气的惰性气体特性延缓燃烧成为次要因素。EGR的加入使燃烧恶化放热率降低。缸内的燃烧温度降低,减少了NOx的生成。小EGR率可以改善Soot的排放情况。所以在不同的边界条件下引入EGR的作用不同,在EGR控制策略中,利用控制进气空燃比的EGR控制方法并没有完全利用EGR特性,应该形成分别控制空气质量流量和EGR率的气路控制策略。在恒定EGR率的情况下,EGR温度的升高缩短了燃烧滞燃期,燃烧始点提前放热率峰值降低。最终缸内气体温度升高,NOx排放升高,Soot有轻微的改善,表明为了更好控制EGR系统,应对EGR温度进行控制。     

燃用二甲醚柴油机气道-气缸喷射复合燃烧

结合柴油机燃用二甲醚均质冲量压缩着火(HCCI)燃烧与缸内直喷燃烧各自优点,提出了气道-气缸喷射复合燃烧方式,并在一台柴油机上进行了试验研究.结果表明,燃烧过程包括二甲醚HCCI燃烧和缸内喷雾的预混及扩散燃烧,但随预混合率的不同呈现不同特征.随预混合率增加,在平均有效压力为0.12 MPa时,燃烧过程由两阶段发展到三阶段以至四阶段,再经三阶段回到两阶段,气缸压力、温度峰值先减后增,NOx排放单调减小;平均有效压力为0.24 MPa,压力、温度、压力升高率和压力升高加速度峰值以及NOx排放均先减后增;平均有效压力增为0.36 MPa时,最低和最高预混合率分别受到喷油泵供油能力和爆震限制,在能实现的预混合率范围内,压力、温度峰值和NOx排放随预混合率增加而单调增加.     

直喷式柴油机燃用生物柴油的性能与排放

为了研究生物柴油在柴油机上的应用,在一台四缸涡轮增压直喷式柴油机上进行不同掺混比生物柴油与柴油混合燃料的性能对比试验,分析了在不同转速和负荷下柴油机燃用不同掺混比混合燃料的动力性、经济性和排放特性。研究结果表明:生物柴油与柴油相比,在2 200 r/min负荷特性下,有效能耗率减少,NOx排放增加较多,中小负荷碳烟排放基本相同,大负荷碳烟排放明显降低,中小负荷HC排放明显降低,大负荷HC排放基本一致,CO排放基本不变;在外特性下,功率略有增加,HC排放和碳烟排放均有所降低,CO排放和NOx排放增加。     

生物制气-柴油发动机放热规律的影响因素

采用气化炉热解气化各种农林废弃的生物质,产生可燃生物制气,作为以柴油引燃的双燃料发动机的主要燃料．双燃料发动机由一单缸、四冲程、水冷、直喷式柴油机改装而成,生物制气通过发动机进气管,在进气过程中被吸入气缸．实测生物制气-柴油双燃料发动机气缸压力,根据气缸压力计算放热规律并分析转速、负荷及供油提前角对它的影响．负荷增大时,双燃料发动机燃烧始点提前,最大燃烧放热率增高,最高燃烧温度升高,后燃加重;转速增大时,燃烧推迟;供油提前角增大时,最大放热率降低,对应相位提前,后燃减少．     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the