氧化锌矿物浸出渣中铅、锶的提取及动力学分析

NH₄HCO₃ conversion followed by HCl leaching was performed and proven to be effective in extracting Pb and Sr from zinc extracted residual. The mechanism and operating conditions of NH₄HCO₃ conversion, including molar ratio of NH₄HCO₃ to zinc extracted residual, NH₄HCO₃ concentration, conversion temperature, conversion time, and stirring velocity, were discussed, and operating conditions were optimized by the orthogonal test. Experimental results indicate that NH₄HCO₃ conversion at temperatures ranging from 25 to 85°C follows the shrinking unreacted core model and is controlled by inner diffusion through the product layer. The extraction ratios of Pb and Sr under optimized conditions reached 85.15% and 87.08%, respectively. Moreover, the apparent activation energies of Pb and Sr were 13.85 and 13.67 kJ·mol?1, respectively.     

皮秒Nd:YAG激光对生物金属纯Ti和Ti–13Nb–13Zr合金的表面改性

The effects of picosecond Nd:YAG laser irradiation on chemical and morphological surface characteristics of the commercially pure titanium and Ti–13Nb–13Zr alloy in air and argon atmospheres were studied under different laser output energy values. During the interaction of laser irradiation with the investigated materials, a part of the energy was absorbed on the target surface, influencing surface modifications. Laser beam interaction with the target surface resulted in various morphological alterations, resulting in crater formation and the presence of microcracks and hydrodynamic structures. Moreover, different chemical changes were induced on the target materials’ surfaces, resulting in the titanium oxide formation in the irradiation-affected area and consequently increasing the irradiation energy absorption. Given the high energy absorption at the site of interaction, the dimensions of the surface damaged area increased. Consequently, surface roughness increased. The appearance of surface oxides also led to the increased material hardness in the surface-modified area. Observed chemical and morphological changes were pronounced after laser irradiation of the Ti–13Nb–13Zr alloy surface.     

基于响应曲面法的铁焦冶金性能多目标协同优化

Iron carbon agglomerates (ICA) are used to realize low-carbon blast furnace ironmaking. In this study, the central composite design based on response surface methodology was used to synergistically optimize the compressive strength, reactivity, and post-reaction strength of ICA. Results show that the iron ore addition ratio significantly influences the compressive strength, reactivity, and post-reaction strength of ICA. The iron ore addition ratio and carbonization temperature or the iron ore addition ratio and carbonization time exert significant interaction effects on the compressive strength and reactivity of ICA, but it has no interaction effects on the post-reaction strength of ICA. In addition, the optimal process parameters are as follows: iron ore addition ratio of 15.30wt%, carbonization temperature of 1000°C, and carbonization time of 4.27 h. The model prediction results of compressive strength, reactivity, and post-reaction strength are 4026 N, 55.03%, and 38.24%, respectively, which are close to the experimental results and further verify the accuracy and reliability of the models.     

汽车用废弃锂离子电池的减量化、再生及回收研究进展

The demand for Li-ion batteries (LIBs) for vehicles is increasing. However, LIBs use valuable rare metals, such as Co and Li, as well as environmentally toxic reagents. LIBs are also necessary to utilize for a long period and to recycle useful materials. The reduction, reuse, and recycle (3R) of spent LIBs is an important consideration in constructing a circular economy. In this paper, a flowsheet of the 3R of LIBs is proposed and methods to reduce the utilization of valuable rare metals and the amount of spent LIBs by remanufacturing used parts and designing new batteries considering the concept of 3R are described. Next, several technological processes for the reuse and recycling of LIBs are introduced. These technologies include discharge, sorting, crushing, binder removal, physical separation, and pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical processing. Each process, as well as the related physical, chemical, and biological treatments, are discussed. Finally, the problem of developed technologies and future subjects for 3R of LIBs are described.     

传统加热和微波加热下氧化锰矿的碳热还原行为研究

For the purpose of exploring a potential process to produce FeMn, the effects of microwave heating on the carbothermal reduction characteristics of oxidized Mn ore was investigated. The microwave heating curve of the mixture of oxidized Mn ore and coke was analyzed in association with the characterization of dielectric properties. The comparative experiments were conducted on the carbothermal reductions through conventional and microwave heatings at temperatures ranging from 973 to 1373 K. The thermogravimetric analysis showed that carbothermal reactions under microwave heating proceeded to a greater extent and at a faster pace compared with those under conventional heating. The metal phases were observed in the microstructures only under microwave heating. The carbothermal reduction process under microwave heating was discussed. The electric and magnetic susceptibility differences were introduced into the thermodynamics analysis for the formation of metal Mn. The developed thermodynamics considered that microwave heating could make the reduction of MnO to Mn more accessible and increase the reduction extent.     

机械合金化法制备的Cu/SiC纳米复合材料的组织、热性能和力学性能评估

Nano-sized silicon carbide (SiC: 0wt%, 1wt%, 2wt%, 4wt%, and 8wt%) reinforced copper (Cu) matrix nanocomposites were manufactured, pressed, and sintered at 775 and 875°C in an argon atmosphere. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy were performed to characterize the microstructural evolution. The density, thermal expansion, mechanical, and electrical properties were studied. XRD analyses showed that with increasing SiC content, the microstrain and dislocation density increased, while the crystal size decreased. The coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of the nanocomposites was less than that of the Cu matrix. The improvement in the CTE with increasing sintering temperature may be because of densification of the microstructure. Moreover, the mechanical properties of these nanocomposites showed noticeable enhancements with the addition of SiC and sintering temperatures, where the microhardness and apparent strengthening efficiency of nanocomposites containing 8wt% SiC and sintered at 875°C were 958.7 MPa and 1.07 vol%?1, respectively. The electrical conductivity of the sample slightly decreased with additional SiC and increased with sintering temperature. The prepared Cu/SiC nanocomposites possessed good electrical conductivity, high thermal stability, and excellent mechanical properties.     

空冷条件下钛渣颗粒的氧化路径及氧化动力学

The oxidation pathway and kinetics of titania slag powders in air were analyzed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) andthermogravimetry (TG). The oxidation pathway of titania slag powder in air was divided into three stages according to their three exothermic peaks and three corresponding mass gain stages indicated by the respective non-isothermal DSC and TG curves. The isothermal oxidation kin-etics of high titania slag powders of different sizes were analyzed using the ln-ln analysis method. The results revealed that the entire isotherm-al oxidation process comprises two stages. The kinetic mechanism of the first stage can be described as f (α)=1.77 (1?α) [?ln (1?α)](1.77?1)/1.77 , f (α)=1.97 (1?α) [?ln (1?α)](1.97?1)/1.97 , and f (α)=1.18 (1?α) [?ln (1?α)](1.18?1)/1.18 . The kinetic mechanism of the second stage for all samples can be described as f (α)=1.5(1?α)2/3[1?(1?α)1/3]?1 . The activation energies of titania slag powders with different sizes (d1 < 0.075 mm, 0.125 mm < d2 < 0.150 mm, and 0.425 mm < d3 < 0.600 mm) for different reaction degrees were calculated. For the given experimental conditions, the rate-controlling step in the first oxidation stage of all the samples is a chemical reaction. The rate-controlling steps of the second oxidation stage are a chemical reaction and internal diffusion (for powders d1 < 0.075 mm) and internal diffusion (for powders 0.125 mm < d2 <0.150 mm and 0.425 mm < d3 < 0.600 mm).     

烧结铁矿中FeO含量对其在富氢高炉中还原行为的影响

Japan started the national project “COURSE 50” for CO₂ reduction in the 2000s. This project aimed to establish novel technologies to reduce CO₂ emissions with partially utilization of hydrogen in blast furnace-based ironmaking by 30% by around 2030 and use it for practical applications by 2050. The idea is that instead of coke, hydrogen is used as the reducing agent, leading to lower fossil fuel consumption in the process. It has been reported that the reduction behavior of hematite, magnetite, calcium ferrite, and slag in the sinter is different, and it is also considerably influenced by the sinter morphology. This study aimed to investigate the reduction behavior of sinters in hydrogen enriched blast furnace with different mineral morphologies in CO–CO₂–H₂ mixed gas. As an experimental sample, two sinter samples with significantly different hematite and magnetite ratios were prepared to compare their reduction behaviors. The reduction of wustite to iron was carried out at 1000, 900, and 800°C in a CO–CO₂–H₂ atmosphere for the mineral morphology-controlled sinter, and the following findings were obtained. The reduction rate of smaller amount of FeO led to faster increase of the reduction rate curve at the initial stage of reduction. Macro-observations of reduced samples showed that the reaction proceeded from the outer periphery of the sample toward the inside, and a reaction interface was observed where reduced iron and wustite coexisted. Micro-observations revealed three layers, namely, wustite single phase in the center zone of the sample, iron single phase in the outer periphery zone of the sample, and iron oxide-derived wustite FeO and iron, or calcium ferrite-derived wustite 'FeO' and iron in the reaction interface zone. A two-interface unreacted core model was successfully applied for the kinetic analysis of the reduction reaction, and obtained temperature dependent expressions of the chemical reaction coefficients from each mineral phases.     

Mg和La对Ca–Ti 处理钢中夹杂物演变和组织的影响

The evolution of inclusions and the formation of acicular ferrite (AF) in Ca–Ti treated steel was systematically investigated after Mg and La addition. The inclusions in the molten steel were Ca–Al–O, Ca–Al–Mg–O, and La–Mg–Ca–Al–O after Ca, Mg, and La addition, respectively. The type of oxide inclusion in the final quenched samples was the same as that in the molten steel. However, unlike those in molten steel, the inclusions were Ca–Al–Ti–O + MnS, Ca–Mg–Al–Ti–O + MnS, and La–Ca–Mg–Al–Ti–O + MnS in Mg-free, Mg-containing, and La-containing samples, respectively. The inclusions distributed dispersedly in the La-containing sample. In addition, the average size of the inclusions in the La-containing sample was the smallest, while the number density of inclusions was the highest. The size of effective inclusions (nucleus of AF formation) was mainly in the range of 1–3 μm. In addition, the content of ferrite side plates (FSP) decreased, while the percentage of AF increased by 16.2% due to the increase in the number of effective inclusions in the La-containing sample in this study.     

铁酸锌焙烧后的还原行为及氨浸特性

A novel method for recovering zinc from zinc ferrite by reduction roasting–ammonia leaching was studied in this paper. The reduction thermodynamic of zinc ferrite by CO was analyzed. The effects of roasting parameters on the phase transformation and conversion rate of zinc ferrite, and the leaching behavior of zinc from the reductive roasted samples by ammonia leaching, were experimentally investigated. The mineralogical phase compositions and chemical compositions of the samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction and chemical titration methods, respectively. The results showed that most of the zinc ferrite was transformed to zinc oxide and magnetite after weak reduction roasting. 86.43% of the zinc ferrite was transformed to zinc oxide under the optimum conditions: CO partial pressure of 25%, roasting temperature of 750°C, and roasting duration of 45 min. Finally, under the optimal leaching conditions, 78.12% of zinc was leached into the solution from the roasted zinc ferrite while all iron-bearing materials were kept in the leaching residue. The leaching conditions are listed as follows: leaching duration of 90 min, ammonia solution with 6 mol/L concentration, leaching temperature of 50°C, solid-to-liquid ratio of 40 g/L, and stirring speed of 200 r/min.     

试论我国的精神损害赔偿法律制度

民事损害赔偿在我国立法中的适用早有明确规定，在经济关系和社会交往日益复杂化的今天，人们的精神活动也愈加频繁，导致的精神利益受损范围和程度也更加引起人们的关注，精神损害赔偿在民事法律中也就日益显得重要。     

惩罚性赔偿制度研究

惩罚性赔偿是英美普通法法系中的一种法律救济措施,也是英美法系中富有争议的法律制度之一。在我国民事法律中,《中华人民共和国消费者权益保护法》第49条在合同责任方面首开惩罚性赔偿之先河,并在随后的《中华人民共和国合同法》第113条中得到进一步确认,更被民法学者列入民法典的草案之中。但我国法律中关于惩罚性赔偿之规定存在诸多不足,于现实生活中并没有产生预期效果。我们应适当加大惩罚性赔偿的适用范围,使之适用于侵权和合同纠纷、妨害民事诉讼等多个领域,全面保护受损害方的合法权益。     

试论中国古代固有民法的开放性体系

近年来法律史研究中对正律以外的大量史料的考证足以说明:既然中国古代曾有辉煌的国际和国内贸易是不争的事实,且调整这些社会关系的大量的行为规则和裁判规则的存在亦不容置疑,那么,只要转换思路,从实质意义上的民法渊源的角度来看问题,就不但可以发现中国古代固有民法的实在体系,而且能够概括出其特有的调整模式。这无疑对目前我国民法典的编纂同样具有重要的现实意义。     

中国加入世界贸易组织必须完善民法制度

中国加入世界贸易组织成为其中一员，必须接受其规则，这是中国对该组织各员国应履行的国际义务。中国现行的民法与世界贸易组织的规则大体上是相通的，但是由于历史的原因还存在着很大差距。因此必须在民事主体制度、物权制度、合同制度、知识产权制度等方面进一步修改，完善，以适应其要求。     

民法"平等主体"辨正

“平等主体”作为我国民法特有的基本概念,其提出初衷是试图从调整对象上走出一条定义或阐释民法的新路,但它在逻辑上是错误的,从历史上看是生造出来的,对于现实而言,又是脱离实际的。我们应摒弃它。而将民法简明、正确地定义为调整平等财产关系和平等人身关系的法律规范总称。     

论胎儿利益的民法保护

我国现行立法对胎儿民事主体地位的不认可,诱使胎儿之权益得不到有效的法律保障。为此,考察对比各国对胎儿利益保护的立法模式后,建议我国未来民法典中应采用总括保护主义和个别保护主义相结合的模式,即在总则编和各分则编中分别明确胎儿之民事权益,并赋予胎儿特殊民事权利能力,以能真正有效全面地保护胎儿的民事权益。     

民事侵权精神损害赔偿问题研究

《侵权责任法》颁行之后,对于我国适用民事法律有效调整社会关系发挥了重要作用。本文基于对我国现行民事侵权精神损害赔偿制度的检讨,指出我国精神损害赔偿制度所存在的不足,并借鉴其它国家和地区先进的立法经验,提出了完善我国民事侵权精神损害赔偿制度的对策。     

市民社会理论视野中的和谐社会建设

市民社会的形成最早可以追溯到古希腊时期的西方社会。从古典时期至近现代的市民社会理论发展脉络可以看出，市民社会理论发展逐渐呈现出多元化的人文要素，这些要素是构造社会自主交往和自治机制，孕育民主法治体制的核心价值。因此，市民社会的现实发展和理论创新对于推进中国和谐社会建设过程中的经济体制改革、民主政治建设以及文化创新性发展具有积极的现实意义。     

探究著作追续权制度

著作追续权是对艺术作品后续转让费的提成权,是为平衡作者和艺术商之间的利益冲突而创设的一项法律制度。它符合法的公平、正义的价值理念,以民法中的非常损失规则为理论依据,是对著作权中的权利穷竭原则适用的限制。我国立法中尚没有规定追续权制度,为适应我国艺术品市场发展的需要,也为和国际接轨,我国著作权法中有必要增加追续权条款。     

论掩饰、隐瞒犯罪所得、犯罪所得收益罪对洗钱罪的补漏

我国刑法修正案（六）在修改了洗钱罪条款的同时,将原来的窝藏、转移、收购、销售赃物罪修改为掩饰、隐瞒犯罪所得、犯罪所得收益罪,弥补了刑法第191条沈钱罪条款涵益砸过窄的固有缺漏。对于木构成开珏法第191条洗钱罪的其他洗钱犯罪行为,可以刑法第312条掩饰、隐瞒犯罪所得、犯罪所得收益罪定罪处罚。