烧结铁矿中FeO含量对其在富氢高炉中还原行为的影响

Japan started the national project “COURSE 50” for CO₂ reduction in the 2000s. This project aimed to establish novel technologies to reduce CO₂ emissions with partially utilization of hydrogen in blast furnace-based ironmaking by 30% by around 2030 and use it for practical applications by 2050. The idea is that instead of coke, hydrogen is used as the reducing agent, leading to lower fossil fuel consumption in the process. It has been reported that the reduction behavior of hematite, magnetite, calcium ferrite, and slag in the sinter is different, and it is also considerably influenced by the sinter morphology. This study aimed to investigate the reduction behavior of sinters in hydrogen enriched blast furnace with different mineral morphologies in CO–CO₂–H₂ mixed gas. As an experimental sample, two sinter samples with significantly different hematite and magnetite ratios were prepared to compare their reduction behaviors. The reduction of wustite to iron was carried out at 1000, 900, and 800°C in a CO–CO₂–H₂ atmosphere for the mineral morphology-controlled sinter, and the following findings were obtained. The reduction rate of smaller amount of FeO led to faster increase of the reduction rate curve at the initial stage of reduction. Macro-observations of reduced samples showed that the reaction proceeded from the outer periphery of the sample toward the inside, and a reaction interface was observed where reduced iron and wustite coexisted. Micro-observations revealed three layers, namely, wustite single phase in the center zone of the sample, iron single phase in the outer periphery zone of the sample, and iron oxide-derived wustite FeO and iron, or calcium ferrite-derived wustite 'FeO' and iron in the reaction interface zone. A two-interface unreacted core model was successfully applied for the kinetic analysis of the reduction reaction, and obtained temperature dependent expressions of the chemical reaction coefficients from each mineral phases.     

Mg和La对Ca–Ti 处理钢中夹杂物演变和组织的影响

The evolution of inclusions and the formation of acicular ferrite (AF) in Ca–Ti treated steel was systematically investigated after Mg and La addition. The inclusions in the molten steel were Ca–Al–O, Ca–Al–Mg–O, and La–Mg–Ca–Al–O after Ca, Mg, and La addition, respectively. The type of oxide inclusion in the final quenched samples was the same as that in the molten steel. However, unlike those in molten steel, the inclusions were Ca–Al–Ti–O + MnS, Ca–Mg–Al–Ti–O + MnS, and La–Ca–Mg–Al–Ti–O + MnS in Mg-free, Mg-containing, and La-containing samples, respectively. The inclusions distributed dispersedly in the La-containing sample. In addition, the average size of the inclusions in the La-containing sample was the smallest, while the number density of inclusions was the highest. The size of effective inclusions (nucleus of AF formation) was mainly in the range of 1–3 μm. In addition, the content of ferrite side plates (FSP) decreased, while the percentage of AF increased by 16.2% due to the increase in the number of effective inclusions in the La-containing sample in this study.     

摩擦焊接碳钢（EN24）和镍基高温合金（IN718）的显微组织和力学性能

Continuous-drive rotary friction welding was performed to join cylindrical specimens of carbon steel (EN24) and nickel-based superalloy (IN718), and the microstructures of three distinct weld zones—the weld interface (WI)/thermo-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ), the heat-affected zone (HAZ), and the base metal—were examined. The joint was observed to be free of defects but featured uneven flash formation. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis showed substantial changes in high-angle grain boundaries, low-angle grain boundaries, and twin boundaries in the TMAZ and HAZ. Moreover, significant refinement in grain size (2–5 μm) was observed at the WI/TMAZ with reference to the base metal. The possible causes of these are discussed. The microhardness profile across the welded joint shows variation in hardness. The changes in hardness are ascribed to grain refinement, phase transformation, and the dissolution of strengthening precipitates. The tensile test results reveal that a joint efficiency of 100% can be achieved using this method.     

汽车暴露面板带有表面条状缺陷的夹杂物分布特征分析:一种定量电解方法

The specific distribution characteristics of inclusions along with the sliver defect were analyzed in detail to explain the formation mechanism of the sliver defect on the automobile exposed panel surface. A quantitative electrolysis method was used to compare and evaluate the three-dimensional morphology, size, composition, quantity, and distribution of inclusions in the defect and non-defect zone of automobile exposed panel. The Al₂O₃ inclusions were observed to be aggregated or chain-like shape along with the sliver defect of about 3–10 μm. The aggregation sections of the Al₂O₃ inclusions are distributed discretely along the rolling direction, with a spacing of 3–7 mm, a length of 6–7 mm, and a width of about 3 mm. The inclusion area part is 0.04%–0.16% with an average value of 0.08%, the inclusion number density is 40 mm?2 and the inclusion average spacing is 25.13 μm. The inclusion spacing is approximately 40–160 μm, with an average value of 68.76 μm in chain-like inclusion parts. The average area fraction and number density of inclusions in the non-defect region were reduced to about 0.002% and 1–2 mm?2, respectively, with the inclusion spacing of 400 μm and the size of Al₂O₃ being 1–3 μm.     

在酸性溶液中加压氧化三价砷离子和二价铁离子

The co-oxidation of As(III) and Fe(II) in acidic solutions by pressured oxygen was studied under an oxygen pressure between 0.5 and 2.0 MPa at a temperature of 150°C. It was confirmed that without Fe(II) ions, As(III) ions in the solutions are virtually non-oxidizable by pressured oxygen even at a temperature as high as 200°C and an oxygen pressure up to 2.0 MPa. Fe(II) ions in the solutions did have a catalysis effect on the oxidation of As(III), possibly attributable to the production of such strong oxidants as hydroxyl free radicals (OH·) and Fe(IV) in the oxidation process of Fe(II). The effects of such factors as the initial molar ratio of Fe(II)/As(III), initial pH value of the solution, oxygen pressure, and the addition of radical scavengers on the oxidation efficiencies of As(III) and Fe(II) were studied. It was found that the oxidation of As(III) was limited in the co-oxidation process due to the accumulation of the As(III) oxidation product, As(V), in the solutions.     

人工闪锌矿氧压酸浸过程中Cu2+的催化机理研究

The potential autoclave was used to study the catalytic mechanism of Cu2+ during the oxygen pressure leaching process of artificial sphalerite. By studying the potential change of the system at different temperatures and the SEM–EDS difference of the leaching residues, it was found that in the temperature range of 363–423 K, the internal Cu2+ formed a CuS deposit on the surface of sphalerite, which hindered the leaching reaction, resulting in a zinc leaching rate of only 51.04%. When the temperature exceeds 463 K, the system potential increases steadily. The increase in temperature leads to the dissolution of the CuS, which is beneficial to the circulation catalysis of Cu2+. At this time, the leaching rate of Zn exceeds 95%. In addition, the leaching kinetics equations at 363–423 and 423–483 K were established. The activation energy of zinc leaching at 363–423 and 423–483 K is 38.66 and 36.25 kJ/mol, respectively, and the leaching process is controlled by surface chemical reactions.     

超声振动辅助钨极惰性气体焊接异种金属 316L 和 L415

Ultrasonic vibration assisted tungsten inert gas welding was applied to joining stainless steel 316L and low alloy high strength steel L415. The effect of ultrasonic vibration on the microstructure and mechanical properties of a dissimilar metal welded joint of 316L and L415 was systematically investigated. The microstructures of both heat affected zones of L415 and weld metal were substantially refined, and the clusters of δ ferrite in traditional tungsten inert gas (TIG) weld were changed to a dispersive distribution via the ultrasonic vibration. The ultrasonic vibration promoted the uniform distribution of elements and decreased the micro-segregation tendency in the weld. With the application of ultrasonic vibration, the average tensile strength and elongation of the joint was improved from 613 to 650 MPa and from 16.15% to 31.54%, respectively. The content of Σ3 grain boundaries around the fusion line zone is higher and the distribution is more uniform in the ultrasonic vibration assisted welded joint compared with the traditional one, indicating an excellent weld metal crack resistance.     

活化天然矿石选择性还原二氧化碳为无定形碳

Natural magnetite formed by the isomorphism substitutions of transition metals, including Fe, Ti, Co, etc., was activated by mechanical grinding followed by H₂ reduction. The temperature-programmed reduction of hydrogen (H₂-TPR) and temperature-programmed surface reaction of carbon dioxide (CO₂-TPSR) were carried out to investigate the processes of oxygen loss and CO₂ reduction. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The results showed that the stability of spinel phases and oxygen-deficient degree significantly increased after natural magnetite was mechanically milled and reduced in H₂ atmosphere. Meanwhile, the activity and selectivity of CO₂ reduction into carbon were enhanced. The deposited carbon on the activated natural magnetite was confirmed as amorphous. The amount of carbon after CO₂ reduction at 300°C for 90 min over the activated natural magnetite was 2.87wt% higher than that over the natural magnetite.     

茶园土壤中铅形态分布与茶叶中铅质量分数关系的研究

基于茶园土壤中0～100 cm剖面不同层位各种形态铅及茶叶样品中总铅质量分数(w)的测定分析结果,定量分析了各种形态铅在不同土壤层位中的叫及其分布特点,同时利用灰色关联度分析方法,估算了土壤剖面不同层位中5个形态铅即可交换态(EXE)、碳酸盐结合态(CA)、铁锰氧化物结合态(OX)、有机结合态(OM)和残渣态(REX)的w与茶叶中总铅硼的相关性.研究结果显示:茶园土壤中不同形态铅w在所测剖面范围内的平均值由大到小排序为:叫(REX):>w(OX)>硼(0M)>w(CA)>w(EXE);同一剖面内铅的分布特点为:w(EXE),w(OM),w(REX)为表层高于底层,w(CA)和w(OX)则是底层高于表层;各形态铅所占总铅的比例,随其在土壤剖面各层中w值的变化而变化,其中 EXE铅在各土壤层中所占比例最小,REX铅所占比例最大(除底层外);灰色关联度分析结果显示,茶叶中的铅叫与不同形态铅在土壤各层中的w均呈正相关,但关联度最大的是EXE铅,其次为OM铅,且以表层土壤中的铅对茶叶中铅的w影响最大.     

农药残留问题的过去、现在和将来

 农产品中的农药残留是食品安全的一个重要方面。化学农药自1938年开始在世界上推广应用,20世纪50年代末农药残留问题凸现。1962年出版的Silent Spring一书揭开了农药残留问题的序幕。随着农药毒理学的发展,食品中农药残留也越来越引起社会的重视。食品中最大农药残留限量(MRL)标准,从20世纪60年代到21世纪10年代的60年间下降了100倍。本文从急性参考剂量(ARfD)毒性评估标准的出现、农药毒理学的发展、同类农药的累积毒性、农药手性化合物的毒性差异等方面,讨论未来农药残留面临的新挑战。提出风险评估、探明污染源、清洁化生产、无公害治理等可作为农产品中农药残留的主要阻控技术。     

南方涛动对广西干旱的影响

通过对南方涛动指数与广西春秋干旱的时空变化规律及与影响广西春秋降雨的天气系统的关系的分析。找出了7月及头年8月南方涛动指数分别与秋季和次年春季降雨的关系较为密切。并且,这两个月的南方涛动指数对影响春、秋降雨的天气系统有明显的制约作用。用这两个月的SOI值制作的春秋干旱的GM(1,2)模型,其效果较令人满意。     

广西秋冬季降水特征分析

利用1961年1月至2006 年2月广西89个气象观测站的逐日降水数据,计算各观测站45a来的秋冬季降水时间序列,运用小波分析和Mann-Kendell非参数化统计检验方法, 分析广西秋冬季降水的时空异常分布和变化特征.结果表明,广西秋季降水南多北少,近20a来降水量总体上趋于减少;冬季降水则东多西少,20世纪70年代初期开始出现趋于增多的突变,近15a来这种变化比较显著.广西秋冬季降水时间序列存在着较为明显的年代际和年际两个振荡周期.广西秋冬季降水的地域性差异较大,西部地区秋季降水逐渐减少的趋势较为明显,桂南秋季出现异常干旱的情况比较频繁,桂东北、桂西南的冬季降水明显增多.     

饱和含水土壤埋地原油管道冬季停输温降

建立了饱和含水土壤埋地原油管道在低于冰点环境温度下的停输流动和传热模型，该模型不仅考虑土壤水分结冰和管内原油凝固相变过程与初始温度场和流场的影响，而且考虑了水分在土壤多孔介质中和管内原油的自然对流。通过数值模拟，获得了停输期间温度场、流场以及土壤水分结冰界面和管道中原油凝固界面的分布情况。结果表明，停输期间越靠近管壁正上方的土壤，其温度梯度越大；受温度分布的影响，土壤水分和管内原油产生沿y轴对称线自下而上的自然对流；土壤水分结冰界面和管道中原油凝固界面随停输时间向埋深方向推进，管道顶部土壤中的结冰界面推进速度较远离管道土壤中的结冰界面缓慢，管内原油凝固界面也向埋深方向偏移。     

山口红树林保护区英罗港表层沉积物重金属形态的分布特征

通过对广西山口红树林自然保护区英罗港红树林湿地表层沉积物粒度和重金属Zn、Cu、Pb、Cd的分析,探讨重金属在红树林表层沉积物中的存在形态和分布规律。本文发现英罗港红树林林内表层沉积物粉砂和黏土所占比例高于光滩,并且林内沉积物Zn、Cu、Pb、Cd含量均高于光滩。表层沉积物中粉砂和黏土所占比例与重金属含量呈显著正相关,符合重金属的粒度效应。英罗港表层沉积物Zn、Cu、Pb、Cd平均含量低于国内其他主要红树林生长区域,表明该地区表层沉积物重金属污染相对较小。英罗港红树林沉积物重金属主要存在形态为残渣态,表明该区域重金属元素生物有效性较小。红树林林内沉积物非残渣态可氧化态重金属所占比例较高,这与红树林沉积物富含有机质和硫化物有关。光滩沉积物可还原态所占比例较高,这可能是光滩沉积物的砂质较多,通气性好,呈现氧化性的结果。     

近五十年内蒙古大学校园内苔藓植物物种组成变化

苔藓植物是植物区系的一个重要组成部分,但我国对校园微环境苔藓植物多样性变化的研究仍处于空白阶段.2010年通过样方布设法对内蒙古大学校园内的苔藓植物进行采集,并通过镜下观察,将2010年所采集的标本与内蒙古大学馆藏1964年同样地的标本进行鉴定与比较.整理出1964年有苔藓植物9科、19属、31种,以耐旱藓类和生态幅度宽的藓类植物为主,2010年有12科、20属、42种,除了适应性强的藓类植物外,还增加了一些喜阴湿环境的苔藓植物,物种组成较早年丰富;区系地理成分均以北温带及世界广布种为主,这是研究地大环境地理气候决定的;两个年代苔藓植物物种相似性系数为0.4384,物种相似性较高;1964年校园内生境类型单一,分布物种较少,随着校园的建设,2010年生境类型多样,新增物种及校园内大多数物种主要集中分布于人工林、楼群背阴及开阔地湿润土生生境,另外,校园硬化、裸土面积减少、原水湿环境丧失导致了早年分布的部分物种退出校园环境,突显了生境多样性及环境变化对物种丰富度及分布的影响.     

临夏回族青少年头发和指甲微量元素含量对比分析

对500名(男246,女254)13～17岁临夏回族青少年头发和指甲中的Fe、Cu、Ni、Zn、Mn、Pb、Cd、Mo、Se和Ca元素的含量进行了对比分析。结果表明这十种元素在人体的头发和指甲中均存在,但男女之间有差异,其共同特点是头发中的Cu、Zn高于指甲,Cd、Mo和Se元素的含量男女均极少,且无差异(p>0.05),男女指甲中的Pb、Fe含量均高于头发(p<0.05);男性指甲中的Mn高于头发(p<0.05),而在女性无显著差异;Ca作为一种常量元素,男女指甲中的含量均极显著地高于头发(p<0.01)。证实测定人体微量元素时,只测定头发中的含量不能完全代表元素的分布特征和变化情况,指甲和头发对于研究人体微量元素具有同等重要的意义。     

中华假磷虾发光器大小与结构的研究

中华假磷虾有１０个发光器：眼柄１对，胸部２对，腹部４个。发光器的大小随体长而异，体长越长，发光器越大；不同性别发光器的大小也有差异；雌性个体较雄性大；同一个体不同部位发光器大小也不同，以眼柄处最大，腹部次之，胸部最小。发光器的结构一般由发光体、晶体、内细胞团、反射器和外胚层细胞构成。位于胸部和腹部的发光器具有上述典型结构，而位于眼柄的发光器仅由发光体、内细胞团和反射器组成。     

整治工程后长江口南北槽的分流分沙季节特征

利用2009年2,4,8和11月共4次长江口南北槽的全潮水文泥沙测验数据,分析全年4个季节期间长江口南北槽的分流、分沙特征.结果表明:南槽的分流比、分沙比均大于北槽的分流比、分沙比,进入南港河道的水流、泥沙通过南槽的通量大于其通过北槽的通量.在春夏秋3个季节,南北槽均处于由陆向海输运格局;在冬季,南槽处于由海向陆输移状态,泥沙更易于南槽落淤,而北槽处于由陆向海净输移状态.与2006年,2007年冬季相比较,长江口三期整治工程实施后,北槽的水动力作用进一步加强.