单克隆抗体亲和渗滤法制备两种牛生殖激素

在本室已获得高特异抗牛促卵泡激素 (bFSH)和抗牛促黄体激素 (bLH)杂交瘤细胞的基础上 ,制备纯化抗bFSH和抗bLH两种单克隆抗体 (McAbs) ,并进而建立了一种单抗免疫亲和渗滤新技术。使用该技术成功地制备了上述两种牛生殖激素 ,从 7g牛垂体干粉可提取 3.3mg亲和纯bFSH和 1 1 .1mg亲和纯bLH。回收率分别为 85 %和 82 %。     

Type I iodothyronine deiodinase is a selenocysteine-containing enzyme.

Although thyroxine (3,5,3',5'-tetraiodothyronine, T4) is the principal secretory product of the vertebrate thyroid, its essential metabolic and developmental effects are all mediated by 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3), which is produced from the prohormone by 5'-deiodination. The type-I iodothyronine deiodinase, a thiol-requiring propylthiouracil-sensitive oxidoreductase, is found mainly in liver and kidney and provides most of the circulating T3(1) but so far this enzyme has not been purified. Using expression cloning in the Xenopus oocyte, we have isolated a 2.1-kilobase complementary DNA for this deiodinase from a rat liver cDNA library. The kinetic properties of the protein expressed in transient assay systems, the tissue distribution of the messenger RNA, and its changes with thyroid status, all confirm its identity. We find that the mRNA for this enzyme contains a UGA codon for selenocysteine which is necessary for maximal enzyme activity. This explains why conversion of T4 to T3 is impaired in experimental selenium deficiency and identifies an essential role for this trace element in thyroid hormone action.     

Presence in brain of synenkephalin, a proenkephalin-immunoreactive protein which does not contain enkephalin

The primary sequence of adrenal proenkephalin has recently been reported by three groups who have isolated and sequenced the cDNA for this prohormone. Several intermediates in the processing of proenkephalin, containing from one to four copies of [Met] enkephalin, have been purified from the adrenal medulla. Although there is evidence that the proenkephalin is identical in the brain and the adrenal medulla, similar intermediates have not been isolated from brain. We report here the production of an antiserum directed against a purified enkephalin precursor derived from the amino terminus of adrenal proenkephalin which cross-reacts with an antigen in brain. The immunoreactive protein in brain does not contain the sequence of enkephalin, but shows a pattern of distribution in immunohistochemical studies parallel to that of the enkephalins. In extracts of bovine caudate-putamen, this antigen is present in a molar concentration approximately one-fifth of that of [Met] enkephalin. The results demonstrate that the antiserum recognizes antigenic determinants within the N-terminal 72 amino acid residues of adrenal proenkephalin and that the enkephalin precursor in brain is similar to that found in the adrenal medulla. Furthermore, the absence of the enkephalin sequence in the brain protein indicates that concentrations of the larger intermediates in the processing of proenkephalin are much lower in the brain than in the adrenal medulla.     

Glycyl glutamine, an inhibitory neuropeptide derived from beta-endorphin

The primary mechanism of activation of intracellular prohormones seems to involve proteolytic cleavage at sequences of consecutive basic residues. Thus, all the known biologically active peptides derived from the prohormone of corticotropin and beta-endorphin appear to be excised initially by enzymes with this specificity. The C-terminal peptide, beta-endorphin (1-31), is generated by cleavage at a lysyl arginine sequence and an additional cleavage can give rise to the related peptides, beta-endorphin (1-27) and beta-endorphin (1-26). These derivatives of beta-endorphin are released by an endopeptidase that appears to catalyse cleavage on the carboxyl side of paired lysine residues, followed by the action of a carboxypeptidase B-like enzyme (Fig. 1). The beta-endorphin fragments, beta-endorphin (1-27) and beta-endorphin (1-26), have been isolated from porcine and bovine pituitary but the C-terminal dipeptide, glycyl glutamine, has not been reported previously. Here we describe the isolation of glycyl glutamine from porcine pituitary and present evidence for its presence in sheep brain stem. When applied ionophoretically to brain stem neurones in the rat, the dipeptide exhibited an inhibitory action on cell firing.     

谷胱甘肽S—转移酶5—5和细菌二氯甲烷脱卤素酶的性质比较

通过简便的两步阴离子交换色谱，从遗传工程菌株大肠杆菌ＪＭ１０５中纯化出哺乳动物的谷胱甘肽Ｓ－转移酶５－５（ＧＳＴ５－５），ＧＳＴ５－５以二卤甲烷为底物时的动力学常数，热稳定性和最适ｐＨ被测定，并与细菌二氯甲烷脱卤素酶的上述性质进行了比较。     

Cloning and characterization of the cDNAs for human and rat corticotropin releasing factor-binding proteins.

Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), is a potent stimulator of synthesis and secretion of preopiomelanocortin-derived peptides. Although CRF concentrations in the human peripheral circulation are normally low, they increase throughout pregnancy and fall rapidly after parturition. Maternal plasma CRF probably originates from the placenta, which responds to the bioactive peptide and produces the peptide and its messenger RNA. Even though CRF concentrations in late gestational maternal plasma are similar to those in rat hypothalamic portal blood and to those that can stimulate release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in vitro, maternal plasma ACTH concentrations increase only slightly with advancing gestation and remain within the normal range. Several groups have now reported the existence of a CRF-binding protein in human plasma which inactivates CRF and which has been proposed to prevent inappropriate pituitary-adrenal stimulation in pregnancy. The binding protein was recently purified from human plasma. We have now isolated and partially sequenced the binding protein, allowing us to clone and characterize its complementary DNA from human liver and rat brain. Expression of the cDNAs for human and rat binding protein in COS7 cells showed that these proteins bind CRF with the same affinity as the native human protein. Both rat and human recombinant binding proteins inhibit CRF binding to a CRF antibody and inhibit CRF-induced ACTH release by pituitary cells in vitro.     

Characterization of cDNA and genomic clones encoding the precursor to rat hypothalamic growth hormone-releasing factor

Growth hormone-releasing factor (GHRF) is a hypothalamic peptide which positively regulates the synthesis and secretion of growth hormone in the anterior pituitary. The amino-acid sequence of a 43-residue GHRF peptide isolated from rat hypothalamus was recently determined. Immunocytochemical techniques have been used to localize GHRF-containing cell bodies and nerve fibres largely to the medial-basal region of the rat hypothalamus. The rat has also been used extensively as an animal model to study the effects of GHRF on growth hormone synthesis and secretion and on somatic growth. To pursue questions concerning the biosynthesis of GHRF, the expression of the ghrf gene, and its regulation in the hypothalamus by neural and hormonal influences, we have now isolated and characterized both complementary DNA and genomic clones encoding rat hypothalamic GHRF. The rat ghrf gene spans nearly 10 kilobases (kb) of rat genomic DNA, contains 5 exons and encodes a 104-amino-acid precursor to the rat GHRF peptide. Comparison with previously characterized human ghrf cDNA and genomic clones has allowed patterns of conservation of amino-acid and nucleotide sequences between the human and rat GHRFs to be determined.     

Most of the coding region of rat ACTH beta--LPH precursor gene lacks intervening sequences

The peptide hormones ACTH, beta-endorphin, alpha- and beta-melanotropin(MSH) and possibly gamma-MSH are synthesized in the pituitary gland by the processing of a 32,000-molecular weight (MW) polypeptide called proopiomelanocortin (POMC). The existence of a further precursor (pre form) to POMC containing an additional N-terminal 'leader' peptide has been suggested by analysis of the in vitro translation products of poly(A)-containing RNA from AtT-20 cells, a mouse ACTH-producing cell line of pituitary origin. Nakanishi et al. cloned and sequenced a cDNA copy of the bovine prePOMC mRNA. This sequence confirmed the known structure of the carboxyl half of POMC and revealed the presence of a new MSH-like moiety, gamma-MSH, within the 16,000-MW amino half of the precursor (16K fragment). Recent experiments have suggested that this peptide may act in synergy with ACTH to increase corticosterone and aldosterone production in vivo and in vitro. We have now isolated from a rat genomic DNA library a segment of a DNA encoding most of POMC, using as probe a mouse 144-base pair cloned cDNA fragment encoding beta-MSH and beta-endorphin. The cloned rat gene is one of two (or more) closely related POMC genes. The DNA sequence obtained shows that the cloned POMC gene is not interrupted by any intervening sequence (IVS) between the codon for amino acid 19 and the presumptive poly(A) addition site. This region of POMC encodes all the biologically active peptides mentioned above. The DNA sequence encoding the putative gamma-MSH and the coding sequence that precedes it are highly conserved between rat and cow. This may indicate an as yet unrecognized biological function(s) for the NH2-terminal portion of the 16K fragment.     

Construction of cytopathic PK-15 cell model of classical swine fever virus

No cytopathic effect (CPE) can be observed on classical swine fever virus (CSFV) infected cell culture in vitro. This brings an obstacle to the researches on reciprocity between CSFV and host cells. Based on the construction of full-length genomic infectious cDNA clone of Chinese CSFV standard virulent Shimen strain, partial deletion is introduced into genomic cDNA to obtain a 7.5 kb subgenomic cDNA. A new subgenomic CSFV is derived from transfection with the subgenomic cDNA on PK-15 cells pre-infected by CSFV Shimen virus. Typical CPE induced by this subgenomic virus is observed on PK-15 cells. Coexistence of wildtype and subgenomic virus in cytopathic cell culture is demonstrated by RT-PCR detection in cytopathic cells. For conclusion, the construction of cytopathic cell model exploited a new way for researches on the molecular mechanism of CSFV pathogenesis.     

Cloning and sequence analysis of cDNA for bovine adrenal preproenkephalin

The nucleotide sequence of cloned cDNA for preproenkephalin from bovine adrenal medulla indicates that the precursor protein contains four copies of Met-enkephalin and one copy each of Leu-enkephalin, Met-enkephalin-Arg6-Phe7 and Met-enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8, a previously undetected opioid peptide. The enkephalin and extended enkephalin sequences are each bounded by paired basic amino acid residues. Preproenkephalin may represent a multi-hormone precursor, like the corticotropin-beta-lipotropin precursor.     

Homology of perforin to the ninth component of complement (C9)

Perforin is one of the cytolytic factors present in the cytoplasmic granules of mouse cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells. We have determined the sequence of the N-terminal amino acids of perforin purified from a mouse natural killer cell line, and, by using oligonucleotide probes corresponding to the amino acid residues, we have identified a complementary DNA encoding perforin from the cDNA library of a mouse cytotoxic T lymphocyte clone. As predicted from the functional similarities between perforin and the ninth component of the serum cytolytic system, complement (C9) (refs 4-8), the deduced primary structure of perforin has homology with C9 at their respective functionally conserved regions. We find that perforin is only expressed in killer cell lines, and not in helper T lymphocytes or other tumour cells tested. Thus we have provided direct molecular evidence that a killer-cell-specific protein evolutionally linked to C9 is involved in cell-mediated cytolysis.     

Cloning by functional expression of a member of the glutamate receptor family

We have isolated a complementary DNA clone by screening a rat brain cDNA library for expression of kainate-gated ion channels in Xenopus oocytes. The cDNA encodes a single protein of relative molecular mass (Mr) 99,800 which on expression in oocytes forms a functional ion channel possessing the electrophysiological and pharmacological properties of the kainate subtype of the glutamate receptor family in the mammalian central nervous system.     

表面活性剂和促进剂对重组里氏木霉生物合成t-PA的影响

重组里氏木霉(Trichoderma reesei)是染色体上整合有组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(t-PA)cDNA的基因工程菌株.对高产t-PA的重组里氏木霉菌株进行了筛选,并研究了乙酸钠和抗坏血酸(Vc)等促进剂及曲拉通(Triton100)、吐温80(Tween80)、十二烷基磺酸钠(SDS)和蔗糖酯等表面活性剂对菌株生物合成t-PA的影响.结果表明:乙酸钠能促进t-PA的生物合成,在发酵培养基中,其浓度为0.1%时,酶活可提高36.42%;吐温80对t-PA的合成有促进作用,其浓度为0.1%时,酶活可提高82.04%;抗坏血酸也可促进t-PA的合成,其浓度为0.05%时,酶活可提高124.82%;曲拉通和十二烷基磺酸钠加入时完全抑制t-PA的合成;蔗糖酯对t-PA的合成有部分抑制作用.     

Met-enkephalin-Arg6-Phe7, present in high amounts in brain of rat, cattle and man, is an opioid agonist

The enkephalins Met-enkephalin and Leu-enkephalin were first isolated from porcine brain by Hughes and co-workers. We have recently isolated from bovine adrenals another enkephalin with the structure Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Arg-Phe, or Met-enkephalin-Arg6-Phe7 (ref. 2). We report here that this new heptapeptide is found in human, rat and bovine striatum in concentrations comparable with or greater than that of Leu-enkephalin. This molecule should not be considered as a mere precursor of Met-enkephalin. A pharmacological study indicates that this naturally occurring enkephalin has similar properties to the two enkephalins characterized earlier.     

Paenibacillus sp. K1 β-半乳糖苷酶基因的克隆及在大肠杆菌中的表达

从鲜牛奶中分离到1株产β-galactosidase的细菌,经16S rDNA序列比对鉴定为类芽孢菌Paenibacillus sp. K1。提取该菌株的染色体DNA,以pUC18（lac-）为载体,构建其DNA文库;在含有X-gal的LB平板上筛选该文库,得到6个蓝色菌落;对阳性克隆中插入的DNA片段序列测定,鉴定出1个编码全长为2028bp并携带有组成型启动子的β-半乳糖苷酶基因。将该基因导入大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）中,实现了β-半乳糖苷酶高效表达,其酶活为25.06U/mL,高于原始菌株的4.55U/mL,并进一步用亲和层析将该酶进行了纯化。     

Molecular cloning and expression of a rat V1a arginine vasopressin receptor.

The neurohypophyseal hormone arginine vasopressin has diverse actions, including the inhibition of diuresis, contraction of smooth muscle, stimulation of liver glycogenolysis and modulation of adrenocorticotropic hormone release from the pituitary. Arginine vasopressin receptors are G protein-coupled and have been divided into at least three types; the V1a (vascular/hepatic) and V1b (anterior pituitary) receptors which act through phosphatidylinositol hydrolysis to mobilize intracellular Ca2+, and the V2 (kidney) receptor which is coupled to adenylate cyclase. We report here the cloning of a complementary DNA encoding the hepatic V1a arginine vasopressin receptor. The liver cDNA encodes a protein with seven putative transmembrane domains, which binds arginine vasopressin and related compounds with affinities similar to the native rat V1a receptor. The messenger RNA corresponding to the cDNA is distributed in rat tissues known to contain V1a receptors.     

Site-directed mutagenesis shows that tyrosine 248 of carboxypeptidase A does not play a crucial role in catalysis

The residue Tyr 248 of carboxypeptidase A (CPA) is thought to play a role in catalysis by contributing a proton to the incipient amine anion generated during cleavage of peptide substrates. To test this hypothesis we have modified the rat CPA cDNA by site-directed mutagenesis so that the codon for Tyr 248 is replaced by that for Phe. Here, we report the expression of the cDNAs for proCPA and its Tyr-to-Phe variant in yeast via the alpha-factor system. Following zymogen activation by trypsin, wild-type CPA (CPA-WT) and variant CPA (CPA-Phe 248) were purified to homogeneity and characterized enzymatically. CPA-Phe 248 displays essentially undiminished values for the catalytic constant (kcat) towards various peptide and ester substrates. However, the Michaelis constants (Km values) of peptide substrates and the inhibition constant (Ki) of the potato carboxypeptidase inhibitor are increased 6-fold and 70-fold, respectively. These data suggest that the phenolic hydroxyl of Tyr 248 does not act as the requisite general acid catalyst but participates in ligand binding.     

Structure and expression of a cloned cDNA for human interleukin-2

A cDNA coding for human interleukin-2 (IL-2) has been cloned from a cDNA library prepared from partially purified IL-2 mRNA. The DNA sequence codes for a polypeptide which consists of 153 amino acids including a putative signal sequence. A biologically active polypeptide, characteristic of human IL-2, was produced when the cDNA was fused to a simian virus 40 promoter sequence and used to transfect cultured monkey COS cells.