塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘地下水在脆弱生态环境中的作用

塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘属典型的干旱区内陆盆地生态环境弱带,在绿洲与沙漠相交错分布的干旱生态系统中,地下水显示出重要的生态调控作用。土壤环境（水分、土壤含盐量）受地下水环境状况（地下水位、水质）的制约,从而决定了植被生长情况,地下水埋深地４ｍ时,土壤含水量一般在１１．７％～３３．９％之间变化,茺膜河岸林,柽柳灌丛和多数草木植物均能正常生长,当地下水位埋深大于４ｍ时,天然植物生长明显受到制约,土壤含盐量与     

绿洲-荒漠带植物物种多样性特征对水资源的响应

结合野外调查,采用物种丰富度指数（R）、Shannon—Wiener指数（H）、Simpson指数（D）、Pielou均匀度指数（JSW）分析了塔里木河下游绿洲-荒漠带群落物种多样性特征,并选用地下水埋深和0-20,20-50,50-80,80-130cm土壤含水量作为植物生存的水环境指标,分析了物种多样性指数对环境水资源的响应．结果表明：塔里木河下游绿洲-荒漠带共发现19种植物,多样性指数均较同温带其他植被类型低;地下水埋深和80cm以下深层土壤含水量共同影响群落物种多样性,而且当地下水埋深较深时,深层土壤含水量对群落物种多样性特征的影响作用甚至比地下水埋深大．同时,研究还发现,〈4m是维持绿洲-荒漠群落物种多样性、保护绿洲稳定的植被合理地下水位,9m是绿洲-荒漠带植被生存的极限水位．     

控制排水条件下冬小麦水位生产函数的试验研究

为了研究冬小麦地下水埋深与产量的关系,以地下水的降落速度与适宜埋深作为冬小麦排水的调控指标,在蒸渗测坑内进行冬小麦水位调控试验,通过理论分析和数值计算,建立了排水条件下冬小麦水位生产函数;考虑到根层土壤含水量与地下水位的耦合作用对冬小麦产量的影响,提出了用土壤含水量作为修正系数的控制排水条件下冬小麦的水位生产函数.函数...     

黑河流域地下水埋深与气候变化对植被覆盖的影响研究

植被是联结土壤、大气、水分的自然纽带,在一定程度上,植被变化能在全球变化研究中充当"指示器"的作用.黑河流域位于我国西北干旱地区,气候变化敏感,以黑河流域为研究区,采用1998—2008年Spot-Vegetation的NDVI数据,以同时期的气象数据和区域地下水埋深数据为基础,通过ENVI、Arcgis等软件对数据进行统计分析,利用多元统计模型分析植被指数NDVI与年均温、年地下水埋深之间的定量关系,得出如下结论:1)黑河流域植被覆盖呈上升趋势,其中春季增加趋势最大;在空间分布上,黑河流域上中游的张掖、金塔等地区植被覆盖增加趋势明显,植被覆盖下降的区域主要在下游地区.2)黑河流域的年均地下水水位整体上呈下降趋势,地下水位埋深由年均3.09m上升到4.67m,其中地下水埋深较深的位置主要集中在上游,处于张掖市张掖农场周围,下游地区埋深普遍较浅.3)植被覆盖指数NDVI与温度成正相关,与地下水位埋深呈现负相关,综合分析NDVI变化趋势与气候变化和地下水之间的关系,建立三者之间的定量关系.本研究为定量评价由植被覆盖为主要表征的区域生态环境状况提出了科学的依据.     

塔里木河下游输水条件下浅层地下水化学特征变化与合理生态水位探讨

结合2000—2005年塔里木河下游间歇性输水过程中地下水化学与地下水位变化的监测资料的分析发现：地下水化学特征对间歇性生态输水的响应表现出明显的阶段性；在地下水化学特征对输水响应的不同阶段，地下水化矿化度和主要离子含量的变化量与采样点距输水河道距离有较强相关性，而地下水埋深的变化是地下水化学特征阶段性变化的直接影响因素；地下水埋深在5m左右时主要离子含量和矿化度最小，水质状况最佳，植被盖度远大于荒漠化临界盖度.在该埋深条件下既能满足生态恢复的需要，又能避免水分的过度蒸发浪费.因此间歇性生态输水条件下，能维持较好水质并抑制荒漠化发展的合理生态水位为5m.     

塔里木盆地土壤盐分变化特征分析

在潜水蒸发剧烈地区,土壤含盐量与地下水矿化度和埋深直接相关,确定三者间关系是合理排水系统设计和地下水管理的基础.根据塔里木盆地实测土壤含盐量及主要组分含量、地下水埋深和矿化度资料,分析了土壤含盐量主要组分变化特征,建立了0—30,0—60和0—100cm不同土层土壤含盐量与地下水埋深和矿化度三者间函数关系.研究结果显示在旱区土壤积盐与地下水矿化度和埋深存在显著相关关系,并建立三者间经验关系,为根据作物耐盐度确定地下水临界深度和地下水管理提供指导.     

敦煌绿洲地下水时空变异特征及其对土地利用/覆被变化的响应分析

应用遥感和地统计学方法,分析敦煌绿洲土地利用/土地覆被变化对地下水位时空变异的影响,通过半变异函数模型、克里格插值拟合敦煌绿洲1987年和2008年地下水位时空变异性特征,结合遥感解译生成的1987年和2007年二期土地利用/土地覆被类型分类图,叠加分析不同地下水埋深变化与土地利用类型转移之间的关系.结果表明:人为因素对地下水位空间异质性变化有较大影响,1987-2007年间地下水位的最大自相关距离显著增大,地下水资源的连通性和脆弱性也在增加.耕作区、城建用地和无植被区面积增加,各类草地和灌木林地面积减少,生态环境有退化趋势.地下水时空变化与土地利用与覆被变化具有一定的响应关系.干旱区温度的升高对绿洲地下水位变化具有一定的影响,而耕地的增加、抽水灌溉、渠系衬砌、旅游业蓬勃发展等人类活动加大了耗水量,减少了地下水补给,占用了生态用水,是导致绿洲地下水位持续下降的主要原因.     

典型干旱区绿洲植被-地下水埋深-土壤盐分的空间分异与耦合分析

干旱区绿洲内部植被与水土的相互作用直接影响到绿洲的稳定。为了探索绿洲植被-地下水埋深-土壤盐分的空间分异与耦合关系,本文以典型干旱区绿洲——新疆和田地区克里雅绿洲为实例,根据归一化植被指数(NDVI)、地下水埋深和土壤盐分数据,采用地统计、3S技术、回归分析及K-S检验等方法,在耦合系数模型的基础上,研究植被覆盖、地下水埋深及土壤盐分的空间分异规律及相互关系。结果表明:(1)植被覆盖空间格局围绕克里雅河新老河道、平原绿洲内稻田区和绿洲外围过渡带等景观呈梯度分布;(2)克里雅绿洲区域内地下水埋深整体上由北向南逐渐增加,土壤表层含盐量整体上由西至东呈带状分布;(3)研究区植被覆盖、地下水埋深及土壤盐分的空间分异趋势比较一致;(4)克里雅绿洲地下水埋深、土壤含盐量及植被覆盖指数三者存在较高的耦合关系,耦合度在0.6以上,属中级协调。     

荒漠河岸植被的受损过程与受损程度的判定

以多年平均地下水位数据为依据,将地下水位划分为6个环境梯度,各梯度上6次重复采集植被样地数据.从物种多样性、植被盖度等几方面分析了不同地下水位梯度上植被的受损过程,以及不同河段的受损程度.结果表明：（1）草本植物丰富度受损发生在地下水埋深大于4m,而木本植物丰富度受损发生在地下水埋深大于8m;（2）植被盖度减少始于草本植物盖度受损,与群落多样性受损的临界地下水位相同,发生在地下水埋深大于4m;在地下水埋深大于6m之后,植被盖度不断减少则是由木本植物盖度的减少所引起.（3）生态受损程度可归为三类：潜在沙漠化类（轻度退化）,轻度沙漠化类（中度退化）,中度或重度沙漠化类（重度退化）.三种退化类型的地下水埋深依次增大,物种多样性与植被盖度依次减小,沙漠化指数也依次增强.     

基于GIS和统计的民勤绿洲地下水位模拟

提出了一种GIS与统计相结合的方法,根据民勤绿洲地下水观测井的水位数据,使用地统计学分析和时间序列分析模拟了绿洲地下水1984-2015年的时空分布.结果表明:在过去的18年中,民勤绿洲的地下水位呈持续下降的趋势.若不采取有效的治理措施,至2015年绿洲内75%以上区域的地下水埋深将超过30 m.空间上,从绿洲边缘至绿洲核心地下水埋深持续下降,沉降速度不断加快.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

正~~     

An on-line scaling method for improving scalability of a database cluster

The explosive growth of the Internet and database applications has driven database to be more scalable and available, and able to support on-line scaling without interrupting service. To support more client's queries without downtime and degrading the response time, more nodes have to be scaled up while the database is running. This paper presents the overview of scalable and available database that satisfies the above characteristics. And we propose a novel on-line scaling method. Our method improves the existing on-line scaling method for fast response time and higher throughputs. Our proposed method reduces unnecessary network use, i.e. , we decrease the number of data copy by reusing the backup data. Also, our on-line scaling operation can be processed parallel by selecting adequate nodes as new node. Our performance study shows that our method results in significant reduction in data copy time.     

An improved R-tree based on childnode''s probability

R-Tree is a good structure for spatial searching. But in this indexing structure,either the sequence of nodes in the same level or sequence of traveling these nodes when queries are made is random. Since the possibility that the object appears in different MBR which have the same parents node is different, if we make the subnode who has the most possibility be traveled first, the time cost will be decreased in most of the cases. In some case, the possibility of a point belong to a rectangle will shows direct proportion with the size of the rectangle. But this conclusion is based on an assumption that the objects are symmetrically distributing in the area and this assumption is not always coming into existence. Now we found a more direct parameter to scale the possibility and made a little change on the structure of R-tree, to increase the possibility of founding the satisfying answer in the front sub trees. We names this structure probability based arranged R-tree (PBAR-tree).     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Integrating GIS Web services based on mediating architecture

The geographic information service is enabled by the advancements in general Web service technology and the focused efforts of the OGC in defining XML-based Web GIS service. Based on these models, this paper addresses the issue of services chaining,the process of combining or pipelining results from several interoperable GIS Web Services to create a customized solution. This paper presents a mediated chaining architecture in which a specific service takes responsibility for performing the process that describes a service chain. We designed the Spatial Information Process Language (SIPL) for dynamic modeling and describing the service chain, also a prototype of the Spatial Information Process Execution Engine (SIPEE) is implemented for executing processes written in SIPL. Discussion of measures to improve the functionality and performance of such system will be included.