稀燃汽油机Ag/Al2O3催化剂上选择性还原NOx

富氧条件下氮氧化物(NOx)去除是目前机动车尾气净化的研究难点之一。制备了Ag/Al2O3催化剂,在试验室活性评价的基础上,进行了稀燃汽油机台架上NOx选择性催化还原(selective catalytic reduction,SCR)试验,评价了不同还原剂(乙醇和正辛烷)对NOx去除效率的影响。结果表明,在无外加还原剂条件下,400℃时NOx转化率大于40%;以乙醇为还原剂时,低温活性得到明显提高,活性区间大大加宽。实验室评价和台架试验中NOx转化率可达90%左右,还原剂以总碳氢(THC)计,THC/NOx最佳比例为6,最佳反应空速为30000h-1;但是外加还原剂时SCR催化剂会带来THC和CO排放的增加。     

以二甲醚重整气为还原剂的NO_x储存还原性能

利用二甲醚(DME)水蒸气重整制氢(SR)为氮氧化物存储还原(NSR)技术提供还原剂,以去除DME发动机中NOx排放时,须考虑二甲醚水蒸气重整(DME-SR)对NOx转化率的影响.以Pt/Co-BaO/Al2O3为NSR催化剂,以CNZ-1/HZSM-5/Ga2O3为DME-SR的催化剂,试验研究了以DME重整气为还原剂的NOx存储还原性能,及水蒸气对NSR性能的影响.结果表明,将SR与NSR联用,可明显提高NOx转化率,在250℃时转化率可提高11%;尽管水蒸气对NOx的吸附有一定的抑制作用,但水蒸气参与DME重整,对NOx的转化率具有明显的促进作用.     

Pt/Ba/Ce/γ-Al_2O_3催化剂H_2-NSR性能影响因素的试验分析

将改进的溶胶-凝胶法与等体积浸渍法相结合制备了Pt/Ba/Ce/γ-Al2O3钙钛矿催化剂,研究了其表面性能;采用NOx存储还原循环试验的方法,以氢气为还原剂,研究了还原剂体积分数、还原时间和空速等反应条件,以及以CO2与HC为代表的发动机排气成分对催化剂存储还原特性的影响.结果表明:所制备的Pt/Ba/Ce/γ-Al2O3催化剂具有良好的催化活性及较大的比表面积;在所研究的范围内,不同还原剂体积分数下存在NOx转化率最高的最佳还原时间,而且随着还原剂体积分数增加,最佳还原时间逐渐缩短;还原剂体积分数的增加将会加速NOx的脱附,若还原剂体积分数过高,则会造成部分NOx溢出过快,还原时间不足而引起转化率降低;在7.0×104 h-1的大空速条件下,NOx转化率仍可以保持在86.9%,Pt/Ba/Ce/γ-Al2O3催化剂的空速特性良好;CO2在一定程度上抑制了NOx的存储,影响催化剂的活性,但催化剂容易再生;采用C3H6模拟排气中的HC,其体积分数较低时对H2还原NOx具有抑制作用,当C3H6的体积分数较高时可以促进NOx的还原转化.     

二甲醚选择性催化还原NO_x的试验研究

使用7%MoO3/γ-Al2O3(质量分数)为催化剂,对二甲醚(DME)作为还原剂选择性催化还原(SCR)降低NOx进行了试验研究.分别考察了反应温度、氧含量、DME与NO的比例对NO转化率的影响,测定了产物中的碳分布,并对NO与NO2分别作为NOx源进行了转化率比较.研究结果表明:常压条件下,在250~500℃内,随着反应温度的升高,NOx转化率先增大后减小;醚氮比对NO转化率的影响不明显;随着氧含量的增加,NOx转化率先增大后减小,当φO2=5%时,NO最高转化率约为53%;NO2比NO更容易被DME催化还原;含碳主要产物为CO、CO2,有少量甲醇(CH3OH)、甲醛(H2CO)生成.     

掺混乙醇对汽油机排放和三效催化转化器性能的影响

基于发动机台架实验系统,研究了掺混(体积比)10%和30%乙醇对汽油机排放和催化转化器性能的影响。结果表明,掺混乙醇导致排气NOx,碳氢化合物(THC)和CO浓度降低,但乙醛和乙醇浓度增大。而且掺混量越高,这种作用越显著。负荷为9.3～44.4kW时,NOx,THC和CO排放浓度的最大降幅分别为6.5%,26%和19%,乙醛和乙醇的最大排放体积分数分别为97×10-6和64×10-6。以铂和铑为主要活性物质的三效催化转化器具有优异的乙醛净化效果,但净化乙醇效率较低。     

含Ni或Co双金属ZSM5催化剂的汽油机排放试验

为控制稀燃汽油机NOx排放,在汽油机稀燃排气条件下,试验考察NiCu-ZSM5、CuCo-ZSM5等双金属分子筛催化剂的活性规律.结果表明:双金属交换分子筛催化剂的高活性温度窗口较宽,NOx最高转化率明显提高,并出现了几个不同的NOx转化率的峰值;空燃比为19时,NiCu-ZSM5催化剂在255℃条件下NOx的最大转化率为43.9%,空燃比为17时,CuCo-ZSM5在255℃条件下NOx的最大转化率达到41.6%;在催化反应过程中出现了CO浓度增加的阶段,表明此时HC是NOx的主要选择还原气体.     

掺杂Pt对NTP协同Fe/Ce-K-O催化脱除柴油机NO_x的影响

通过柠檬酸凝胶-浸渍法制备了纳米Fe/Ce-K-O和Fe-Pt/Ce-K-O催化剂,并利用XRD、SEM和EDX对其性能进行表征。协同低温等离子体(NTP)放电装置,建立了NTP协同纳米催化系统。基于台架试验,研究了在不同负荷工况下,掺杂Pt对NTP协同纳米Fe/Ce-K-O催化剂脱除柴油机NOx排放的影响。结果表明,在NTP协同Fe-Pt/Ce-K-O催化剂作用下,NOx排放得到显著降低,其中,在25%负荷时,NOx转化率最高,达到75%。在NTP协同Fe/Ce-K-O催化剂作用下,NOx转化率最高,达到60%,但是NO2浓度有所升高。此外,在NTP协同催化剂的作用下,副产物N2O排放总量变化不大。     

Ag/Al2O3催化二甲醚选择性还原NOx的试验研究

为了拓展二甲醚（DME）在低温条件下选择性催化还原NOx的效果,采用浸渍法制备了Ag/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂,试验研究了反应温度、Ag/γ-Al₂O₃质量分数、氧含量、NOx源、DME/NO摩尔比对NOx转化率的影响.结果表明,Ag/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂在低温条件下具有良好的脱氮性能,在200 °C时就显示较高的活性,随着温度的升高,NOx转化率先增大后减小;Ag/γ-Al₂O₃的催化活性随氧含量的增加先增大后减小,氧含量约为8%时催化效果最佳;最佳Ag质量分数约为3%;DME/NO最佳摩尔比为2;催化活性基本不受NOx源的影响.
     

富氧条件下In2O3/Al2O3催化剂C3H6选择性还原NO

以碳氢化合物作为还原剂的选择性催化还原法(SCR)被认为是净化稀燃汽车尾气中NO的最有效途径之一.采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了In2O3/Al2O3氧化物催化剂,对其进行了BET、XRD、XPS及TPD表征. 在固定床反应器上用C3H6作还原剂,考察了不同焙烧温度,H2O及SO2对催化剂活性的影响. 结果发现,催化剂的最佳焙烧温度为600 ℃,在反应温度为400 ℃时,NO最大转化率为95%. 水蒸汽存在下,NO转化活性温度窗口向高温方向移动,NO最大转化率下降到90%,对应的反应温度为450 ℃. 添加φ(SO2)=0.009%后,催化剂在低于350 ℃的区间还原NO的活性得到一定程度的提高,表现出促进作用. 当反应温度大于350 ℃后,催化活性明显下降,NO最大转化率下降到58%.     

一种用于同时去除NOx和碳烟的新型高效催化剂

同时用K和Cu分别部分取代钙钛矿型催化剂LaMnO3上的La和Mn,得到了催化剂La0.8K0.2Cu0.05Mn0.95O3.采用程序升温反应(TPR)方法对催化剂同时催化去除NOx和碳烟的活性及选择性进行评价;在350°C温度条件下进行恒温反应,利用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等分析手段考察催化剂在恒温反应前后的物理化学性质变化,并评价催化剂的稳定性.实验结果表明:该催化剂在同时去除NOx和碳烟方面具有较高的活性和选择性,NO向N2的最大转化率和碳烟的起燃温度分别为58%和280°C;催化剂具有良好的稳定性,长时间热处理后催化剂的物理化学性质保持不变.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…