芽殖酵母S 期检验点通路定量生物学研究

构建由羟基脲(HU)诱导的芽殖酵母S期检验点激活和调控DNA复制的理论模型.模拟结果表明,对于不同浓度HU的刺激,检验点激活和调控系统的反应存在霍普夫分岔,其中的分岔点对应于检验点激活的HU阈值浓度;而且发现该通路的激活过程在较大参数范围内会出现振荡现象.同时,利用构建了Rnr3-GFP荧光蛋白的酵母菌株,在不同的HU浓度刺激下,测量酵母菌Rnr3蛋白多时间点的表达水平,得到酵母菌对HU浓度的实验反应阈值,与理论结果相符合.这一工作构建了酵母S期检验点定量研究的基本框架,可为进一步的理论和实验研究提供线索.     

细胞周期末期促进复合物亚基CDC16Hs与DNA双链断端修复蛋白Ku80相互作用

CDC16Hs是细胞周期末期促进复合物(APC)的亚基．利用基于LexA的酵母双杂交系统,把它作为诱饵蛋白筛选人胎脑文库,发现它与DNA双链断端修复蛋白Ku80的羧基端相互作用．CDC16Hs和全长Ku80的结合通过pull down实验在体外得到验证．     

细胞周期调控因子的研究进展

细胞周期调控是细胞周期在不同时相的调控点受到调节因子的调控，其中有二个调控点最重要，G1／S期，G2／M期，已有二类细胞周期调控因子被发现，分别是细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶CDK（cell dependent kinase)和细胞周期蛋白（cyclin)，它们之间的相互作用调控细胞周期的进程。     

3种佛山地方秋茄品种的核型分析

对益丰龙芽、翡翠绿茄和佛源秋茄3个秋茄品种的核型进行分析和比较,结果表明:3个品种的染色体数目均为2n=24。益丰龙芽的核型为2n=18m+6sm,染色体相对长度组成为2n=2L+10M2+10M1+2S;翡翠绿茄核型为2n=18m+6sm,染色体相对长度组成为2n=2L+10M2+8M1+4S;佛源秋茄核型为2n=20m+4sm,染色体相对长度组成为2n=16M2+6M1+2S。它们的核型分别属于2A、1A、1A型。     

LTB融合禽流感病毒M2e基因在毕氏酵母中的表达

禽流感病毒一直是家禽和家畜健康养殖的巨大威胁,之前的研究表明,原核系统中表达的LTB和M2eHBc+融合基因的产物能有效诱导免疫动物对禽流感病毒M2e多肽产生特异性的粘膜免疫应答.酵母作为生物反应器应用于生物制品生产具有独特的优点.本研究构建了pPIC9K-LBM2eHBc+酵母表达载体并对酵母GS115进行了遗传转化,甲醇诱导表达结果表明LBM2eHBc+融合基因在酵母细胞中得到表达,表达出的融合蛋白能够被M2抗体识别.     

SARS-CoV-2 Spike蛋白诱导人肾上皮细胞周期阻滞及细胞凋亡

目的:初步探讨慢病毒载体介导的SARS-CoV-2 Spike蛋白(简称S蛋白)过表达对人肾上皮细胞生长的影响及相关机制.方法:构建S蛋白慢病毒的表达载体pLV-CMV-S-IRES-eGFP,并将此载体包装成慢病毒颗粒(LV-S).利用重组的慢病毒LV-S感染人肾小管上皮细胞(HK-2)及HEK293T细胞(293T),利用EdU测定其细胞活力,利用流式细胞术测定其细胞周期和细胞凋亡,并通过Western blot检测相关蛋白表达水平.结果:重组慢病毒载体感染HK-2及293T细胞24 h均能观察到eGFP表达,细胞活力检测结果显示S蛋白过表达可以使HK-2及293T细胞的细胞活力下降.流式细胞术结果显示S蛋白诱导细胞周期阻滞在G2/M期,同时S蛋白通过激活Caspase-3和Caspase-9诱导细胞发生凋亡.此外,SARS-CoV-2 S蛋白过表达可以增强HK-2及293T细胞自噬相关蛋白的表达.结论:SARS-CoV-2 S蛋白可能通过诱导肾上皮细胞发生周期阻滞和凋亡,介导细胞损伤.     

两株产人参皂苷糖苷酶酵母菌株的18S rDNA和ITS序列分析

对两株产人参皂苷糖苷酶的酵母菌株进行核糖体18S rDNA和ITS序列克隆测定,获得了长度分别为1 477和1 478 bp的18S rDNA序列和长度分别为791和727 bp的ITS序列,对获得的基因序列进行比对及同源性分析,结果显示,两株酵母菌的18S rDNA序列的相似性达100%,而ITS序列的相似性则为66%,均与NCBI数据库中登录的啤酒酵母的相应序列同源性最高.从GenBank中选取部分不同种属的酵母菌ITS序列,以ITS为对象构建系统发育树,从分子生物学角度确定了两株酵母菌为酵母菌属的不同种类.     

rhNDPK-α蛋白对正常小鼠脾细胞增殖和细胞周期的影响

目的:探讨rhNDPK-α蛋白对正常小鼠脾细胞增殖和细胞周期的影响.方法:不同质量浓度的rhNDPK-α蛋白体外作用于脾细胞,通过MTT法和流式细胞术测其增殖和细胞周期.结果:rhNDPK-α蛋白的质量浓度为10～250μg·mL-1时对脾细胞的自发增殖反应有明显的促进作用;10～50μg·mL-1时对PHA诱导的脾细胞增殖有明显的协同作用;50μg·mL-1rhNDPK-α蛋白作用小鼠脾细胞24h后,G0/G1和G2-M期细胞比例明显增加,而S期比例显著减少.结论:rhNDPK-α蛋白可促进脾细胞的存活,很可能通过调控细胞周期而参与细胞的生长调节.     

Killin介导p53信号通路的机理与其在细胞周期不同时期特异性分布的相关性研究

本研究中,通过检测killin在其它p53下游相关基因缺失的情况下能否激活细胞凋亡,证明了p53通过killin介导的S期抑制以及细胞凋亡与p21、puma和bax通路没有直接关系.另外通过将EGFP-PCNA和RFP-killin表达质粒共同转染到cosE5细胞中,并观察细胞处于不同时期时Killin蛋白的分布情况,发现在细胞S期中Killin与PCNA的核定位呈现相互排斥的点状分布,与先前BrdU标记结果吻合.这一结果再次印证了Killin在S期可能抑制DNA复制.同时Killin被观察到在非S期时聚集于核仁内,从而可能影响核糖体RNA的合成.这些发现意味着killin作为主要的p53靶基因之一,可能在细胞周期不同检查点进行调控.     

α因子调控酿酒酵母细胞同步化

利用α因子可以使MATa酵母细胞的生长停滞在细胞周期的G1期,获得同步化的YKN-10酵母菌细胞,主要研究在25~200μg·mL-1浓度下的α因子对酿酒酵母YKN-10对数早期细胞作用0~5h的同步化影响,每隔0.5h在荧光倒置显微镜下观察酵母细胞的出芽形态,记录细胞的出芽率,然后用SPSS 17.0对酵母细胞的出芽率进行统计分析,α因子的浓度、α因子作用时间及二者的交互效应均对酵母细胞的平均出芽率有显著影响;α因子浓度在175~200μg·mL-1下培养酵母细胞约3.5~4h时,酵母细胞基本上达到了同步化状态,运用α因子停滞细胞生长法获得了同步化的YKN-10酵母菌群体,为非Δbar1突变菌株的同步化研究提供了参考.     

Dephosphorylation and activation of a p34cdc2/cyclin B complex in vitro by human CDC25 protein.

Oocytes arrested in the G2 phase of the cell cycle contain a p34cdc2/cyclin B complex which is kept in an inactive form by phosphorylation of its p34cdc2 subunit on tyrosine, threonine and perhaps serine residues. The phosphatase(s) involved in p34cdc2 dephosphorylation is unknown, but the product of the fission yeast cdc25+ gene, and its homologues in budding yeast and Drosophila are probably positive regulators of the transition from G2 to M phase. We have purified the inactive p34cdc2/cyclin B complex from G2-arrested starfish oocytes. Addition of the purified bacterially expressed product of the human homologue of the fission yeast cdc25+ gene (p54CDC25H) triggers p34cdc2 dephosphorylation and activates H1 histone kinase activity in this preparation. We propose that the cdc25+ gene product directly activates the p34cdc2-cyclin B complex.     

Isolation, characterization and functional analysis of a cdc48 homologue from tobacco BY-2 cells

The fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe was used to identify genes from tobacco BY-2 cells that may play roles in cell cycle regulation. A cDNA encoding a protein homologous to the yeast CDC48 was isolated and the gene was designated as NtCDC48 . The cDNA contains an open reading frame coding for a predicted protein of 808 amino acids which comprises of two typical ATPase modules (aa 245-374 and aa 518-646) . Overexpression of NtCDC48 in tobacco BY-2 cells led to an increase in the mitotic index as well as to the formation of diffused mitotic spindles. NtCDC48-GFP fusion proteins are distributed ubiquitously through Gl to M phases, yet their subcellular localization varied regularly along with the cell cycle progression. These results indicate that NtCDC48 may play an important role in the regulation of cell cycle in BY-2 cells.     

Isolation, characterization and functional analysis of a cdc48 homologue from tobacco BY-2 cells

The fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe was used to identify genes from tobacco BY-2 cells that may play roles in cell cycle regulation. A cDNA encoding a protein homologous to the yeast CDC48 was isolated and the gene was designated as NtCDC48. The cDNA contains an open reading frame coding for a predicted protein of 808 amino acids which comprises of two typical ATPase modules (aa 245?374 and aa 518?646). Overexpression of NtCDC48 in tobacco BY-2 cells led to an increase in the mitotic index as well as to the formation of diffused mitotic spindles. NtCDC48-GFP fusion proteins are distributed ubiquitously through G1 to M phases, yet their subcellular localization varied regularly along with the cell cycle progression. These results indicate that NtCDC48 may play an important role in the regulation of cell cycle in BY-2 cells.     

Regulation of p34CDC28 tyrosine phosphorylation is not required for entry into mitosis in S. cerevisiae.

Progression from G2 to M phase in eukaryotes requires activation of a protein kinase composed of p34cdc2/CDC28 associated with G1-specific cyclins. In some organisms the activation of the kinase at the G2/M boundary is due to dephosphorylation of a highly conserved tyrosine residue at position 15 (Y15) of the cdc2 protein. Here we report that in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, p34CDC28 also undergoes cell-cycle regulated dephosphorylation on an equivalent tyrosine residue (Y19). However, in contrast to previous observations in S. pombe, Xenopus and mammalian cells, dephosphorylation of Y19 is not required for the activation of the CDC28/cyclin kinase. Furthermore, mutation of this tyrosine residue does not affect dependence of mitosis on DNA synthesis nor does it abolish G2 arrest induced by DNA damage. Our data imply that regulated phosphorylation of this tyrosine residue is not the 'universal' means by which the onset of mitosis is determined. We propose that there are other unidentified controls that regulate entry into mitosis.     

皮蛋模拟胃肠道消化物对HepG2细胞的影响

皮蛋是中国传统食品,其水解物具有抗氧化、抗炎和抗癌等功效,具有良好的医学前景,但目前皮蛋发挥抗癌功效的途径及作用机制尚不清楚。探究了皮蛋模拟胃肠道消化物(preserved eggs simulated gastrointestinal digests,PESD)对人肝癌HepG2细胞增殖和细胞周期的影响。将皮蛋经体外模拟胃肠道消化处理后,进行细胞实验,用CCK-8法进行细胞增殖分析,研究PESD对HepG2细胞存活率的影响,采用碘化丙啶(propidium iodide, PI)染色标记的方法,通过流式细胞术测定PESD对HepG2细胞周期的影响,用western blot法测定细胞周期相关调控蛋白的表达。研究发现:PESD以剂量依赖性方式对HepG2细胞增殖进行抑制,IC₅₀为4.17mg/mL;PESD处理显著增加了S期细胞的占比(P<0.05),使HepG2细胞阻滞于S期;4mg/mL的PESD处理HepG2细胞24h后,细胞中cyclin A、cyclin E、ATM、chk2和CDC25A的蛋白表达水平上升(P<0.05),而CDK2蛋白表达水平下降(P<0.05)。研究认为,皮蛋模拟胃肠道消化物是以剂量依赖性的方式来抑制人肝癌HepG2细胞的增殖,主要是通过ATM-chk2-CDC25A信号通路,上调cyclin A和cyclin E蛋白的表达,下调CDK2蛋白的表达来实现人肝癌HepG2细胞阻滞于S期,影响人肝癌HepG2细胞周期进程,抑制癌细胞的增殖。研究结果旨在为皮蛋抗癌作用机制的阐明提供一定的理论基础。     

Autonomous regulation of the anaphase-promoting complex couples mitosis to S-phase entry

Oscillations in cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) activity drive the somatic cell cycle. After entry into mitosis, CDKs activate the anaphase-promoting complex (APC), which then promotes cyclin degradation and mitotic exit. The re-accumulation of cyclin A causes the inactivation of APC and entry into S phase, but how cyclin A can accumulate in the presence of active APC has remained unclear. Here we show that, during G1, APC autonomously switches to a state permissive for cyclin A accumulation. Crucial to this transition is the APC(Cdh1)-dependent autoubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (E2) UbcH10. Because APC substrates inhibit the autoubiquitination of UbcH10, but not its E2 function, APC activity is maintained as long as G1 substrates are present. Thus, through UbcH10 degradation and cyclin A stabilization, APC autonomously downregulates its activity. This indicates that the core of the metazoan cell cycle could be described as a self-perpetuating but highly regulated oscillator composed of alternating CDK and APC activities.     

抑癌基因p27在肿瘤细胞MCF7中的表达

抑癌基因p27是一个细胞周期依赖性激酶抑制子CKI(CDK inhibitor),对细胞周期起着负调控的作用,将p27基因克隆到表达载体pcDNA,转染到肿瘤细胞MCF7中,筛选到稳定表达株．p27基因的过量表达确实对肿瘤细胞的生长产生了抑制作用,并且引发了部分肿瘤细胞的凋亡．     

Catalysis of guanine nucleotide exchange on the CDC42Hs protein by the dbl oncogene product

THE superfamily of low molecular mass GTP-binding proteins, for which the ras proteins are prototypes, has been implicated in the regulation of diverse biological activities including protein trafficking, secretion, and cell growth and differentiation. One member of this family, CDC42Hs (originally referred to as Gp or G25K), seems to be the human homologue of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell-division-cycle protein, CDC42Sc. A second S. cerevisiae protein, CDC24, which is known from complementation studies to act with CDC42Sc to regulate the development of normal cell shape and the selection of nonrandom budding sites in yeast, contains a region with sequence similarity to the dbl oncogene product. Here we show that dbl specifically catalyses the dissociation of GDP from CDC42Hs and thereby qualifies as a highly selective guanine nucleotide exchange factor for the GTP-binding protein. Although guanine nucleotide exchange activities have been previously described for other members of the Ras-related GTP-binding protein family, this is the first demonstration, to our knowledge, of the involvement of a human oncogenic protein in catalysing exchange activity.