钢轨滚动接触疲劳裂纹萌生和磨耗共存预测方法验证

采用小比例轮轮滚动接触疲劳试验再现钢轨裂纹萌生和磨耗过程，根据钢轨裂纹萌生和磨耗共存预测方法结合试验条件建立相应的预测模型，分别对试验和仿真预测的钢轨试样磨耗、裂纹萌生寿命和启裂角度等进行比对，从而验证钢轨裂纹萌生和磨耗共存预测方法。研究发现：当试样萌生裂纹时，有53.8%的试样经历了2个磨耗阶段，平均磨耗发展率约为5.83 μm·10^-4次^-1；预测的试样在萌生裂纹前经历了2次磨耗阶段，平均磨耗发展率约为5.18 μm·10^-4次^-1，较试验结果低约11.1 %；试验中试样裂纹萌生寿命在6×10⁴ ~ 14×10⁴次范围内，且裂纹长度在荷载循环次数在11×10⁴ ~ 12×10⁴次时达到极大值，预测的裂纹萌生寿命为11.1×10⁴次，基本与试验结果中裂纹萌生时出现极大值的试样所对应的荷载作用次数接近。试验观测到试样表面裂纹开口与滚动方向的角度平均值约为45°；仿真预测的裂纹开口与滚动方向的角度平均值基本与观测到的裂纹开口与滚动方向的角度一致。     

道岔区固定辙叉心轨垂磨对轮轨动态接触的影响

通过实测数据和文献资料,分析了辙叉区心轨垂直磨耗分布规律,并基于该规律构造了各级垂直磨耗分布曲线。针对重载条件下普速铁路60 kg?m^-1钢轨12号单开道岔,基于车辆-道岔耦合动力学的理论,建立重载货车-道岔耦合动力学模型,计算分析了固定辙叉心轨垂直磨耗对重载货车通过道岔辙叉区轮轨接触的影响规律。结果表明：心轨顶宽20~40 mm范围是实测心轨垂直磨耗较为严重的区域;随着心轨垂直磨耗量的增大,轮载过渡区轮轨接触力最大值和接触力过渡曲线波动性普遍增大,轮轨接触关系随之恶化,心轨与翼轨之间的轮载过渡平稳性随之下降;当轨道几何不平顺较为良好时,心轨顶宽40 mm处垂磨应控制在5 mm之内。     

高速道岔曲尖轨疲劳裂纹成因分析

根据高速铁路18号单开道岔的基本轨-曲尖轨设计廓形和实测廓形数据,采用车辆-道岔动力学模型,分析了列车逆向-侧向过岔时轮载位置的转移、基本轨和尖轨上的接触斑法向应力和疲劳裂纹指数,提出了高速道岔曲尖轨疲劳裂纹形成的原因。研究发现：高速道岔基本轨和尖轨实测廓形显示尖轨降低值存在不足,使得同一转向架1、2位轮对的外轮轮载转移分别过早和过快,且随着车轮和钢轨廓形磨耗,这种情况进一步恶化。由此造成曲尖轨受到较大的法向接触应力,特别是1位轮对的外轮对曲尖轨轨肩和轨距角疲劳裂纹的形成贡献度最大。曲尖轨最早出现裂纹的区域在其顶宽20~50mm范围内。     

轮对蠕滑条件下钢轨疲劳裂纹萌生寿命预测

采用多体动力学与三维弹性体非赫兹滚动接触理论,得到不同轨底坡、超高、摩擦系数与曲线半径等多种轨道条件下的轮轨蠕滑状态,将接触力分别施加于钢轨有限元模型的接触斑位置,分析轨头应力应变响应,得到所有节点的疲劳参量.研究疲劳参量的组成类型,若剪应力与应变部分占主要组成部分,则采用剪切型裂纹萌生预测公式,否则采用拉伸型预测公式.分别预测导向轮与非导向轮作用下的曲线外轨疲劳裂纹萌生寿命,结果表明,外轨疲劳裂纹主要由导向轮作用产生,非导向轮对其影响很小;裂纹萌生寿命随曲线半径的增大而延长,随摩擦系数的增大而减小;设置1∶20轨底坡可以延缓外轨疲劳裂纹萌生,尤其是在半径较小的曲线上效果更明显;过超高能延缓曲线外轨疲劳裂纹萌生;当摩擦系数大于0.3时裂纹萌生于曲线外轨表面,而小于0.3时裂纹萌生位置则逐渐向轨头内部转移.     

摩擦系数对滚动接触疲劳裂纹萌生和磨耗影响

提出了疲劳裂纹萌生与磨耗共存发展离散化过程建模设想,根据临界平面法材料疲劳损伤理论和Archard磨耗理论,建立钢轨三维疲劳裂纹萌生与磨耗共存发展预测模型,分析轮轨接触位置的摩擦系数对曲线段钢轨表面疲劳裂纹萌生与磨耗发展的影响.结果表明,摩擦系数对接触斑面积、形状和位置无影响,但影响轮轨接触斑黏着区/滑动区的分布和切向应力状态;随着摩擦系数的增大,钢轨的平均磨耗发展率增加、磨耗量增大、裂纹萌生寿命减小,其中,摩擦系数从0.3增大至0.7时,外轨和内轨的平均磨耗发展率分别增大了约17%～55%、16%～42%,外轨和内轨的裂纹萌生寿命分别降低约24%～34%和18%～35%;随着摩擦系数的增加,外轨的裂纹萌生位置从轨面以下2.0～2.5mm处向亚表面0.9～1.0mm移动;内轨的裂纹萌生位置基本处于轨顶面下2.4～2.6 mm;轮轨接触位置的摩擦系数控制在0.3～0.4的范围,可以达到延长钢轨疲劳裂纹萌生寿命、减缓钢轨磨耗的目的.     

往复荷载下钢管与螺栓球组配试件超低周疲劳断裂试验研究

为探索螺栓球网格结构强震下的破坏特征,对五个螺栓球节点管球组配试件进行了轴向往复荷载作用下的超低周疲劳断裂试验研究。通过电镜扫描观察试件超低周疲劳破坏的裂纹萌生、扩展、断裂、断口形态,并分析了裂纹萌生原因、断裂机理。结果表明:当承受拉-压循环荷载时,试件均经历失稳弯曲、在杆件中点附近局部凹陷、在凹陷处表面萌生裂纹、进一步开裂、最后发生低周疲劳断裂的过程;其断口形状为椭圆,有明显塑性变形,为韧性断裂,疲劳寿命均很短。当试件承受较大压幅值的循环荷载时,试件首先失稳弯曲,然后在杆件中点附近局部凹陷,继而在凹陷处表面萌生裂纹,但同时因节点中高强螺栓承受弯剪作用,在螺栓牙底应力集中位置,也多处同时萌生裂纹并迅速发展,最后导致高强螺栓先于杆件局部凹陷处发生疲劳断裂;其断口表面光滑平整,没有明显塑性变形,疲劳寿命只有18次。     

影响钢轨疲劳裂纹萌生寿命的主要因素分析

建立了钢轨3维弹塑性有限元计算模型,分析了接触斑内应力应变场特点.分析结果表明,在接触斑内钢轨处于三向压缩应力状态,有较大的静水压力;认为静水压力影响滚动接触疲劳裂纹萌生寿命.以临界平面法为基础,提出了考虑静水压力影响的滚动接触疲劳裂纹萌生寿命预测模型,分析了轮载和摩擦系数对疲劳裂纹萌生的影响.结合具体算例分析表明:随着静水压力增大,静水压力对滚动接触疲劳裂纹影响在增大;随着轮载和摩擦系数增加,滚动接触疲劳裂纹萌生寿命迅速减少.     

钢桥面板顶板与U肋焊缝裂纹类型及扩展特征

为研究顶板与U肋焊缝各类型疲劳裂纹萌生及扩展特征,利用ABAQUS有限元软件建立钢桥面板节段模型,根据最大主应力及其方向分布,分析了不同轮载下的裂纹萌生位置和开裂趋势.结合顶板、U肋的受力与变形特征,利用FRANC2D二维断裂分析软件建立该疲劳细节开裂模型,通过分析扩展路径和应力强度因子,明确顶板与U肋各类型裂纹的受力成因与扩展特征.研究结果表明:当轮载横向位置偏离U肋正上方时,裂纹易萌生于焊根处;而轮载作用于U肋正上方时,裂纹易萌生于焊趾处;水平裂纹易在焊根处萌生并沿焊喉方向扩展,且焊根裂纹扩展的可能性和速率远大于焊趾处,尤其当U肋变形较大时.顶板、U肋面外变形分别易导致张开型的竖向和水平向扩展裂纹.     

U75V热处理钢轨滚动接触疲劳裂纹和磨耗试验

对U75V热处理钢轨进行不同通过总重时的表面观测、取样、磨耗测量、实验室疲劳裂纹长度与深度显微照相以及断面硬度测量,分析钢轨的轨距角滚动接触疲劳裂纹、磨耗和硬度的关系.研究发现,轨距角疲劳裂纹的发展包括裂纹快速萌生和扩展、裂纹-磨耗共存和发展、磨耗控制裂纹三个阶段.轨距角的裂纹向钢轨内部扩展,裂纹与钢轨纵向水平线呈10.8°~29.4°.硬化层硬度在340~360 HB及以上时,磨耗发展率小于0.015mm·Mt-1,而疲劳裂纹萌生扩展较快,应考虑钢轨上道后至通过总重5~10 Mt期间实施新轨预打磨、通过总重30~60 Mt时实施预防性打磨,以平衡磨耗与裂纹的关系.同时,U75V热处理钢轨具有340~360HB及以上硬度的硬化层厚度应大于10mm.     

滚动接触作用下钢轨表面裂纹扩展机理分析

为了分析车轮纯滚动接触作用下的钢轨表面裂纹扩展机制,建立含表面裂纹的轮轨滚动接触疲劳计算模型,获得15t轴重作用下钢轨表面裂纹长度由0.1mm扩展到2.0mm全过程的裂纹尖端应力强度因子变化规律.基于复合型断裂准则和Paris疲劳扩展理论,分析钢轨表面裂纹扩展规律.分析结果表明:在微裂纹扩展至可见裂纹阶段,钢轨表面疲劳裂纹属于Ⅰ-Ⅱ复合型裂纹;随着裂纹长度增加,应力强度因子K_Ⅰ先迅速增加,然后逐渐减小,而KⅡ在裂纹扩展全过程中呈增加趋势;裂纹萌生与扩展初期以张开型为主,随着裂纹长度增加,其扩展形式向滑开型转变;当裂纹扩展至0.3~0.5mm间时,倾向于向上扩展导致剥离掉块,该扩展趋势与现场服役钢轨剥离路径较为一致.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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An on-line scaling method for improving scalability of a database cluster

The explosive growth of the Internet and database applications has driven database to be more scalable and available, and able to support on-line scaling without interrupting service. To support more client's queries without downtime and degrading the response time, more nodes have to be scaled up while the database is running. This paper presents the overview of scalable and available database that satisfies the above characteristics. And we propose a novel on-line scaling method. Our method improves the existing on-line scaling method for fast response time and higher throughputs. Our proposed method reduces unnecessary network use, i.e. , we decrease the number of data copy by reusing the backup data. Also, our on-line scaling operation can be processed parallel by selecting adequate nodes as new node. Our performance study shows that our method results in significant reduction in data copy time.     

An improved R-tree based on childnode''s probability

R-Tree is a good structure for spatial searching. But in this indexing structure,either the sequence of nodes in the same level or sequence of traveling these nodes when queries are made is random. Since the possibility that the object appears in different MBR which have the same parents node is different, if we make the subnode who has the most possibility be traveled first, the time cost will be decreased in most of the cases. In some case, the possibility of a point belong to a rectangle will shows direct proportion with the size of the rectangle. But this conclusion is based on an assumption that the objects are symmetrically distributing in the area and this assumption is not always coming into existence. Now we found a more direct parameter to scale the possibility and made a little change on the structure of R-tree, to increase the possibility of founding the satisfying answer in the front sub trees. We names this structure probability based arranged R-tree (PBAR-tree).     

Integrating GIS Web services based on mediating architecture

The geographic information service is enabled by the advancements in general Web service technology and the focused efforts of the OGC in defining XML-based Web GIS service. Based on these models, this paper addresses the issue of services chaining,the process of combining or pipelining results from several interoperable GIS Web Services to create a customized solution. This paper presents a mediated chaining architecture in which a specific service takes responsibility for performing the process that describes a service chain. We designed the Spatial Information Process Language (SIPL) for dynamic modeling and describing the service chain, also a prototype of the Spatial Information Process Execution Engine (SIPEE) is implemented for executing processes written in SIPL. Discussion of measures to improve the functionality and performance of such system will be included.     

Tracking data management using topology of moving object database system for moving object constrained trajectory in LBS application

Advances in wireless technologies and positioning technologies and spread of wireless devices, an interest in LBS (Location Based Service) is arising. To provide location based service, tracking data should have been stored in moving object database management system (called MODBMS) with proper policies and managed efficiently. So the methods which acquire the location information at regular time intervals then, store and manage have been studied. In this paper, we suggest tracking data management techniques using topology that is corresponding to the moving path of moving object. In our techniques, we update the MODBMS when moving object arrived at a street intersection or a curved road which is represented as the node in topology and predict the location at past and future with attribute of topology and linear function. In this technique, location data that are corresponding to the node in topology are stored, thus reduce the number of update and amount of data. Also in case predicting the location,because topology are used as well as existing location information, accuracy for prediction is increased than applying linear function or spline function.