Quantitative assessment and analysis on the dynamic change of ecological capital in arid areas

Ecological capital is the summation of the direct value of biological resources and the ecological service function value of ecosystems. Under the support of RS, GPS and GIS, in this paper the RS-based quantitative measurement model of assessing ecological capital is developed based on the traditional ecology theory and the research on the value of ecological capital per unit area by using the ecological parameters including Landsat TM data, CBERS satellite data, meteorological data, MODIS satellite data, land cover data and field-measured data. A case study on the spatiotemporal distribution of ecological capital in Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture in 1990, 1995 and 2003 is carried out, and the dynamic change of ecological capital in the prefecture is measured and compared with GDP. The maps of the spatial distribution of ecological capital in the study area are charted, and the characteristics of spatial distribution of ecological capital are analyzed. The results show that the values of ecological capital in the prefecture in 1990, 1995 and 2003 were 1.47368×10¹¹, 1.66160×10¹¹ and 1.77895×10¹¹ yuan RMB (hereafter referred to as yuan) respec-tively, and that in spatial distribution, the ecological capital decreases from the alpine zones to the plains and from the oases to the deserts, which accords with the zonal distribution of vegetation in arid areas. The measured results can more objectively reflect the ecological capital and its spatial distribution in arid areas, provide an ideal foundation for further study in the future, and can also be combined with the study on service functions of ecosystems and the regional planning as an important basis of regional planning.     

Study on RS-and GIS-based ecological capital assessment in arid areas

Ecological capital assessment is currently one of the important research contents in the interdisciplinary field of ecology, resources economics, environmental economics and ecological economics. To scientifically assess ecological capital redounds to decision-makers to consider the ecological cost in economic development, and is also necessary for sustainable economic development in arid areas. Based on the theory of landscape ecology, in this paper the per unit area ecological capital values in arid areas are researched by using the Landsat TM data, CBERS satellite data, meteorological data, MODIS satellite data and other ecological data, and the RS-and GIS-based models of assessing ecological capital values in arid areas are developed. Moreover, based on the field-measured data, a case study on ecological capital assessment in the Manas River basin, Xinjiang in 2003 is carried out. The basin is divided into 4 ecological capital areas so as to quantitatively calculate the ecological capital values of the ecosystems, analyze the spatial distribution of ecological capital, and chart the maps of spatial distribution of ecological capital. The results show that the total ecological capital value of the ecosystems in the Manas River basin in 2003 was 1.494 54×10¹¹ yuan RMB. In spatial distribution, the ecological capital decreases from the alpine zones to the plains and from the oases to the deserts, which accords with the distribution of vegetation zonality in this arid area. The assessed results can objectively reflect the ecological capital and its spatial distribution in the arid basin, and can also provide reference for roundly carrying out the assessment of ecological capital in arid areas.

     

Value of ecosystem services in China

The function and services are the important components of the life-support system in the planet, as well as the basic elements for sustainable development of environment and society.It is a must to evaluate it for incorporating it with the social-economic system.It is also an important approach to draw the public attention on the environmental and ecosystem conservation.In this study, the ecosystem function and services in China were estimated by employing the classification and economic parameters from Costanza et al.The type and area of terrestrial ecosystems were extracted from Vegetation Map of China (1:4 000 000), and then the distribution map of ecosystem services of China was drawn.According to our calculation, the total value of ecosystem services in China is 77 834.48′108 RMB yuan per annum.The value for terrestrial ecosystem is 56 098.46′108 yuan per annum, and that for marine ecosystem is 21 736.02′108 yuan per annum.The value of ecosystem services in China is 1.73 times bigger than GDP in 1994.The value for forest ecosystem services is 15 433.98′108 yuan per annum, which is 27.51% of the total annual ecosystem services in China.Although wetland is little in area, its ecosystem service value is huge, which is 26 736.9′108 yuan per annum.The value for grassland ecosystem is 8 697.68′108 yuan per annum.Coastal ecosystem service is 12 223.04′108 yuan per annum.Overall, the ecosystem service in China contributes 2.71% to that of our planet.The estimation method employed in this study was a conservative one, and should be improved in the future studies.     

基于土地利用空间结构的云南省生态风险时空变化分析

利用1980s, 1990, 2000及2005年4期100 m×100 m土地利用栅格数据, 在GIS的支持下, 利用地统计分析方法, 基于6种反映土地利用/覆被空间结构的景观指数, 构建生态风险指数并进行空间制图, 分析云南省及其16个市(州)生态风险的时空变化。结果表明: 1) 云南省整体生态风险处于中等水平, 空间上呈西北及 东南低、东北及西南高的格局, 迪庆、怒江、丽江、大理、昆明、玉溪和文山生态风险一直较低, 临沧、昭通和曲靖一直处于高风险区; 2) 与1980s相比, 2005年各市(州)生态风险水平分布变化不明显, 大部分市(州)生态风险等级保持不变; 3) 在3个评价时段内, 1980s?1990年和1990?2000年各市(州)生态风险呈增加趋势, 2000?2005年绝大多数市(州)生态风险有所下降; 4) 1980s?2005年间, 81.25%的市(州)生态风险维持在同一等级。研究结果可为该区域的生态规划和生态建设提供科学参考。     

滇池流域森林生态服务功能价值评估

利用2008年完成的滇池流域森林资源最新调查数据,按照森林生态服务功能价值的计算方法,对滇池流域森林的生态服务功能价值进行了估算.滇池流域森林生态服务功能总价值为56.04×108元.a-1,居第1位的是涵养水源的价值,居第2位的是森林保育土壤的价值,二者合计占生态服务总价值的62.40%,从价值角度说明森林对滇池水源涵养、水土保持的重要作用和突出地位.滇池流域现有森林以云南松林和华山松林为主,二者占流域林分面积的61.1%,元江栲、滇青冈等具有较高生态服务功能的地带性森林面积仅占流域林分总面积的10.8%.经培育、改造后,滇池流域森林的生态服务功能和价值将有较大提升空间.     

Modeling spatial and temporal variations in soil moisture in China

On the basis of station observations, an atmospheric field (ObsFC) was constructed for the Community Land Model version 3.5 (CLM3.5). The model (CLM3.5 driven with ObsFC, hereafter referred as to CLM3.5/ObsFC) was used to simulate soil moisture (SM) from 1951 to 2008 in China. The resulting SM was compared with in situ observations, remote-sensing data and estimations made by various land models, indicating that CLM3.5/ObsFC is capable of reproducing the temporospatial characteristics and long-term variation trends of SM over China. Using an in situ observation-based forcing field improves the simulation of SM. Analysis of SM simulated using CLM3.5/ObsFC shows that the overall spatial pattern of SM was characterized by a gradually decreasing and alternating distribution of arid-humid zones from the southeast to northwest. Regionally averaged SM was the driest over southern Xinjiang Province and western Inner Mongolia, while the most humid regions were located over the Northeast Plain, Jianghuai region and the Yangtze River basin. The long-term variation trends of SM were generally characterized by increases in arid and humid regions and decreases in semiarid regions. Moreover, the variation was relatively intense from the mid-1970s to the mid-1990s in the arid region. The time series was more stable in the humid region except for a period near 1970 and after the year 2003. A downward trend was most prominent in the semiarid region from the 1990s to the end of the time series. For 1951–2008, in the arid, semiarid and humid regions, the SM volume percentage changed by 2.35, −1.26 and 0.08, respectively. The variation trends and intensity remarkably differed among the different regions, with the most notable changes being over the arid and semiarid regions north of 35°N.     

Vegetation Spatial Heterogeneity of Different Soil Regions in Inner Mongolia, China

The vegetation spatial heterogeneity and ecological characteristics in different soil regions were analyzed by surveying the vegetation in 12 different soil regions of Inner Mongolia, China, including conifer- ous-broadleaf deciduous forests, shrub, grassland, and desert regions with 1122 large 2 cm × 2 cm quad- rats (actual size 30 km × 30 km, referred to as L-quadrat hereafter) in about 1.18 million km2. Each L- quadrat was divided into four small 1 cm × 1 cm quadrats (actual size 15 km × 15 km, S-quadrat). The vegetation was analyzed based on the beta-binomial distribution to describe the frequency of occurrence and spatial heterogeneity for each kind of vegetation. The weighted average of the heterogeneity of all vegeta- tion in the same soil region provides a measure of the soil regional landscape level heterogeneity which de- scribes the spatial complexity of the regional landscape composition of the existing vegetation. Comparison of the vegetation characteristics in the 12 soil regions shows that, the calcic gray soil has the highest average vegetation type per quadrat. The largest soil region is calcic chestnut soil and has the most vegetation types. Every soil region has its own dominant vegetation sequence which dominates in occurrence and dominant vegetation types which dominates in spatial heterogeneity. For the Inner Mongolian vegetation, the weighted average of the heterogeneity is 0.60 and the vegetation diversity index is 4.47.     

Analysis of the characteristics of the harmonics coefficient <Emphasis Type="Italic">J</Emphasis><Subscript>2</Subscript> of the Earth’s gravity field in different periods

The characteristics of the geopotential coefficient J2 in different periods are analyzed using satellite laser ranging data spanning the last 27 years.The satellites used in the analysis are Lageos1 and Lageos2.The variations in J2 are obtained by determining the dynamic orbit.The results show that there are strong seasonal and long-term variations.For different data spans,the seasonal variations agree well in terms of both amplitude and phase.Using all the data,the amplitude and phase of the annual term are 2.5 10-10 and 127°,respectively,while the amplitude and phase of the semiannual term are 0.94 10-10 and 213°,respectively.In the case of long-term variation,the secular variation in J2(J2) is-2.2 10-11 a-1 from 1984 to 2010.J2 differs for the different periods because of interannual variations,such as the "1998 anomaly".Another anomaly may have taken place during 2007-2010.Although the cause of the anomaly is unknown,it is an important observational constraint on the shape of the Earth.     

Spatial Heterogeneity of Vegetation in China

The spatial heterogeneity and ecological characteristics of 74 vegetation types and the lack of vegetation type within the 9.6 million km2 of Chinese territory were studied using data from the China vege- tation map. The analysis used 877 large quadrats 10 mm×10 mm (actual size 100 km×100 km), which cov- ered about 8.77 million km2. Each large-quadrat was divided into four small 5 mm×5 mm quadrats (actual size 50 km×50 km). The frequency of occurrence of all vegetation types was recorded in each small quadrat. The survey using the Shiyomi method of vegetation analysis based on the beta-binomial distribution was adopted to describe the frequency of occurrence and spatial heterogeneity for each kind of vegetation. The weighted average heterogeneity of all the vegetation types in the landscape provides a measure of the landscape level heterogeneity which describes the spatial intricacy of the existing vegetation composition. The maximum spatial vegetation heterogeneity was 0.8620 in the frigid-temperate coniferous forest of Larix (V1), which dominates cold moist northeast China. The minimum spatial heterogeneity with a low occurrence was the Caragana tibetica in the gravel desert in the western Yellow River Hetao area. The minimum occur- rence with a low spatial heterogeneity was the Monsoon rainforest on rock in Guangxi and Yunnan Provinces. The vegetation types on the Qing-Zang Plateau were found to be representative of Chinese vegeta- tion because of the very high occurrence and spatial heterogeneity of these vegetation types. The weighted average of the heterogeneity was 0.677, while the vegetation diversity index was 3.29.     

鄱阳湖流域生态系统服务价值演变研究

基于鄱阳湖流域2005年、2010年、2013年土地利用数据,利用GIS数据处理和空间分析技术、修正Costanza方法定量计算鄱阳湖流域生态系统服务价值,系统地分析了鄱阳湖流域生态系统服务价值的基本特征和演变规律.结果表明:1)鄱阳湖流域的生态系统服务价值呈现出持续增长的趋势,2005年、2010年、2013年全流域的生态系统服务价值总量分别为3 935.94亿元、5 855.94亿元、7 215.37亿元,其中林地对生态系统服务价值的贡献率最大,而水域面积的变化是影响生态价值变化的主要因素; 2)各子流域中赣江流域的生态价值最高,其次是鄱阳湖区,而饶河流域的生态系统服务价值最低,各流域内上中下游的生态价值分布特征也各有不同; 3)鄱阳湖流域生态价值空间分布出现明显的不均衡性,鄱阳湖及附近区域要远远高于其他地区,而各流域之间的相对差距和绝对差距则是呈现先扩大后缩小的趋势.     

1995—2010年徐州市生态足迹测算与动态分析

应用生态足迹模型对徐州市1995~2010年生态足迹进行核算,通过分析各类土地生态足迹和生态承载力的动态变化趋势,研究该市土地资源利用的可持续性发展状况.结果表明:1995~2002年,徐州市生态足迹缓慢增长,2002~2010年生态足迹快速增长;生态赤字与生态承载力倍数由1995年的1.739增加大2010年的4.971;从生态足迹的结构分析,对徐州市生态足迹贡献最大的是化石燃料地;十五年来,徐州市万元GDP的生态足迹不断缩小,说明经济正由粗放型向集约型转型,但资源利用效率仍不高.最后对徐州市可持续发展提出相关建议.     

Sediment change under climate changes and human activities in the Yuanjiang-Red River Basin

Both the climate change and human activities are the major influence factors to the sediment change in mountainous rivers. Based on the over 40 years’ record, suspended sediment loads (SSL) change at the Manhao gauging station in the lower reaches of Yuanjiang River (upper Red River). In this paper, the variation of the sediment and its drivers were analyzed through different methods such as synchronous data comparison, traditional correlation, linear regression, and Granger causality. The results show that (1) the general trend of the annual average sediment concentration (SSC) and SSL at Manhao station is increasing from the 1960s to the 1990s, and there is a quick change period after 1984; (2) the SSL and SSC at Manhao station, during different periods of the 1960s, 1970s, 1980s and 1990s, are 1.87, 2.49, 3.12, 3.63 kg/m³, and 28.7×10⁶, 40.3×10⁶, 44.1×10⁶, 60.3×10⁶ t/a, respectively; (3) the correlation analysis and the Granger causality test proved that the climate changes in the catchment were the main driving factors to the sediment variation in the period of 1960s and 1990s, but the influence by the mountainous human actions on the sediment change is stronger than that by the local climate changes in the 1970s and 1980s; (4) the correlation between the sediment changes and the forest coverage change is negative, which further proves that the sediment changes are strongly affected by the human activities in the basin.

     

Extracting change information of land-use and soil-erosion based on RS & GIS technology

Rapid land-use change has taken place in many arid regions of China such as Yulin prefecture over the last decade due to rehabilitation measures. Land-use change and soil erosion dynamics were investigated by the combined use of remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS). The objectives were to determine land-use transition rates and soil erosion change in Yulin prefecture over 15 years from 1986 to 2000. Significant changes in land-use and soil erosion occurred in the area over the study period. The results show the significant decrease in barren land mainly due to conversion to grassland. Agricultural land increased associated with conversions from grassland and barren land. The area of water erosion and wind erosion declined. The study demonstrates that the integration of satellite remote sensing and GIS is an effective approach for analyzing the direction, rate, and spatial pattern of land-use and soil erosion change.     

依靠科技促进经济与社会持续发展──对巩义市竹林镇社会发展综合实验区的调查

竹林镇从改革开放以来，坚持抓工业促农业，积极发展第三产业，努力实现物质文明与精神文明建设协调发展。１９９５年社会总产值６．１亿元，人均纯收入３５００元，分别为１９９０年的１４倍和１．３倍，成为河南省先进乡镇之一。１９９５年经批准，晋升为国际级社会发展综合实验区。本文不仅介绍了竹林镇近期经济与社会发展的主要成就，而且，重点分析了＂九五＂经济社会发展规划和奋斗目标。     

Source of a floating dust episode over the Qingdao region and dust throughput to the ocean

A floating dust weather happened on March 11–12, 1995 over the Qingdao region. Its source’s and throughput to the ocean were studied. The result indicated that the floating dust was caused by the dust storm that started in northwestern China and developed in northern China. 21 × 10⁶t fine soil particles were carried to the ocean during the episode.     

山西省入境游客时空分布格局及其变化研究

选取2003年~2011年山西省各地级市入境游客数据,采用相关的地理分析方法和GIS技术,对山西省11个地级市入境游客数量在时间和空间尺度上的分布变化情况进行了分析.通过研究得出:山西省各地级市入境游客数量呈上升趋势,但各地级市游客流波动性不一致,变化率不稳定;各地级市入境游客的空间集聚性逐年下降,分布越来越散,入境旅游差异逐渐缩小;入境游客空间分布由"两中心结构"向"一核两带南北辐射式"结构转变.     

基于生态足迹模型的湖北省可持续发展定量研究

利用生态足迹评价模型,计算了湖北省1990—2012年的生态足迹和生态承载力,并通过灰色GM(1,1)预测模型预测了湖北省2013—2020年的生态足迹、生态承载力和万元GDP生态足迹.结果显示:①1990—1995年的人均生态足迹低于人均生态承载力,资源环境能够满足社会经济发展的需求;②2000—2012年的人均生态足迹均高于人均生态承载力,社会经济发展处于不可持续状态;③万元GDP消耗的生态足迹由3.92 hm2下降到0.49 hm2,资源利用效率显著提高.④对生态足迹的预测表明,短期内湖北省生态赤字继续存在,其经济社会的持续发展依然面临挑战.     

Investigation of Ru （ phen ）3^2＋-Hydrazine-Ce（Ⅳ） Chemiluminescence System and Its Analytical Application

0 IntroductionThbiep ycroidmipnlee)xru ctahteinoinu mof(Ⅱ r)u t(he Rniuu(mbip,y m)3ai2n +ly) atrnids- t(r2is -,(21’ -,10-phenanthroline)ruthenium(Ⅱ) (Ru(phen)32 +) ,is a kindof sensitive analytical reagent for electrogenerated chemilumi-nescence(ECL) and chemiluminescence(CL) ,on which a par-ticular review has been presented[1]. The earliest publicationon the synthesis of Ru(bipy)32 +appeared in 1936[2], andduringthefollowing30 years ,theinvestigations relatedtothissubstance were only in…     

广西自然保护区分布特征与类型结构分析

【目的】研究广西自然保护区分布特征与类型结构现状,为广西自然保护区建设与发展提供参考依据。【方法】通过现场调查与资料收集、卫星遥感解译、数理统计相结合,研究和分析当前广西自然保护区数量、面积、区域分布和类型结构等现状和特征。【结果】广西自然保护区数量为77处,保护区陆域面积仅占国土面积的5.64%;地域分布上侧重于广西西部的百色市和崇左市,以及北部的桂林市,东部和南部偏少;类型有5种,结构上以森林生态系统为主。【结论】广西自然保护区的数量偏少,面积偏小;地域分布上西部和北部较多,中部、东部和南部较少;类型结构上,森林生态系统类型比例大,内陆湿地类型以及古生物遗迹等类型缺乏。     

On the asymmetric distribution of heat loss from the Earth’s interior

Mean heat flows and heat Josses of the Northern and Southern hemispheres are calculated using degree 12 spherical harmonic representation of the global heat flow field (Pollacket al., 1993). Mean heat flows and heat losses of 0° hemisphere and 180° hemisphere, with median lines being 0° longitude and 180° longitude, are also calculated. The mean heat flow of the Southern Hemisphere is 99.3 mW·m^¨, significantly higher than that of the Northern Hemisphere (74.0 mW·m^¨). The mean heat flow of 0° hemisphere (94. 1 mW·m²) is also higher than the value of 180° hemisphere (79. 3 mW·m²). The mantle heat loss from the Southern Hemisphere is 22.1 × 10¹² W, as twice as that from the Northern Hemisphere (10.8 × 10¹² W). The 16.9 × 10¹² W mantle heat loss from 0° hemisphere is close to 16.0 × 10¹² W from 180° hemisphere. The hemispherical asymmetry of global heat loss is originated by the asymmetry of geographic distribution of continents and oceans. The asymmetric distribution of heat loss is a long-term phenomenon in the geological history.