烧结铁矿中FeO含量对其在富氢高炉中还原行为的影响

Japan started the national project “COURSE 50” for CO₂ reduction in the 2000s. This project aimed to establish novel technologies to reduce CO₂ emissions with partially utilization of hydrogen in blast furnace-based ironmaking by 30% by around 2030 and use it for practical applications by 2050. The idea is that instead of coke, hydrogen is used as the reducing agent, leading to lower fossil fuel consumption in the process. It has been reported that the reduction behavior of hematite, magnetite, calcium ferrite, and slag in the sinter is different, and it is also considerably influenced by the sinter morphology. This study aimed to investigate the reduction behavior of sinters in hydrogen enriched blast furnace with different mineral morphologies in CO–CO₂–H₂ mixed gas. As an experimental sample, two sinter samples with significantly different hematite and magnetite ratios were prepared to compare their reduction behaviors. The reduction of wustite to iron was carried out at 1000, 900, and 800°C in a CO–CO₂–H₂ atmosphere for the mineral morphology-controlled sinter, and the following findings were obtained. The reduction rate of smaller amount of FeO led to faster increase of the reduction rate curve at the initial stage of reduction. Macro-observations of reduced samples showed that the reaction proceeded from the outer periphery of the sample toward the inside, and a reaction interface was observed where reduced iron and wustite coexisted. Micro-observations revealed three layers, namely, wustite single phase in the center zone of the sample, iron single phase in the outer periphery zone of the sample, and iron oxide-derived wustite FeO and iron, or calcium ferrite-derived wustite 'FeO' and iron in the reaction interface zone. A two-interface unreacted core model was successfully applied for the kinetic analysis of the reduction reaction, and obtained temperature dependent expressions of the chemical reaction coefficients from each mineral phases.     

Mg和La对Ca–Ti 处理钢中夹杂物演变和组织的影响

The evolution of inclusions and the formation of acicular ferrite (AF) in Ca–Ti treated steel was systematically investigated after Mg and La addition. The inclusions in the molten steel were Ca–Al–O, Ca–Al–Mg–O, and La–Mg–Ca–Al–O after Ca, Mg, and La addition, respectively. The type of oxide inclusion in the final quenched samples was the same as that in the molten steel. However, unlike those in molten steel, the inclusions were Ca–Al–Ti–O + MnS, Ca–Mg–Al–Ti–O + MnS, and La–Ca–Mg–Al–Ti–O + MnS in Mg-free, Mg-containing, and La-containing samples, respectively. The inclusions distributed dispersedly in the La-containing sample. In addition, the average size of the inclusions in the La-containing sample was the smallest, while the number density of inclusions was the highest. The size of effective inclusions (nucleus of AF formation) was mainly in the range of 1–3 μm. In addition, the content of ferrite side plates (FSP) decreased, while the percentage of AF increased by 16.2% due to the increase in the number of effective inclusions in the La-containing sample in this study.     

氧化锌矿物浸出渣中铅、锶的提取及动力学分析

NH₄HCO₃ conversion followed by HCl leaching was performed and proven to be effective in extracting Pb and Sr from zinc extracted residual. The mechanism and operating conditions of NH₄HCO₃ conversion, including molar ratio of NH₄HCO₃ to zinc extracted residual, NH₄HCO₃ concentration, conversion temperature, conversion time, and stirring velocity, were discussed, and operating conditions were optimized by the orthogonal test. Experimental results indicate that NH₄HCO₃ conversion at temperatures ranging from 25 to 85°C follows the shrinking unreacted core model and is controlled by inner diffusion through the product layer. The extraction ratios of Pb and Sr under optimized conditions reached 85.15% and 87.08%, respectively. Moreover, the apparent activation energies of Pb and Sr were 13.85 and 13.67 kJ·mol?1, respectively.     

摩擦焊接碳钢（EN24）和镍基高温合金（IN718）的显微组织和力学性能

Continuous-drive rotary friction welding was performed to join cylindrical specimens of carbon steel (EN24) and nickel-based superalloy (IN718), and the microstructures of three distinct weld zones—the weld interface (WI)/thermo-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ), the heat-affected zone (HAZ), and the base metal—were examined. The joint was observed to be free of defects but featured uneven flash formation. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis showed substantial changes in high-angle grain boundaries, low-angle grain boundaries, and twin boundaries in the TMAZ and HAZ. Moreover, significant refinement in grain size (2–5 μm) was observed at the WI/TMAZ with reference to the base metal. The possible causes of these are discussed. The microhardness profile across the welded joint shows variation in hardness. The changes in hardness are ascribed to grain refinement, phase transformation, and the dissolution of strengthening precipitates. The tensile test results reveal that a joint efficiency of 100% can be achieved using this method.     

汽车暴露面板带有表面条状缺陷的夹杂物分布特征分析:一种定量电解方法

The specific distribution characteristics of inclusions along with the sliver defect were analyzed in detail to explain the formation mechanism of the sliver defect on the automobile exposed panel surface. A quantitative electrolysis method was used to compare and evaluate the three-dimensional morphology, size, composition, quantity, and distribution of inclusions in the defect and non-defect zone of automobile exposed panel. The Al₂O₃ inclusions were observed to be aggregated or chain-like shape along with the sliver defect of about 3–10 μm. The aggregation sections of the Al₂O₃ inclusions are distributed discretely along the rolling direction, with a spacing of 3–7 mm, a length of 6–7 mm, and a width of about 3 mm. The inclusion area part is 0.04%–0.16% with an average value of 0.08%, the inclusion number density is 40 mm?2 and the inclusion average spacing is 25.13 μm. The inclusion spacing is approximately 40–160 μm, with an average value of 68.76 μm in chain-like inclusion parts. The average area fraction and number density of inclusions in the non-defect region were reduced to about 0.002% and 1–2 mm?2, respectively, with the inclusion spacing of 400 μm and the size of Al₂O₃ being 1–3 μm.     

在酸性溶液中加压氧化三价砷离子和二价铁离子

The co-oxidation of As(III) and Fe(II) in acidic solutions by pressured oxygen was studied under an oxygen pressure between 0.5 and 2.0 MPa at a temperature of 150°C. It was confirmed that without Fe(II) ions, As(III) ions in the solutions are virtually non-oxidizable by pressured oxygen even at a temperature as high as 200°C and an oxygen pressure up to 2.0 MPa. Fe(II) ions in the solutions did have a catalysis effect on the oxidation of As(III), possibly attributable to the production of such strong oxidants as hydroxyl free radicals (OH·) and Fe(IV) in the oxidation process of Fe(II). The effects of such factors as the initial molar ratio of Fe(II)/As(III), initial pH value of the solution, oxygen pressure, and the addition of radical scavengers on the oxidation efficiencies of As(III) and Fe(II) were studied. It was found that the oxidation of As(III) was limited in the co-oxidation process due to the accumulation of the As(III) oxidation product, As(V), in the solutions.     

采用超声组装与滚压工艺制备铝–碳纳米管复合材料

This study introduced a novel fabrication of aluminum–carbon nanotube (CNT) composites by employing bulk acoustic waves and accumulative roll bonding (ARB). In this method, CNT particles were aligned using ultrasonic standing wave in an aqueous media, and the arrayed particles were precipitated on the aluminum plate substrate. Then, the plates rolled on each other through the ARB process with four passes. Optical and scanning electron micrographs demonstrated the effective aligning of CNTs on the aluminum substrate with a negligible deviation of arrayed CNTs through the ARB process. The X-ray diffraction pattern of the developed composites showed no peaks for carbon and aluminum carbide. In addition, tensile tests showed that the longitudinal strength of the specimens processed with aligned CNTs was significantly greater than that of the specimens with common randomly dispersed particles. The proposed technique is beneficial for the fabrication of Al–CNT composites with directional mechanical strength.     

活化天然矿石选择性还原二氧化碳为无定形碳

Natural magnetite formed by the isomorphism substitutions of transition metals, including Fe, Ti, Co, etc., was activated by mechanical grinding followed by H₂ reduction. The temperature-programmed reduction of hydrogen (H₂-TPR) and temperature-programmed surface reaction of carbon dioxide (CO₂-TPSR) were carried out to investigate the processes of oxygen loss and CO₂ reduction. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The results showed that the stability of spinel phases and oxygen-deficient degree significantly increased after natural magnetite was mechanically milled and reduced in H₂ atmosphere. Meanwhile, the activity and selectivity of CO₂ reduction into carbon were enhanced. The deposited carbon on the activated natural magnetite was confirmed as amorphous. The amount of carbon after CO₂ reduction at 300°C for 90 min over the activated natural magnetite was 2.87wt% higher than that over the natural magnetite.     

黑液体系的药耗研究

黑液体系是由碱法造纸黑液（Ｂ）、石油磺酸盐（ＰＳ）和聚丙烯酰胺（ＨＰＡＭ）组成的复合体系。黑液中的碱与地层岩石接触时发生溶蚀作用及离子交换、矿物转换等,易造成碱耗,其中的石油磺酸盐和聚丙烯酰胺则可通过吸附作用而损耗。用药耗等值图法研究了黑液体系的三种成分与岩石接触过程中损耗量的大小、产生损耗的原因及减小损耗的方法,同时对黑液体系的碱耗、石油磺酸盐损耗和粘度变化情况进行了研究。结果表明,黑液体系的碱耗主要与碱和岩石的作用、聚丙烯酰胺的水解相关;石油磺酸盐损耗主要与岩石表面的吸附相关;黑液体系粘度变化则与聚丙烯酰胺的吸附和水解相关。另外,黑液体系中优化驱油配方（２３配方）的碱耗、石油磺酸盐损耗和粘度变化率都低于文献值,说明该配方的药耗符合驱油要求     

寻乌离子型稀土矿体抗剪强度特性试验研究

江西寻乌的离子型稀土矿体为属于粉土,是介于砂性土和黏性土之间的一种过渡性土。研究该类矿体的抗剪强度计算方法,对于分析原地浸矿过程的边坡稳定具有重要意义。应用水土分合算理论,引入水压率的概念,从土的微观层面上分析水对矿体强度的影响,设计出一种室内测定水压率的试验装置。测定不同孔隙比下的水压率,采用GDS三轴仪测试总应力指标和有效指标,分别计算水土合算、水土分算和水土统一算法下稀土矿体的抗剪强度。试验研究结果表明:矿体孔隙比越大,水压率越大,饱和矿体的抗剪强度随着水压率的增大而减小;寻乌稀土矿体的水压率值为0.90~0.92;因而,采用水土统一算法计算得到的抗剪强度值与水土分算法的抗剪强度值更接近,与水土合算下的抗剪强度值相差较大。     

电子游戏与当代文化

游戏是构成文化的重要因素 ,它具有假装性、自由性、形象化等特征。电子游戏是技术文化的产儿 ,是物质精神化的典型。它拥有了叙事的能力和复制现实的能力 ,以其强大的互动性 ,创造了一个虚拟真实的世界 ,给人以感性的真实的快感体验。叙事形象化 ,互动造成距离的消失 ,在沉浸中达到直接的情感的宣泄。这一切都表征了当代文化游戏化的后现代特征。     

用图像处理的方法检测公路路面裂缝类病害

公路路面裂缝类病害是公路路面的主要病害之一。在对公路路面裂缝类病害的检测中,将CCD摄像机作为探测系统安装在一个专用测试车上,对路面进行扫描,得到路面图像。构造了8个方向的Sobel模板对路面裂缝类病害图像进行边缘检测,边缘检测处理后,结合加权的邻域平均噪声滤除算法和Ostu图像分割算法对病害图像进行处理。处理结果相对于其他经典算法,裂缝边缘宽度较细,并且裂缝的边缘保护很好,裂缝边缘的连续性也比较好。用图像处理的方法检测公路路面裂缝类病害,检测精度和检测效果都比较满意。     

水杨醛改性壳聚糖对氯酚的吸附性能

 为了更有效解决有机污染物2,4-二氯酚对水资源污染的严重问题,对水杨醛改性壳聚糖的合成和改性壳聚糖吸附2,4-二氯酚的性能进行了研究,并对比了改性壳聚糖与未改性壳聚糖的吸附能力。介绍了改性壳聚糖的合成方法,对改性壳聚糖（CTS）产物的结构用红外光谱法进行表征,并利用紫外光谱法研究其对2,4-二氯苯酚的吸附性能。考察了pH值、时间、酚浓度等因素对吸附性能的影响。结果表明,经水杨醛改性后的壳聚糖对2,4-二氯苯酚具有更良好的吸附性能;改性壳聚糖在吸附时间2h以上,溶液pH值为5时的吸附效果最好;吸附符合Langmuir吸附等温方程;吸附动力学符合Lagergren二级吸附速率方程。     

锑铸铁的耐腐蚀性

本文探讨了锑及锑系复合孕育对铸铁耐蚀性的影响,结果表明,在浓度为98％的硫酸介质中,锑铸铁的耐腐蚀性能明显的优于HT200,锑的最佳含量范围是0.040％～0.065％,锑量过高时,耐蚀性反而下降,锑对灰铸铁耐蚀性的提高和强度增加相对应,即强度高,腐蚀失重小。锑与铬、钒、稀土等元素复合孕育效果更佳,其耐蚀性比普通锑铸铁高50％以上。     

原料预热温度对催化裂化装置动态和定态特性的影响

利用前置烧焦罐式高效再生器催化裂化装置动态机理数学模型及其仿真软件平台,考察了原料预热温度对反应再生系统动态和定态特性的影响。在控制汽提段和二密相床藏量的条件下,当同时控制或不控制沉降器压力和反应温度时,反应再生系统是稳定的;否则是不稳定的。在控制再生器压力、沉降器压力和提升管反应器出口温度的条件下,提高原料预热温度,反应深度（以反应热表征）降低,气体、汽油和焦炭产率均下降,但柴油产率下降很少,再生剂含碳量降低。因此,应适当提高反应温度设定值,以改善产品分布。在再生器压力、沉降器压力和提升管出口温度均不被控制时,提高原料预热温度,气体、汽油和焦炭产率及反应深度变化很小。由于再生温度提高较大,再生效果得到改善。     

动力猫道推块液压缸杆稳定性的研究

针对动力猫道推块液压缸杆使用过程中容易产生失稳的现象,分析了缸杆的受力特点及其失稳原因。在失稳临界力理论计算公式推导过程中,针对欧拉公式存在的不足,应用了修改后的边界条件,并综合考虑了液压缸杆安装及导向系数的影响,得出了推块液压缸杠临界力的计算公式。同时针对现场使用的某型号推块液压缸杆在简化其试验试件的基础上进行了稳定性试验研究。通过对比试验研究得出的试件临界力与理论计算的临界力,说明了计算公式的正确性。最后,采用有限元软件Workbench对液压缸杆进行了稳定性数值模拟,其结果显示理论计算的临界力与有限元分析的结果基本一致,进一步说明了计算公式的正确性。     

液压缸活塞表面微条纹织构摩擦性能数值分析

在分析液压缸活塞表面微条纹形貌的基础上,建立微观规则矩形条纹润滑理论模型,采用超松弛迭代方法对油膜压力进行求解,分析微条纹个数和倾斜角对活塞表面摩擦性能的影响规律,以无量纲承载力和摩擦因子作为摩擦学性能评判标准对其进行评判。结果表明,在液压缸活塞表面加工微条纹,能够改善活塞表面润滑性能;随着微条纹个数的增加,活塞表面的摩擦因子降低,油膜承载力上升;随着微条纹倾斜角的增大,活塞表面摩擦因子增大,油膜承载力降低。     

老年人临终关怀的现状与需求--以济南市为个案的调查报告

临终关怀是任何一个明社会都不可忽视的社会问题，研究老年人的临终关怀是社会明的需要，更是每一个进入老龄化社会的国家的需要。它有利于增进社会的明，提高人们的尊严与价值。通过对济南市老年人临终关怀的调查，了解了我国老年人临终关怀的现状与问题，并由此提出了意见与建议。