西北春季标准化降水指数及干旱时空特征分析

利用西北5省(区)137个测站的1961-2009年历年春季降水量资料计算标准化降水指数(SPI),统计了西北春季轻旱、重旱、特旱发生的空间分布和时间变化,然后用EOF,REOF,M-K等方法对西北春季SPI时空特征和变化趋势进行了研究.结果表明:新疆北部、甘肃河西及青海中部是干旱的主要发生区域;干旱面积率在1980年以前较高,而1981-1990偏轻,1991-2009缓慢增加.西北春季SPI结构的最明显特征是整个西北表现为一致的旱(或涝)的特征,新疆、青藏高原及西北东部是2个异常中心区,过渡带位于新疆的东部;西北春季SPI异常结构的另一显著特征是,新疆北部及青海南部与西北东部旱涝为反相结构,西北东部的多(少)雨往往对应新疆北部和青海南部的少(多)雨.利用SPI可将西北春季划分为4个旱涝异常区:青海高原区、西北东部区、新疆北部区、南疆区;并由各区代表站的SPI的M-K突变检验得,从1980年代开始,青海高原区春季降水增多,并且趋势十分显著;与其相反的是,西北东部区近年春季降水有减少的趋势;北疆区从1997年开始,春季降水有增多的趋势,而南疆区春季降水增多的趋势不十分显著.     

黄淮海流域盛夏月降水异常的时空变化

利用１９５１－１９９５年７－８月黄海海流域４３个站的月降水量有５００ｈＰａ高度资料,采用功能谱以及主相关型与ＥＯＦ相结合的方法,分析黄淮海历年７－８月降水异常的时空变化及其环流特征。     

云南省雨季降水量变化的区域特征分析

 用EOF,REOF方法对1961～2002年云南省124个测站雨季降水的时空分布、演变规律及各区域的降水特征进行了诊断分析.结果表明:大范围区域降水的一致性是云南雨季降水的主要特征,其次为东、西反向变化以及东南、东北反向变化空间异常分布型态;云南雨季降水存在着7个主要的异常区域:滇中以东区,滇南区,滇西北区,滇中以西区,滇西南区,滇东南区,滇东北区;除滇东南区之外,其他各区在20世纪90年代末期雨季降水都有增多的趋势.     

西北春季降水的基本和异常特征

应用西北地区85个站1961年－1995年3－5月的降水资料,分析了西北地区春季九水的基本特征和异常特征,结果表明;西北地区春季3－5月降水的年际变率大,且表现为很强的地域性;青海高原和塔里木盆以正偏为主,而青海高原东北侧的陇东、陕西、新疆西部、北部以负偏为主,西北地区降水的峰度较正态分布为小,即随机性较大,西北大部分地区春季发生干旱的频率高 ,西北降水的时空异常特征分析表明,西北区3－5月降水空间上存在着6个异常敏感区;高原东北60％－90％。各个区内的降水随时间的变化而有所不同,其中高原东北侧、河西西部、南疆等地的降水趋呈下降趋势,表现出与中国东部的趋势;青海高原、天山以北地区和浙江省盆地等地呈现出上升趋势。     

中国西南地区近50年夏季降水的气候特征

利用中国西南地区103个气象观测站1961年1月1日-2010年12月31日的逐日降水量资料,采用旋转经验正交函数分解、突变分析、小波分析等方法对该地区近50年夏季降水的空间异常分布、演变规律、突变及周期特征进行了诊断分析.结果表明:西南地区近50年夏季降水标准化距平场可以划分为七个分区,并根据夏季降水的年代际变化特征将其归为五种类型,即明显增加型、缓慢增加型、平缓变化型、缓慢减少型和明显减少型.近50年夏季降水量在川东渝北和川西高原地区明显增加,而四川盆地则明显减少;贵北渝南和贵南桂北地区呈南北相反的缓慢增加(减少)趋势,云南地区呈东西相反的平缓减少(增加)趋势.夏季降水突变点多集中在20世纪70年代、90年代和21世纪初.且都存在一个准14年尺度的变化周期.     

我国极端降水过程频数时空变化的季节差异

利用我国586个气象测站的逐日降水资料,在对每个站点极端降水过程阈值进行科学界定的基础上,揭示了近45年我国年和各季极端降水过程频数的线性变化趋势及其年际、年代际变化特征.结果表明：我国年和季节极端降水过程频数主要为趋势性变化,不同地区不同季节趋势性变化差异显著,极端降水量在降水总量的趋势变化中占主导地位 长江中下游、西北地区北部和西南地区西部年极端降水过程频数呈现趋势性增加,而我国华北等地区呈现趋势性减少,并且主要反映的是夏季的特征 年和季节极端降水过程频数具有明显不同的年际和年代际变化特征 我国各季极端降水过程时空变化异常型明显不同,但与极端日降水的时空变化是一致的.     

江西高速公路沿线极端降水特征分析

以江西省高速公路为例,利用2013-2015年江西省高速公路交通事故资料、1958-2017年江西省89个国家气象观测站cimiss逐日降水观测资料,系统地研究了江西省高速公路极端降水特征。结果表明:2013-2015年江西省高速公路交通事故夏季和冬季较多,交通事故与雨量成正相关,当降水增多时,交通事故显著增多。分析发现江西省高速公路极端降水各指标在不同路段分布呈现显著的差异,R95p在杭瑞高速东段最高,其次是沪昆线西部;极端降水频次分布表现为"总体一致型"和"南北差异型",前者极端降水载荷向量大值区出现在杭瑞高速、德昌高速、沪昆高速东段南昌至上饶段,这些高值路段是极端强降水异常的敏感路段;后者极端降水载荷向量大值区位于江西省北部沿江地区。极端降水阈值在丘陵和平原地区较高,山区较低;极端降水存在年际变化的特征,20世纪90年代中期存在一个突变,突变后降水极值升高,由极端降水造成的交通事故频发。为进一步研究高速公路典型极端降水成因,对极端降水路段进行了敏感性划分,主要有3个典型的极端降水频次敏感路段,分别为德昌-沪昆东"型"、"寻全-厦荣"型、"泰井-沪昆西"型,研究成果可为提高江西省高速安全运行能力和交通专业气象服务水平提供一定的参考。     

基于Poisson分布的降水模型及其在潮白河密云水库上游流域的应用

为了描述降水的时空分布特征,在降水发生次数为Poisson分布的前提下提出了3种降水模型。该3种Pois-son矩形脉冲模型分别假设了降水历时为瞬时分布、指数式分布和Pareto分布。利用潮白河密云水库上游流域16个雨量站1980—2008年的降水资料,率定了3个模型的参数;在此基础上,得到潮白河密云水库上游流域降水特征(降水强度、降水频率)的时间变化趋势与空间分布规律。以降水历时瞬时分布的白噪音Poisson矩形脉冲模型为例,流域日均降水场次约0.18场/d、次雨深约为8mm。结果表明:该流域时间上在过去近30a降水量无显著变化,降水频率呈下降趋势,降水强度呈增加趋势;空间上降水量和降水强度自东南向西北逐渐减弱,降水频率则无显著空间规律。这3种模型中,白噪音型和Pareto型更适用于潮白河上游流域的降水分析。     

近30年闽西区域降水分布特征及突变研究

以1980年-2009年30 a 10个气象站点的逐日降水资料为基础,采用统计及GIS地统计趋势等分析了研究区降水的时空分布特征,利用降水集中度与集中期等分析法进一步讨论了该区的降水特性,并采用M-K检验法对年均降水量做了突变分析.结果显示闽西地区降水主要西北区域多,东南区较少,东北与西北角分别出现极小值与极大值中心.研究区降水量主要集中于5~6月,并呈现推迟的现象.20世纪80年代中叶年降水量出现突变并呈现明显的上升趋势.北部形成的西北-东南向的狭长地带起到了"通道-阻隔"作用,为内陆地区带来大量降水.受玳瑁山的影响,北部地区降水量空间布局呈"八"字对称分布.     

广东省前汛期和后汛期降水的气候特征

用 48a广东 7个代表站的降水资料对广东前汛期和后汛期的气候特征进行了统计分析 ,结果发现 :①广东降水的年变程曲线主要有单峰型和双峰型 ,单峰型多为内陆站 ,峰值在 5 - 6月 ;双峰型多为沿海站 ,峰值在 5 - 6月和 8月。②广东省降水的年际变化总趋势略有上升。 2 0世纪 90年代降水十分异常 ,降水量明显增大。前汛期和后汛期降水年际变化很大 ,总体说来是负相关 ,情况大致相反 ,但 1986 - 1991年是例外。③广东省前汛期和后汛期降水周期变化特征很不相同。前汛期主周期为 2 2、 7和 3a ,后汛期主周期则为 11和 3～ 5a。前汛期和后汛期的降水与西太平洋副热带高压脊线位置的周期特征很相似 ,证明两者有很密切的关系。     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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An on-line scaling method for improving scalability of a database cluster

The explosive growth of the Internet and database applications has driven database to be more scalable and available, and able to support on-line scaling without interrupting service. To support more client's queries without downtime and degrading the response time, more nodes have to be scaled up while the database is running. This paper presents the overview of scalable and available database that satisfies the above characteristics. And we propose a novel on-line scaling method. Our method improves the existing on-line scaling method for fast response time and higher throughputs. Our proposed method reduces unnecessary network use, i.e. , we decrease the number of data copy by reusing the backup data. Also, our on-line scaling operation can be processed parallel by selecting adequate nodes as new node. Our performance study shows that our method results in significant reduction in data copy time.     

An improved R-tree based on childnode''s probability

R-Tree is a good structure for spatial searching. But in this indexing structure,either the sequence of nodes in the same level or sequence of traveling these nodes when queries are made is random. Since the possibility that the object appears in different MBR which have the same parents node is different, if we make the subnode who has the most possibility be traveled first, the time cost will be decreased in most of the cases. In some case, the possibility of a point belong to a rectangle will shows direct proportion with the size of the rectangle. But this conclusion is based on an assumption that the objects are symmetrically distributing in the area and this assumption is not always coming into existence. Now we found a more direct parameter to scale the possibility and made a little change on the structure of R-tree, to increase the possibility of founding the satisfying answer in the front sub trees. We names this structure probability based arranged R-tree (PBAR-tree).     

Integrating GIS Web services based on mediating architecture

The geographic information service is enabled by the advancements in general Web service technology and the focused efforts of the OGC in defining XML-based Web GIS service. Based on these models, this paper addresses the issue of services chaining,the process of combining or pipelining results from several interoperable GIS Web Services to create a customized solution. This paper presents a mediated chaining architecture in which a specific service takes responsibility for performing the process that describes a service chain. We designed the Spatial Information Process Language (SIPL) for dynamic modeling and describing the service chain, also a prototype of the Spatial Information Process Execution Engine (SIPEE) is implemented for executing processes written in SIPL. Discussion of measures to improve the functionality and performance of such system will be included.