异三聚体G蛋白参与调节花粉细胞内钙离子浓度

利用激光共聚焦显微镜测定了川百合(Lilium daviddi)花粉细胞内游离钙离子浓度,研究了细胞质膜上异三聚体G蛋白激活剂和抑制剂对花粉细胞内钙离子浓度的影响以及G蛋白激活后钙信号产生的可能途径.结果表明异三聚体G蛋白激活剂霍乱毒素(CTX)可以明显提高细胞内钙离子水平,产生带有一定时空特征的钙信号,而其抑制剂百日咳毒素(PTX)则显著降低细胞内钙离子水平;L型钙通道阻断剂异搏定和IP 3 受体抑制剂肝素都可以明显抑制霍乱毒素引起的钙离子水平升高.由此推断,异三聚体G蛋白可能在花粉细胞内钙离子水平调控过程中发挥重要调节作用,它有可能是通过促进细胞外钙离子内流和细胞内钙库释放两条途径起作用的.     

阿拉伯半乳糖蛋白在茉莉花粉萌发和花粉管生长中的作用研究

阿拉伯半乳糖蛋白(arabinogalactan proteins, AGPs),是一类具有繁杂构造的糖蛋白，遍及于植物的不同组织中.大量研究表明，AGPs在花粉的黏附、水合、萌发和花粉管在花柱内极性生长过程中都起着重要作用.采用花粉离体培养技术，对AGPs与其抑制剂β葡萄糖基-Yariv试剂(β-D-glucosyl-Yariv reagent,βGlcY)结合后，茉莉花粉萌发和花粉管生长的情况，以及去除抑制剂后，花粉管再生情况进行了研究，以探明AGPs是否对茉莉花粉萌发和花粉管生长起作用.结果表明：Yariv试剂在处理后1～2 h内能明显抑制茉莉花粉萌发和花粉管的生长，花粉萌发率和花粉管生长速度与对照相比都显著下降；去除抑制剂后，茉莉花粉管可恢复正常生长能力，故AGPs在茉莉花粉萌发和花粉管生长过程中起着重要的促进作用.研究结果对提高茉莉花粉活力、促进花粉管生长以克服结实障碍、提高结实率有重要的指导意义.     

甜菜碱通过钙通道升高鼠脾淋巴细胞内[Ca^2＋]i研究

研究甜菜碱对小鼠脾淋巴细胞内钙离子浓度的变化及相关钙通道的研究．应用激光共聚焦显微镜（LSCM）测小鼠脾淋巴细胞内钙浓度的变化，应用不同钙通道阻滞剂研究甜菜碱影响细胞内钙浓度变化途径．对终浓度4mmol／L甜菜碱作用淋巴细胞不同时间的细胞内钙离子浓度值分析表明：甜菜碱可以使淋巴细胞内Ca^2＋浓度升高，6h后效果最明显；对加入不同阻滞剂细胞内钙离子浓度变化分析表明：钙通道及蛋白阻滞剂硝苯地平、地尔硫卓、咪贝地尔、金雀异黄素对甜菜碱升高淋巴细胞内钙离子浓度没有影响；维拉帕米、新霉素、肝素、普鲁卡因能阻断甜菜碱对淋巴细胞内钙离子浓度的升高作用．由此可知：细胞内钙离子浓度升高主要通过以下途径：在G蛋白介导下通过影响L-型电压门控钙通道的仅。亚单位而引起外钙内流；通过影响胞内钙库的ILR钙通道和RyR钙通道而引起内钙外排．其共同引起胞质钙离子浓度增加．     

v-src,Ca~(2+),PKC和cAMP对3T3-tsLA90细胞间隙连接通讯的调节

以3T3-tsLA 90细胞为正常和转化细胞模型,采用划痕标记染料示踪技术,初步研究了 v-src 基因及 Ca~(2+)-钙调素,蛋白激酶 C,cAMP 等细胞内信号物质对细胞间隙连接通讯的调节作用.40℃时正常表型的细胞间隙连接通讯正常,33℃时转化表型的细胞间隙连接被阻断.用 v—src 基因产物抑制剂、钙通道抑制剂、钙离子载体、钙调素和蛋白激酶 C 抑制剂及 cAMP研究了对细胞间隙连接的作用.当3T3-tsLA 90细胞由40℃转移到33℃时,v-src 基因活化,其产物 pp 60~(v-s c)通过 Ca~(2+)-CaM 和 DG-PKC 通路及 cAMP 系统相互作用对细胞间隙连接通讯功能起下降调节作用,从而导致细胞呈转化表型状态.     

植物细胞钙靶蛋白的研究进展

简述了植物细胞的钙离子调控过程，对钙调蛋白、钙调磷酸酶B类蛋白和钙离子依赖型蛋白质激酶3类钙靶蛋白的最新研究进展进行了综述。     

细胞自噬对拟南芥种子萌发的影响

自噬在植物生长发育过程发挥着至关重要的作用，但是植物中自噬与种子萌发的关系尚不明确。为了探究自噬对种子萌发的影响，通过基因表达检测、蛋白免疫印迹实验和种子萌发速率比较，分析了细胞自噬对拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)种子萌发的影响。研究结果表明细胞自噬在植物种子萌发过程中发挥重要作用:(1)自噬基因的表达在种子萌发过程中明显上调，且ATG8蛋白在种子萌发过程中逐渐积累，表明种子萌发过程中细胞自噬被激活；(2)细胞自噬抑制剂3-methyladenine (3-MA)能够显著地抑制拟南芥野生型种子的萌发，拟南芥自噬突变体种子的萌发速度比野生型种子的慢，表明细胞自噬途径在种子萌发过程中发挥正向调控作用但不是种子萌发所必需的。     

十字花科植物授粉过程中花粉表达基因的研究

授粉是开花植物有性繁殖的重要过程，这个过程包括物种特异性的花粉与柱头细胞的黏附，干燥花粉的水合，花粉的萌发和花粉管在花柱中的正常生长等，其中涉及花粉众多基因的表达与调控，同时也与柱头细胞中相关基因的活动密切相关．近年来，人们在十字花科植物有性繁殖的分子机制研究中进展迅速，分离鉴定了多个影响授粉过程的突变体及其对应的基因，提出了控制授粉过程各关键步骤的多种可能的机理，在很多方面有了明显的突破．文中以十字花科植物尤其是模式植物拟南芥为例，从分析众多花粉表达基因在授粉过程中的作用入手，介绍了开花植物授粉分子机制研究的最新进展．     

玉簪小孢子发生及雄配子体形成

对百合科植物玉簪(Hosta plantaginea Aschers)小孢子发生以及雄配子体形成过程做了详细的观察，其结果是：玉簪花药壁层发育为单子叶型，花粉囊从雄蕊原基的近轴面一侧分化，花粉母细胞减数分裂为连续型，四分体呈四面体型和左右对称型，分泌型绒毡层，其细胞在减数分裂后期开始退化，到二细胞花粉阶段全部解体，成熟花粉为三细胞型，长椭圆形具单萌发沟，玉簪雄蕊的发育表现出某些特殊的形态学特征，本研究结果可为百合科植物系统分类研究提供有价值的资料。     

内蒙古野豌豆属(Vicia L.)植物的花粉形态研究

利用扫描电子显微镜观察了内蒙古境内１３种野豌豆属植物的花粉形态,系统报道了１２种植物的花粉形态．观察结果表明,野豌豆属植物花粉的形状、萌发孔及外壁饰纹等特征在种内是稳定的．此外,利用花粉形态特征,对复合种的分类进行了进一步的探讨．     

沙田柚花粉萌发前后同工酶分析

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(PAGE)结合同工酶染色的方法对沙田柚成熟花粉萌发前后3种同工酶：过氧化物酶(POD)、淀粉酶(Amyl)和酯酶(Est)的类型和活力变化情况进行了分析．结果显示：萌发花粉的过氧化物酶和淀粉酶的同工酶种类变化不大,但酶活力均比未萌发前高;花粉萌发后酯酶同工酶发生较大的类型变化,同时也表现出较高的酯酶活性,表明沙田柚花粉萌发过程中,代谢活动比较活跃,酶的活性也增强．     

钙释放激活钙离子通道的发现及研究现状

Ca2+释放激活Ca2+(CRAC)通道是位于非兴奋性细胞质膜上的慢Ca2+通道,是非兴奋性细胞(尤其T淋巴细胞和HEK 293细胞)中胞外Ca2+进入细胞内的主要途径.Ca2+内流是T淋巴细胞激活的最重要的生理生化特征之一.Orai1蛋白单体是组成CRAC通道的亚基,4个Orai1蛋白亚基构成一个四聚体CRAC通道.内质网Ca2+浓度的降低使得STIM1发生定向运动并产生聚集,从而激活了CRAC通道.STIM1蛋白把内质网Ca2+的损耗与CRAC通道上的Ca2+内流联系起来,行使了Ca2+浓度感受器的功能.     

Heterotrimeric G protein participated in modulation of cytoplasmic calcium concentration in pollen cells

Cytoplasmic free calcium concentration([Ca2+]c) in pollen cells of Lilium daviddi is measured with confocal laser scanning microscopy to investigate the effect of heterotrimeric G protein (G protein) on [Ca2+]c and the possible signal transduction pathway of G protein triggering cellular calcium signal. After application, cholera toxin (CTX), an agonist of G protein, triggers a transient increase of [Ca2+]c in pollen cells, and evokes a spatial-temporal characteristic calcium dynamics; while pertussis toxin (PTX), a G protein antagonist, leads to the decrease of [Ca2+]c. Both L-type Ca2+ channel blocker verapamil and inhibitor of IP3 receptor heparin inhibit CTX-induced [Ca2+]c increase. The results show that G protein may play a role in the modulation of [Ca2+]c through enhancing the extracellular Ca2+ influx and releasing of Ca2+ from intracellular stores.     

红花罂粟花粉萌发的研究

以新鲜红花罂粟花粉为试材,比较研究了培养基中蔗糖浓度及硼酸和Ca^2＋、赤霉素浓度对红花罂粟花粉萌发和花粉管生长的影响。结果表明：过高过低的蔗糖、硼酸浓度抑制红花罂粟花粉萌发。低浓度Ca^2＋和赤霉素促进了花粉萌发和花粉管的生长,高浓度Ca、赤霉素抑制了花粉萌发和花粉管的生长。红花罂粟花粉萌发的最佳培养基是琼脂20g＋蔗糖110g＋硼酸110mg／L＋200mg／LCa^2＋＋80mg／LGA3。     

H-ATPase in the plasma membrane of Arabidopsis pollen cells is involved in extracellular calmodulin-promoted pollen germination

In this paper, the role of the plasma membrane (PM) H⁺-ATPase in extracellular calmodulin (CaM)-promoted pollen germination and in tube growth of Arabidopsis thaliana was investigated. Pollen germination, pollen tube growth rate, free cytosolic Ca²⁺ concentration ([Ca²⁺]_cyt) and Ca²⁺ channel activity in the PM of pollen cells were measured. In response to fusicoccin or CaM treatment, in vitro pollen germination and pollen tube growth rate, [Ca²⁺]_cyt and activity of a hyperpolarization-activated Ca²⁺-permeable channel increased. Sodium vanadate inhibited the promotion of these parameters by extracellular CaM. The results suggest that H⁺-ATPase may be involved in extracellular CaM-regulated pollen germination and in tube growth by modulation of the hyperpolarization-activated Ca²⁺ channel in the PM of A. thaliana pollen cells.     

Physiological responses of osteoblasts to cyclic stretching and the change of intracellular calcium concentration

The development of bone tissues is regulated by mechanical stimulation.Cyclic stretching was applied to the osteoblasts that were delivered from rat calvarie,The results showed that stretching at 500με increased the cell proliferation while loading at 1000με and 1500με inhabited cell growth ,Loading also increased the adhesive force between cells and substrate as well as spreading areas of osteobalsts.Furthermore,the fluorescence probe Fluo-3/AM was used to investigate the effect of stretching stimulation on the intracellular calcium concentration of osteoblasts.The intracellular calcium concentration of osteoblasts that were stretched at 500 με for 5 min was 92.9% higher than the control ,After being treated with the panax ontoginseng saponins,the streteched osteoblasts still expressed 28.6% higher intracellular calcium concentration than that of the control ,which proved that both the influx of extracellualr calcium and the release of intracellular calcium store were involved in the increase of intracellular calcium concentration when osteoblasts responded to the cyclic stretching And the influx of extracellular calcium through transmembrance channel played a main role.     

Novel dihydropyridines with positive inotropic action through activation of Ca2+ channels

Transmembrane influx of extracellular calcium through specific calcium channels is now accepted to have an important role in the excitation-contraction coupling of cardiac and smooth muscle. The importance of such slow calcium channels has been underlined by the development of specific calcium channel blocking agents, the 'calcium antagonists', typified by verapamil, nifedipine and diltiazem. These drugs have been used to investigate the properties of slow calcium channels in a variety of tissues. We have found that small modifications to the nifedipine molecule produce other dihydropyridine derivatives (see Fig. 1) with effects diametrically opposite to those of the calcium antagonists: cardiac contractility is stimulated and smooth muscle is contracted. These effects are competitively antagonized by nifedipine. Apparently, nifedipine and the novel compounds bind to the same specific dihydropyridine binding sites in or near the calcium channel. In contrast to nifedipine, however, the new compounds promote--instead of inhibiting--the influx of Ca2+ ions. We report here the properties of BAY K 8644 (methyl 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-3-nitro-4-(2-trifluoromethylphenyl)- pyridine-5-carboxylate), one of the most potent of these novel compounds.     

Inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate activates an endothelial Ca(2+)-permeable channel.

Receptor-mediated increases in the cytosolic free calcium ion concentration in most mammalian cells result from mobilization of Ca2+ from intracellular stores as well as transmembrane Ca2+ influx. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3) releases calcium from intracellular stores by opening a Ca(2+)-permeable channel in the endoplasmic reticulum. But the mechanism and regulation of Ca2+ entry into nonexcitable cells has remained elusive because the entry pathway has not been defined. Here we characterize a novel inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate (InsP4) and Ca(2+)-sensitive Ca(2+)-permeable channel in endothelial cells. We find that InsP4, which induces Ca2+ influx into acinar cells, enhances the activity of the Ca(2+)-permeable channel when exposed to the intracellular surface of endothelial cell inside-out patches. Our results suggest a molecular mechanism which is likely to be important for receptor-mediated Ca2+ entry.     

低频调制磁场对脑电节律的影响机理

神经细胞Ca2 内流及脑内5 HT、NE、DA等神经递质的变化影响了神经细胞放电速率,从而影响脑电节律.为揭示低频调制磁场对脑电节律产生影响的微观作用机理,检测了Wistar大鼠脑内神经递质的释放,电镜下观察了其神经突触形态的变化.实验结果显示,低频调制磁场作用引起大鼠脑内去甲肾上腺素(NE)、多巴胺(DA)、5 羟色胺(5 HT)释放显著增加(P<0.05),并观察到大鼠神经细胞内钙颗粒及释放神经递质的突触小泡数明显增加,提示低频调制磁场对人脑电节律的影响机理是其改变了Ca2 内流及脑内神经递质的释放量.     

The Ras-MAPK pathway is important for olfaction in Caenorhabditis elegans

The Ras-MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) signal transduction pathway is well known to control cellular proliferation and differentiation in response to extracellular signals, but its other functions are less understood. In Caenorhabditis elegans this pathway regulates several developmental events, such as vulval induction and progression of meiosis, but its function in the nervous system is unknown. Here we report that the Ras-MAPK pathway is involved in olfaction in this organism. Mutational inactivation and hyperactivation of this pathway impairs efficiency of chemotaxis to a set of odorants. Experiments in which let-60 ras was expressed using a heat-shock promoter and a cell-specific promoter show that a normal activity of LET-60 Ras is required in mature olfactory neurons. Application of the odorant isoamylalcohol to wild-type animals leads to the activation of MAP kinase in olfactory neurons within 10 seconds. This induction is dependent on the function of the nucleotide-gated channel TAX-2/TAX-4 and the voltage-activated calcium channel subunit UNC-2. These results suggest a dynamic regulatory role for the Ras-MAPK pathway in perception and transmission of sensory signals in olfactory neurons.