钙库调控钙内流信号机制的研究进展

钙库调控的钙内流（SOCE）A--种普遍的信号过程。随着RNA干扰技术的发展，SOCE过程中两个重要分子被确定：STIM1和Orai1。STIM1是内质网Ca。“‘感受器”，钙库排空后，可能会在内质网进行重新分配，并移向质膜，但似乎并不插入质膜。STIM1将信号传递给质膜Orai1蛋白．Orai1是SOCC孔隙形成的亚基。     

Orai1钙通道的可逆光控改造及其在果蝇疾病模型中的应用

钙释放激活的钙(Ca2+release-activated Ca2+,CRAC)通道是一种介导细胞器互作的动态组装型通道.质膜上的Orai六聚体构成其通道部分,而内质网膜上的基质相互作用分子(stromal interaction molecule,STIM)钙感受器则是通道的开关元件.CRAC通道介导的钙内流是细胞内重要的钙信号产生机制,参与调节多种关键的生理过程,如基因表达,细胞因子分泌,细胞迁移、增殖,器官发育以及免疫反应等.CRAC信号功能异常与免疫缺陷、管状聚集性肌病(tubular aggregate myopathy,TAM)以及神经退行性疾病等多种疾病的产生密切相关[1].因此,以CRAC信号通路为靶点,开发其调控工具是治疗相关疾病的重要方向.     

STIM1蛋白SOAR结构域与小分子的共结晶及X射线衍射的初步研究

钙库操纵的钙内流(Store-operated Ca2+entry)是钙离子进入细胞的一种经典方式,对于多种细胞生理活动具有重要的意义.它是由位于内质网膜上的钙离子感受器STIM1分子与细胞膜上的通道蛋白ORAI1相互作用而被激活的.其中,STIM1位于细胞质内的C端含有一段SOAR(STIM-ORAI association region)结构域,可以和ORAI1直接作用从而激活ORAI1组成的CRAC通道.考虑到STIM1在钙库操纵的钙内流过程中的重要调节作用,通过药物分子来调节STIM1的活性从而影响细胞、甚至机体的生理活动势必成为关注的方向.本实验将人类STIM1分子的SOAR结构域在大肠杆菌中异源表达,经过多种层析方法获得了纯度较高的SOAR蛋白,并通过与一种小分子——间苯二酚的共结晶,获得了复合物的晶体.X光衍射数据收集到0.21nm,并用HKL2000软件进行处理.这些数据为SOAR与间苯二酚复合物结构的解析奠定了基础.     

静息状态下人源STIM1分子的表达纯化及结构初探

Stormal interaction moleculer1 (STIM1) 分子作为内质网膜上的钙离子浓度感受器,是CRAC通道的重要组成部分,对于维持细胞内钙离子的稳态发挥重要的作用.本文利用活细胞共聚焦显微成像技术筛选鉴定出静息态 STIM1分子突变体,诱导其在真核系统中表达纯化,并利用负染电镜技术,对收集的蛋白单颗粒进行二维(2D)分类,得到静息态人源STIM1分子的近似模型.     

STIM、Orai及其介导的钙池操纵钙内流?

STIM-Orai介导的钙池操纵钙内流(SOCE)是一种重要的钙信号产生机制.SOCE参与调控机体的基因表达、细胞增殖、器官发育、免疫反应等各类生理活动,并与多种疾病发生密切相关.本文综述了SOCE概念提出,利用RNAi及高通量筛选技术发现2种介导SOCE的蛋白的进程,并从结构和功能方面介绍了STIM、Orai蛋白家族的最新研究进展,为进一步探索STIM、Orai的功能及其相互作用机制提供一些思路.     

G蛋白可能参与细胞外钙调素促进蚕豆气孔关闭的过程

存在于蚕豆保卫细胞质外体的细胞外钙调素(CaM)具有调控气孔运动的重要作用.以蚕豆表皮条为材料,利用激光共聚焦显微技术以及表皮条的生物分析方法研究了细胞外CaM促进气孔关闭的机理.实验结果表明,细胞外CaM能诱导保卫细胞[Ca 2+ ] cyt 升高,且升高程度随细胞外Ca 2+ 浓度的升高而增加;使用Ca 2+ 通道抑制剂的结果表明细胞外CaM诱导保卫细胞[Ca 2+ ] cyt 升高的过程以细胞外Ca 2+ 内流为主.利用G蛋白抑制剂PTX和激活剂CTX后发现,PTX能抑制细胞外CaM诱导的保卫细胞[Ca 2+ ] cyt 升高和气孔关闭,CTX也能通过诱导保卫细胞[Ca 2+ ] cyt 升高来促进气孔关闭,且Ca 2+ 主要来源于细胞外.说明G蛋白可能参与了细胞外CaM促进气孔关闭的过程.根据以上结果我们提出了细胞外CaM调控气孔运动的可能模式:细胞外CaM可能通过激活保卫.     

STIM1/ORAI1复合体参与调节人脐静脉内皮细胞SOC和ROC介导的钙内流和NO生成

为研究基质交联分子1(STIM1)/钙释放激活钙通道调节分子1(ORAI1)复合体在人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVECs)钙池操纵性钙通道(SOC)和受体操纵性钙通道(ROC)介导Ca~(2+)内流和NO生成中的作用。采取2-3代HUVECs随机分组,将构建的STIM1和ORAI1干扰质粒分别转染入HUVECs。用激光共聚焦显微镜观察细胞转染效果,Real-time PCR和Western blotting检测STIM1、ORAI1 mRNA和蛋白的表达。细胞随机分组:特异性质粒转染组即实验组,未转染组即空白对照组(Control组)及空质粒组(Scrambled组),将上述3组细胞分别与四种不同处理因素刺激后用荧光探针Fura-2/AM检测[Ca~(2+)]i变化,NO荧光探针DAF-FM负载方法同步检测NO生成的变化。随后将构建的STIM1和ORAI1干扰质粒同时转染入HUVECs,与Ca R激动剂精胺孵育后检测[Ca~(2+)]i和NO,用免疫共沉淀法检测STIM1和ORAI1的相互作用。结果显示,(1)与对照组相比,STIM1及ORAI1组,m RNA和蛋白表达均明显降低(P0.05);(2)在4种不同处理因素作用下,STIM1及ORAI1转染组中[Ca~(2+)]i△ratio值和NO净荧光强度值均明显降低(P0.05);(3)与对照组及单转染STIM1及ORAI1组比,共转染组[Ca~(2+)]i△ratio值和NO净荧光强度值均明显降低(P0.05);(4)STIM1与ORAI1相互作用形成复合体,且在Ca R激动剂的剌激下相互作用增强。由此可知,STIM1与ORAI1复合体共同调节Ca R经SOC和ROC激活介导的Ca~(2+)内流和NO生成。     

大鼠胰腺β细胞内葡萄糖钙信号调控机制

用fura-2显微荧光法测量细胞内自由钙浓度[Ca2+]i,在单个大鼠胰腺β细胞上探讨了葡萄糖诱发的[Ca2+]i初期下降相(GIDP)、钙振荡和钙库释放的影响因素.实验中发现,非刺激浓度的葡萄糖(5 mmol/L)仍可导致β细胞特有的GIDP.GIDP与去极化无关,也不受外钙的影响,但能被内质网钙泵抑制剂thapsigargin抑制,提示此过程可能缘于钙库对胞浆Ca2+的摄取.在胞内钙振荡过程中移去胞外液中的Ca2+,振荡会逐渐停止;若施加thapsigargin,钙振荡仍能继续维持,说明钙振荡主要缘于外钙内流,钙库在钙振荡维持中的作用不大.无外钙条件下,葡萄糖诱导的钙库释放能被钠通道阻断剂TTX所抑制,而高钾对钙库的释放作用却不受TTX的影响,这提示膜去极化可以直接诱导钙库释放.因此,细胞膜去极化、外钙内流、胞内钙库的摄取和释放共同协调着β细胞内的Ca2+平衡.     

应用酵母双杂交系统筛选与NAP1相互作用的蛋白质

用NAP1作为"诱饵"蛋白,通过酵母双杂交系统筛选人淋巴细胞cDNA文库,鉴定阳性克隆;再利用酵母双杂交和免疫共沉淀验证相互作用. 结果表明,通过酵母双杂交系统筛选人淋巴细胞cDNA文库,阳性克隆的鉴定,发现了与NAP1的相互作用蛋白质―蛋白酶体α亚基3(PSMA3). 免疫共沉淀(Co-IP)结果证实外源表达的NAP1蛋白和PSMA3蛋白在293T细胞中有特异性的相互作用. NAP1作为FDC分泌的一种多肽,与PSMA3有特异性的相互作用,这种相互作用如何实现对蛋白酶体降解靶蛋白的活性调节,其作用机理有待深入研究.     

百日咳毒素对抗性及敏感棉铃虫神经细胞L型钙通道的调制作用

通过催化抑制性G蛋白α亚基(Gαi／o)的ADP核糖基化,百日咳毒素(PTX)使Gαi／o不能活化,继而抑制Gαi／o-腺苷酸环化酶(AC)-cAMP-蛋白激酶A(PKA)-L型电压门控钙(Ca(L)2 )通道．Ca(L)2 通道可能是拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂的靶标．本实验观察了PTX对三氟氯氰菊酯(Cy)抗性及敏感棉铃虫神经细胞Ca(L)2 通道的影响, 以期从Ca(L)2 通道动力学的角度探讨棉铃虫对拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂产生抗性的机制．急性分离并经12-16 h无菌培养3-4龄棉铃虫神经细胞．实验分4组:①Cy敏感组(Cy-S组);②Cy抗性组(Cy-R组);③Cy-S-PTX组; ④Cy-R-PTX组．400 ng／mL PTX加入培养基中．采用全细胞膜片钳技术记录各组,ICa(L)．结果显示:(1)各组 Ca(L)2 通道的激活电压均是-35--30 mV,最大激活电压是0 mV,但Cy-S-PTX组的最大激活电压是 -10 mV;(2)分别与Cy-S组和Cy-R-PTX组峰值电流密度相比,Cy-S-PTX组峰值电流密度分别增高52．06 ％和44．81％(P<0．01),提示Cy-S-PTX组Ca(L)2 通道电导可能增大．Cy-S组和Cy-R组间的峰值电流密度无统计学差异;(3)与Cy-S组相比,Cy-S-PTX组神经细胞Ca(L)2 通道的半数激活电压向超极化方向移动5．1 mV (P<0．05),半数失活电压向超极化方向移动5．93 mV(P<0．05),提示PTX使敏感组神经细胞的Ca(L)2 通道更容易激活和失活;(4)与Cy-R组相比,Cy-R-PTX神经细胞Ca(L)2 通道的半数激活电压几乎未变,半数失活电压向去极化方向移动2．42 mV(P>0．05),提示PTX对抗性组神经细胞的影响不明显;(5)Cy-R组与Cy-S组神经细胞Ca(L)2 通道的半数激活电压和半数失活电压无显著性差异．结果提示:(1)棉铃虫神经细胞存在(Gαi／o)-AC- cAMP-PKA-Ca(L)2 通道信号传导途径;(2)PTX敏感的抑制性Gi／o蛋白的基础活性对棉铃虫神经细胞Ca(L)2 通道有影响;(3)PTX对敏感虫神经细胞的Ca(L)2 通道的影响较对抗性棉铃虫神经细胞Ca(L)2 通道的影响明显,提示抗性棉铃虫对拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂产生抗性的机理可能与其Ca(L)2 通道对Gαi／o-AC-cAMP-PKA-Ca(L)2 通道调控不敏感有关．     

STIM1 is a Ca2+ sensor that activates CRAC channels and migrates from the Ca2+ store to the plasma membrane

As the sole Ca2+ entry mechanism in a variety of non-excitable cells, store-operated calcium (SOC) influx is important in Ca2+ signalling and many other cellular processes. A calcium-release-activated calcium (CRAC) channel in T lymphocytes is the best-characterized SOC influx channel and is essential to the immune response, sustained activity of CRAC channels being required for gene expression and proliferation. The molecular identity and the gating mechanism of SOC and CRAC channels have remained elusive. Previously we identified Stim and the mammalian homologue STIM1 as essential components of CRAC channel activation in Drosophila S2 cells and human T lymphocytes. Here we show that the expression of EF-hand mutants of Stim or STIM1 activates CRAC channels constitutively without changing Ca2+ store content. By immunofluorescence, EM localization and surface biotinylation we show that STIM1 migrates from endoplasmic-reticulum-like sites to the plasma membrane upon depletion of the Ca2+ store. We propose that STIM1 functions as the missing link between Ca2+ store depletion and SOC influx, serving as a Ca2+ sensor that translocates upon store depletion to the plasma membrane to activate CRAC channels.     

Orai1 is an essential pore subunit of the CRAC channel

Stimulation of immune cells causes depletion of Ca2+ from endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stores, thereby triggering sustained Ca2+ entry through store-operated Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channels, an essential signal for lymphocyte activation and proliferation. Recent evidence indicates that activation of CRAC current is initiated by STIM proteins, which sense ER Ca2+ levels through an EF-hand located in the ER lumen and relocalize upon store depletion into puncta closely associated with the plasma membrane. We and others recently identified Drosophila Orai and human Orai1 (also called TMEM142A) as critical components of store-operated Ca2+ entry downstream of STIM. Combined overexpression of Orai and Stim in Drosophila cells, or Orai1 and STIM1 in mammalian cells, leads to a marked increase in CRAC current. However, these experiments did not establish whether Orai is an essential intracellular link between STIM and the CRAC channel, an accessory protein in the plasma membrane, or an actual pore subunit. Here we show that Orai1 is a plasma membrane protein, and that CRAC channel function is sensitive to mutation of two conserved acidic residues in the transmembrane segments. E106D and E190Q substitutions in transmembrane helices 1 and 3, respectively, diminish Ca2+ influx, increase current carried by monovalent cations, and render the channel permeable to Cs+. These changes in ion selectivity provide strong evidence that Orai1 is a pore subunit of the CRAC channel.     

Oligomerization of STIM1 couples ER calcium depletion to CRAC channel activation

Ca(2+)-release-activated Ca(2+) (CRAC) channels generate sustained Ca(2+) signals that are essential for a range of cell functions, including antigen-stimulated T lymphocyte activation and proliferation. Recent studies have revealed that the depletion of Ca(2+) from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) triggers the oligomerization of stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1), the ER Ca(2+) sensor, and its redistribution to ER-plasma membrane (ER-PM) junctions where the CRAC channel subunit ORAI1 accumulates in the plasma membrane and CRAC channels open. However, how the loss of ER Ca(2+) sets into motion these coordinated molecular rearrangements remains unclear. Here we define the relationships among [Ca(2+)](ER), STIM1 redistribution and CRAC channel activation and identify STIM1 oligomerization as the critical [Ca(2+)](ER)-dependent event that drives store-operated Ca(2+) entry. In human Jurkat leukaemic T cells expressing an ER-targeted Ca(2+) indicator, CRAC channel activation and STIM1 redistribution follow the same function of [Ca(2+)](ER), reaching half-maximum at approximately 200 microM with a Hill coefficient of approximately 4. Because STIM1 binds only a single Ca(2+) ion, the high apparent cooperativity suggests that STIM1 must first oligomerize to enable its accumulation at ER-PM junctions. To assess directly the causal role of STIM1 oligomerization in store-operated Ca(2+) entry, we replaced the luminal Ca(2+)-sensing domain of STIM1 with the 12-kDa FK506- and rapamycin-binding protein (FKBP12, also known as FKBP1A) or the FKBP-rapamycin binding (FRB) domain of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR, also known as FRAP1). A rapamycin analogue oligomerizes the fusion proteins and causes them to accumulate at ER-PM junctions and activate CRAC channels without depleting Ca(2+) from the ER. Thus, STIM1 oligomerization is the critical transduction event through which Ca(2+) store depletion controls store-operated Ca(2+) entry, acting as a switch that triggers the self-organization and activation of STIM1-ORAI1 clusters at ER-PM junctions.     

Gated regulation of CRAC channel ion selectivity by STIM1

Two defining functional features of ion channels are ion selectivity and channel gating. Ion selectivity is generally considered an immutable property of the open channel structure, whereas gating involves transitions between open and closed channel states, typically without changes in ion selectivity. In store-operated Ca(2+) release-activated Ca(2+) (CRAC) channels, the molecular mechanism of channel gating by the CRAC channel activator, stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1), remains unknown. CRAC channels are distinguished by a very high Ca(2+) selectivity and are instrumental in generating sustained intracellular calcium concentration elevations that are necessary for gene expression and effector function in many eukaryotic cells. Here we probe the central features of the STIM1 gating mechanism in the human CRAC channel protein, ORAI1, and identify V102, a residue located in the extracellular region of the pore, as a candidate for the channel gate. Mutations at V102 produce constitutively active CRAC channels that are open even in the absence of STIM1. Unexpectedly, although STIM1-free V102 mutant channels are not Ca(2+)-selective, their Ca(2+) selectivity is dose-dependently boosted by interactions with STIM1. Similar enhancement of Ca(2+) selectivity is also seen in wild-type ORAI1 channels by increasing the number of STIM1 activation domains that are directly tethered to ORAI1 channels, or by increasing the relative expression of full-length STIM1. Thus, exquisite Ca(2+) selectivity is not an intrinsic property of CRAC channels but rather a tuneable feature that is bestowed on otherwise non-selective ORAI1 channels by STIM1. Our results demonstrate that STIM1-mediated gating of CRAC channels occurs through an unusual mechanism in which permeation and gating are closely coupled.     

The CRAC channel consists of a tetramer formed by Stim-induced dimerization of Orai dimers

Ca(2+)-release-activated Ca(2+) (CRAC) channels underlie sustained Ca(2+) signalling in lymphocytes and numerous other cells after Ca(2+) liberation from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). RNA interference screening approaches identified two proteins, Stim and Orai, that together form the molecular basis for CRAC channel activity. Stim senses depletion of the ER Ca(2+) store and physically relays this information by translocating from the ER to junctions adjacent to the plasma membrane, and Orai embodies the pore of the plasma membrane calcium channel. A close interaction between Stim and Orai, identified by co-immunoprecipitation and by F?rster resonance energy transfer, is involved in the opening of the Ca(2+) channel formed by Orai subunits. Most ion channels are multimers of pore-forming subunits surrounding a central channel, which are preassembled in the ER and transported in their final stoichiometry to the plasma membrane. Here we show, by biochemical analysis after cross-linking in cell lysates and intact cells and by using non-denaturing gel electrophoresis without cross-linking, that Orai is predominantly a dimer in the plasma membrane under resting conditions. Moreover, single-molecule imaging of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged Orai expressed in Xenopus oocytes showed predominantly two-step photobleaching, again consistent with a dimeric basal state. In contrast, co-expression of GFP-tagged Orai with the carboxy terminus of Stim as a cytosolic protein to activate the Orai channel without inducing Ca(2+) store depletion or clustering of Orai into punctae yielded mostly four-step photobleaching, consistent with a tetrameric stoichiometry of the active Orai channel. Interaction with the C terminus of Stim thus induces Orai dimers to dimerize, forming tetramers that constitute the Ca(2+)-selective pore. This represents a new mechanism in which assembly and activation of the functional ion channel are mediated by the same triggering molecule.     

Molecular identification of the CRAC channel by altered ion selectivity in a mutant of Orai

Recent RNA interference screens have identified several proteins that are essential for store-operated Ca2+ influx and Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channel activity in Drosophila and in mammals, including the transmembrane proteins Stim (stromal interaction molecule) and Orai. Stim probably functions as a sensor of luminal Ca2+ content and triggers activation of CRAC channels in the surface membrane after Ca2+ store depletion. Among three human homologues of Orai (also known as olf186-F), ORAI1 on chromosome 12 was found to be mutated in patients with severe combined immunodeficiency disease, and expression of wild-type Orai1 restored Ca2+ influx and CRAC channel activity in patient T cells. The overexpression of Stim and Orai together markedly increases CRAC current. However, it is not yet clear whether Stim or Orai actually forms the CRAC channel, or whether their expression simply limits CRAC channel activity mediated by a different channel-forming subunit. Here we show that interaction between wild-type Stim and Orai, assessed by co-immunoprecipitation, is greatly enhanced after treatment with thapsigargin to induce Ca2+ store depletion. By site-directed mutagenesis, we show that a point mutation from glutamate to aspartate at position 180 in the conserved S1-S2 loop of Orai transforms the ion selectivity properties of CRAC current from being Ca2+-selective with inward rectification to being selective for monovalent cations and outwardly rectifying. A charge-neutralizing mutation at the same position (glutamate to alanine) acts as a dominant-negative non-conducting subunit. Other charge-neutralizing mutants in the same loop express large inwardly rectifying CRAC current, and two of these exhibit reduced sensitivity to the channel blocker Gd3+. These results indicate that Orai itself forms the Ca2+-selectivity filter of the CRAC channel.     

SO_2诱导拟南芥保卫细胞凋亡

以拟南芥叶片下表皮为材料,研究了SO_2体内衍生物-亚硫酸钠和亚硫酸氢钠混合液(3:1,mmol·L~(-1)/mmol·L~(-1))对气孔保卫细胞的致死效应.结果表明,浓度1.0～5.0 mmol·L~(-1)的SO_2衍生物处理表皮3 h可引起保卫细胞死亡,死细胞出现核固缩、核断裂、凋亡小体等典型的核凋亡特征,且胁迫组细胞内活性氧和钙离子水平升高.蛋白酶抑制剂Z-Asp-CH_2-DCB和TLCK能减少SO_2衍生物诱导的细胞凋亡;过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸(AsA),及Ca~(2+)螯合剂乙二醇双四乙酸(EGTA)和Ca~(2+)通道抑制剂LaCl_3均可使SO_2衍生物诱发的细胞死亡率降低.0.1 mmol·L~(-1)的AsA或EGTA能降低胁迫组胞内的活性氧和Ca~(2+)水平,与死亡率降低相伴发生.以上结果表明,一定浓度的SO_2可诱导拟南芥保卫细胞凋亡,胁迫可能通过诱导活性氧产生、胞外钙内流,造成胞内Ca~(2+)浓度升高,引发细胞程序性死亡.     

钙通道抑制剂对川百合花粉萌发的影响

细胞内钙离子在花粉萌发过程中发挥重要作用,钙离子如何被植物花粉细胞所吸收是植物生殖生理研究的热点问题．对一些常用的钙通道抑制剂对川百合花粉萌发和花粉管伸长生长的影响进行了研究．结果表明,萌发中的花粉需要从外界吸收大量钙离子,电压依赖型钙通道的有机抑制剂(异搏定、尼群地平、地而流卓)和3价无机离子(镧、铝、钆)可以明显抑制花粉萌发,电压依赖型通道很可能是细胞外钙离子进入萌发花粉的重要途径．     

The molecular choreography of a store-operated calcium channel

Store-operated calcium channels (SOCs) serve essential functions from secretion and motility to gene expression and cell growth. A fundamental mystery is how the depletion of Ca2+ from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) activates Ca2+ entry through SOCs in the plasma membrane. Recent studies using genetic approaches have identified genes encoding the ER Ca2+ sensor and a prototypic SOC, the Ca2+-release-activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channel. New findings reveal a unique mechanism for channel activation, in which the CRAC channel and its sensor migrate independently to closely apposed sites of interaction in the ER and the plasma membrane.