植物与矿物绝缘油热故障产气差异性分析

为研究不同种类绝缘油在热故障下油中溶解气体差异,对山茶籽绝缘油、FR3绝缘油、25#矿物绝缘油及油纸绝缘体系进行了90～250℃及300～800℃模拟变压器热故障试验,使用色谱法分析了热故障下油中溶解气体,得到相应气体组分、百分含量同热故障温度的对应关系。实验表明,热故障下山茶籽绝缘油的主要溶解气体为H₂与C₂H₆,FR3绝缘油为C₂H₆;矿物绝缘油低温（<300℃）热故障下为H₂与CH₄,中、高温（≥300℃）热故障下为CH₄与C₂H₄。植物绝缘油与矿物绝缘油热故障特征气体的差异表明,在变压器故障诊断中应根据绝缘油类型建立适用的油中溶解气体分析方法。     

浅谈变压器油的色谱分析法

分析绝缘油中溶解气体的含量能提前预测设备的内部故障,防止设备损坏和由于设备损坏而导致的电网大面积停电事故发生.因此,利用绝缘油中溶解气体的色谱分析方法,并结合其他试验手段可以随时监视设备的运行状况,尽早地发现充油电气设备内部存在的潜伏性故障及其发展程度,对保障设备乃至电网的安全运行能起到积极作用.文章以利用绝缘油中溶解气体的色谱分析方法,判断变压器内部过热故障和220kV电压互感器内部放电故障.     

基于油中溶解气体谱图的变压器故障识别方法

根据油中溶解气体含量对电力变压器进行故障诊断,一个关键环节是如何从故障气体数据中提取有效反映故障特性的特征量。论文提出了基于特征气体谱图形状参数识别变压器故障的方法,以5种油中溶解气体:乙炔、氢气、乙烷、甲烷和乙烯的相对含量构建了故障的特征气体谱图,并将图形偏斜性、突出性等形状参数作为特征量应用于变压器的故障诊断。应用的结果表明,这种方法有效区分变压器的放电性故障、过热性故障以及"氢主导型"故障,且识别效果达到90%以上,明显优于实践中常用的三比值方法。     

超临界CO_2萃取茶叶籽油及其分子蒸馏馏出物抗氧化成分分析

以茶叶籽为原料,采用超临界CO2萃取得到茶叶籽油,通过分子蒸馏富集提取茶叶籽油中抗氧化成分,并采用UHPLC-TOF-MS分析其组成。结果表明,CO2流速对萃取速率影响较大,采用超临界CO2梯度萃取的模式,不同萃取阶段得到的茶叶籽油的酸价存在一定规律,在萃取初期,茶叶籽油的酸价较高,随着萃取过程的进行,酸价逐渐降低,说明游离脂肪酸更容易溶解在超临界CO2中。茶叶籽油分子蒸馏馏出物中主要的抗氧化成分包括:山茶甙C,表儿茶素没食子酸酯,表阿福豆素,表儿茶素及表没食子儿茶素等5种。     

三种植物绝缘油的理化与电气性能的比较

植物绝缘油是一种闪点高、环保型的液体电介质,是矿物绝缘油优良的替代品.试验采用转基因菜籽油、转基因花生油和棉籽油等3种基础植物油制取植物绝缘油,研究了植物绝缘油制取方法,深入分析了植物绝缘油的物理、化学性能以及工频击穿电压、介损、介电常数、体积电阻率等电气性能.通过对油品的各项性能指标进行比较,认为三种植物绝缘油中单不饱和脂肪酸支链含量最高的菜籽绝缘油的综合性能最佳.     

川东地区煤自燃危险指标及极限参数

为研究川东地区煤氧化升温过程中的自燃特性,采用程序升温装置测试了川东地区7个矿井煤样在氧化升温过程中的放热强度和耗氧速率,分析了不同温度下各煤样气体产物以及自燃极限参数的变化规律。结果表明:放热强度与耗氧速率的变化趋势一致,同一温度升高,二者先略微增加,然后以指数形式快速增大。随着温度的逐渐升高,各个矿井煤样的CO和CO_2浓度都表现出逐渐增加的趋势。相同温度下,CO_2浓度明显大于CO浓度,CO和CO_2比值与煤温有着很好对应关系,能反映出煤样被氧化的程度。CH_4,C_2H_6和C_2H_4浓度随温度升高逐渐增大,不同矿井煤样的C_2H_6和C_2H_4产生的起始温度不同,CH_4产生量的差异性随温度升高逐渐增大。最小浮煤厚度与下限氧体积分数的变化趋势一致,随着温度的升高,二者先增大后逐渐降低,上限漏风强度随着温度的升高先降低后升高。     

油纸绝缘气隙放电与油中产气规律的相关-回归分析

气隙放电是变压器油纸绝缘局部放电的主要模式,研究其与油中产气规律的相关性对诊断油纸绝缘早期故障的产生及发展具有重要意义.笔者在实验室设计了变压器局部放电模拟实验系统,采用升压法,在60℃油温条件下研究了气隙放电及其发展特征,利用主成分分析方法从29个局放统计算子中提取出6个相互独立的主成分因子;利用相关-回归分析得出了变压器油中产生的6种溶解气体含量与6个局放主成分因子线性相关;拟舍得到了6种气体含量与6个主成分的多元线性回归模型,为进一步探讨变压器早期局部放电发展与油中产气规律之间的关系提供了一种新的思路.     

变压器油纸绝缘沿面放电特性及其产气规律

基于油纸绝缘沿面放电模型,在实验室模拟变压器油箱内进行局部放电试验,研究油纸绝缘沿面放电发展特性及其特征量的变化规律,并着重研究放电发展过程中油中溶解气体的变化特性。实验结果表明,油纸绝缘沿面放电幅值在放电起始阶段呈上升的趋势,放电2～3h幅值达到最大,然后放电强度开始慢慢减弱;随着油纸绝缘局部放电的发展,CO的绝对产气速率以一个值为中心上下波动,变化幅值较小;而油中沿面放电H2和CH4的绝对产气速率先增加再减少,放电谱图变化与油中溶解气体绝对产气速率变化表现出较高的相似性。     

信湖3煤抽提后低温氧化特性变化实验研究

为了研究煤中低分子化合物对煤低温氧化规律的影响,选用四氢呋喃溶剂对信湖3煤进行微波辅助抽提,通过低温氧化实验,测试了煤样抽提前后煤体耗氧特性及气体产物释放规律。结果表明,抽提前后煤样在低温氧化过程中产生的气体主要有CO、CO_2等气体氧化产物和CH_4、C_2H_4、C_2H_6、C_3H_8等烷烃类气体,煤样抽提后这些气体的产生量均有不同程度的降低;抽提后残煤的耗氧量和耗氧速率明显要低于抽提前原煤。可见,煤中低分子化合物的存在对信湖3煤的自燃有一定的促进作用。     

挥发性油藏酸气回注的最小混相压力与组分优化

高含H_2S和CO_2酸性气体的低渗透挥发性油藏在开发过程中,H_2S和CO_2会以溶解气的形式被采出,并占有较高的摩尔分数。分离器条件下的气态轻烃通过回注地层,在油藏压力高于最小混相压力(MMP)时达到混相驱动,一方面可以显著提高驱油效率,另一方面可以起到减缓压力衰竭的目的。H_2S和CO_2作为污染气体,分离和回收成本较高;而与烃气一同回注地层势必会对MMP产生影响。因此,需要研究酸性气体对溶解气回注MMP的影响规律并且合理地优化回注气组分。在对目标区块原油组分拟合重组的基础上,通过混合单元格法预测MMP,研究了溶解气主要组分的混相能力以及H_2S和CO_2对烃气驱MMP的影响规律,通过正交试验方法优化了注入气比例。结果表明:作为酸性杂质气体H_2S和CO_2具有较强的混相能力,可以降低注气MMP;最优注气形式为溶解气直接回注地层。     

溶剂浸提法对茶籽油含量及成分的影响

实验以白花油茶籽和红花油茶籽为材料,研究了三氯甲烷、石油醚、丙酮、正己烷4种溶剂对油茶籽的提油量和主要成分的影响,并对经甲酯化处理的茶油进行气相色谱分析.结果表明：不论是白花油茶还是红花油茶均以丙酮溶剂浸提的不饱和脂肪酸含量最高,但是,该溶剂浸提油的色泽等感官品质较差;石油醚浸提的茶油颜色为浅黄色,明亮剔透,没有混浊物或者漂浮物,油质好,且不饱和脂肪酸含量仅次于丙酮居第二位.综合比较分析,石油醚是一种比较理想的浸提溶剂.     

Ch4-rich fluid inclusions in the Yushigou mantle peridotite and their implications, North Qilian Mountains, China

Studies were carried out on the early phase of fluid inclusions which occur in residual olivines in harzburgite from the Yushigou ophiolitic mantle peridotite, the North Qilian Mountains. Components of these inclusions, analyzed by micro laser Raman spectroscopy, are dominantly CH, (70%–95%) with minor H₂, N₂, H₂S, CO₂,C₂H₄, C₂H₆, and C₃H₆ but there are no H₂O,CO and SO₂. The highly CH₄-rich fluid was probably derived from an ancient deep mantle. This discovery plays an important role in all-round understanding of the fluid property of the upper mantle, especially the ancient oceanic upper mantle.     

In situ time-resolved FTIR investigation on the reaction mechanism of partial oxidation of methane to syngas over supported Rh and Ru catalysts

In situ time-resolved FTIR spectroscopy was used to study the reaction mechanism of partial oxidation of methane (POM) to synthesis gas and the reaction of CH₄/O₂/He (2/1/45, molar ratio) gas mixture with adsorbed CO species over Rh/SiO₂, Ru/γ-Al₂O₃ and Ru/SiO₂ catalysts at 500—600℃. It was found that CO is the primary product of POM reaction over reduced and working state Rh/SiO₂ catalysts. Direct oxidation of CH₄ is the main pathway of synthesis gas formation over Rh/SiO₂ catalyst. CO₂ is the primary product of POM over Ru/γ-Al₂O₃ and Ru/SiO₂ catalysts. The dominant reaction pathway for synthesis gas formation over Ru/γ-Al₂O₃ catalyst is via the reforming reactions of CH₄ with CO₂ and H₂O. For the POM reaction over Rh/SiO₂ and Ru/γ-Al₂O₃ catalysts, consecutive oxidation of surface CO species is an important pathway of CO₂ formation.     

东濮凹陷北部地区古近系油型气成因类型及分布特征

以热压模拟实验模拟东濮凹陷干酪根热裂解和原油热裂解过程,分析干酪根热裂解气和原油裂解气组分特征的差异,以此建立干酪根热裂解成因气和原油裂解成因气的判识方法;结合东濮凹陷北部地区天然气碳同位素及天然气组分数据,对研究区油型气进行划分,进而探讨干酪根热裂解气与原油裂解气的分布特征。结果表明,研究区古近系油型气分为干酪根热裂解气与原油裂解气,干酪根热裂解气具有相对较高的C1/C2值和较低的C2/C3值特征,而原油裂解气则与之相反。干酪根热裂解气和原油裂解气的分布存在明显差异:前者分布范围更广,后者更近于洼陷中心分布,两者分布的差异性与其生成及成藏条件差异有关。根据干酪根热裂解气与原油裂解气分布特点,推测在邻近洼陷中心区具有良好的干酪根裂解成气及原油裂解成气的条件和油型气勘探前景。     

Natural gas geochemistry of low evolutionary stage of medium- and small-sized basins in Yunnan Province, southwestern China

The biogenic gas and premature-low mature associated gases in some medium and small-sized basins of Yannan Province, such as Luliang, Yanglin, Baoshan and Jinggu basins, have beed researched. The results show that the biogenic-gas consists mainly of methane which is more than 99% in gasous hydrocarbons and of lighter carbon isotopic composition with δ13C1 values from -60.0‰ to - 75.4‰. The methane carbon isotopic compositions in the Baoshan Basin is relatively heavy (δ13C1 - 60‰- - 65‰), but those in Luliang and Yanglin basins are lighter (δ13C1, less than -70‰), which implies that the gas field of the Baoshan Basin formed earlier than the others. In the Jinggu Basin, where crude oil is premature-lower mature, the natural gas of associated oil relatively wet and the relative content of methane about 58%-95% in gasous hydrocarbons. Constituently the gas composition is much similar to associated one, but the methane carbon isotopic compositions from - 53.8‰ to - 57.8‰ are obviously richer in 12C than those of general oil fields and similarly characterize the biothermo-catalytic transitional zone gas. Their ethane carbon isotopic compositions from - 34.6‰ to -29.0‰ show that they may be derived from type Ⅰ or Ⅱ source rock. But for the associated gas from lower evolutionary stage, the heavier ethane carbon isotopic composition as well as the reversed order among the carbon isotopic composition of ethane, propylane and butane also implies that some gases from the type Ⅲ organic matter are mixed. The δ13CCo2 of the samples essentially less than - 10‰ may be generated from organic matter.     

Preferential Oxidation of CO in a Hydrogen-Rich Gas Through Au/NaY Catalytic Membranes

This paper describes novel Au/NaY catalytic membranes for preferential oxidation of CO (CO-PROX) in an H2-rich gas. NaY zeolite membranes with a high CO2/N2 separation factor were loaded with nanosized Au particles using an ion-exchanged method. X-ray diffraction analyses showed that the structure of the NaY zeolite was not damaged by the ion exchange process. CO-PROX experiments showed that the catalytic membranes had excellent catalytic performance for selective oxidation of CO. The CO/H2 molar ratio on the permeate side decreased with increasing operating temperature in the range of 80-200℃. At 200℃, almost no CO was detected from the permeate stream of a catalytic membrane with the feed con-taining 0.67% CO, 1.33% O2, 32.67% H2, and He in balance. Thus, these Au/NaY catalytic membranes show a promise for CO removal from hydrogen fuels.     

CO2对曲塘区块地层油高压物性影响研究

CO_2能有效降低原油黏度、溶解储层中的胶质、提高储层渗透率,对开采低渗、特低渗透油藏有很好的应用前景;而研究CO_2对地层油高压物性的影响具有重要指导意义。针对曲塘区块这一典型低渗透油藏,采用PVT地层流体分析仪,测定了张3B井地层油溶有不同气量CO_2后的高压物性。结果表明:随地层油中溶解CO_2增多,泡点压力及体积系数大幅升高、地层油密度减小。当CO_2溶解度为44 m3(标)/m3时,泡点压力与CO_2溶解度的关系曲线出现拐点呈"凸"型,说明溶有大量CO_2的地层油对后续注入CO2的溶解起到了促进作用。当压力高于泡点压力时,体积系数和密度与压力呈很好的线性关系,体积系数曲线的斜率(绝对值)、截距与CO_2溶解度呈正比;而密度曲线呈反比。此外,CO_2对地层油具有很好的降黏效果,当CO_2溶解度为83 m3(标)/m3时,其降黏率达到了38%。     

Comprehensive study on genetic pathways and parent materialsof secondary biogenic gas in coalbeds

The types of substances in coal rock used by microbes,the specific ways in which microbes produce secondary biogenic gas(SBG)and whether substances exist in the coal seam for the formation of a large amount of SBG are important basic scientific issues.This paper conducts a systematic and comprehensive research study on the above issues using methods such as the isotopic tracing of gas,the analysis of coal organic geochemistry,and gas-producing simulation experiments of coal.Results show that the formation of SBG is by the microbial reduction of CO2and the SBG-producing coal seam undergoes microbial degradation.The thermogenic heavy gaseous hydrocarbons have also been degraded by microorganisms and possibly transformed into microbialoriginated CO2.A large amount of CO2,a relatively large amount of H2and a certain amount of heavy gaseous hydrocarbons may form in the thermal evolution of coal.These substances and the microbial-originated CO2and coal seam water can finally become parent materials of SBG.These components are rich in coal seams of medium–low thermal evolution,which should be the main coal seams for SBG formation and exploration.