污泥的超临界水氧化动力学研究

在间歇式反应器中研究了城市污泥的超临界水氧化反应,反应温度为400～450℃、压力为24～28MPa、反应时间为40～515s.结果表明:污泥的有机物去除率可达99 9%以上;在420℃、反应时间为155s时,污泥氧化后残余固体物的体积仅为脱水污泥的4%,反应后剩余收集液的COD小于10mg·L-1.以幂函数方程描述了氧化剂过量时污泥超临界水氧化的反应动力学规律,污泥和氧化剂的反应级数分别为1和0;速率常数与温度的关系符合Arrhenius公式,随反应时间增加、温度升高,有机物的去除率显著增加;速率常数随压力升高而增加,但速率常数的增幅随压力的升高而减小,反应活化体积不是常数.在24MPa时,反应活化能和频率因子分别为(39 11±2 216)kJ·mol-1和(45 2±17 2)s-1,模型计算值与实验值的误差在±8%以内.     

假二元微乳液临界行为对结晶紫褪色反应动力学的影响

研究了结晶紫在水/AOT/正癸烷微乳液假二元体系远离临界区和近临界区的碱性褪色反应动力学.发现当温度远低于假二元体系的低临界点时,反应速率常数随温度的变化符合Arrhenius公式;当温度低于临界点0.30～1.80 K范围内,反应速率常数高于Arrhenius公式的推导值,而且越接近临界点,反应速率常数波动的幅度越大.     

生物质与煤超临界水气化制氢的实验研究

利用间隙式釜式反应器,在反应器内流体温度为450℃、初压为4MPa(终压为22～27MPa)、保温时间为20min、NaOH作为催化剂的条件下,分别对生物质模型化合物羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)与煤以及原生生物质玉米芯与煤的超临界水气化制氢进行实验研究.结果表明:CMC/煤共超临界水气化制氢过程中,共气化的产氢率和气化率均高于同样情况下CMC、煤单独气化的加权平均值,玉米芯/煤共气化也出现类似结果,这说明CMC/煤、玉米芯/煤共超临界水气化制氢均存在协同效应.初步分析了协同效应产生的机理.     

煤焦-CO_2高温气化反应特性的实验研究

利用STA409PC综合热分析仪以等温法研究煤焦-CO2高温气化反应,考察了煤种、气化温度及气流速度对煤焦气化反应的影响,并对其动力学参数进行了求算.实验结果表明:当气化温度低于煤焦灰熔点温度时,煤焦的碳转化率和反应速率峰值随气化温度的升高而增大,当气化温度高于煤焦的灰熔点温度时,煤焦的碳转化率和反应速率变化十分缓慢,甚至有下降的趋势;不同煤种的气化反应动力学参数有很大的差异,鞍钢煤焦和本钢煤焦的活化能均为140kJ/mol,阜新煤焦的活化能为70kJ/mol.当煤焦的气化反应温度高于煤焦的灰熔点温度时,扩散成为煤焦气化反应的主要限制环节,提高气流速度有利于煤焦气化反应的进行.     

气相S-异亮氨酸向R-别异亮氨酸的旋光异构机理及水溶剂化效应

采用密度泛函理论的B3LYP方法,微扰理论的MP2方法及自洽反应场(SCRF)理论的SMD模型方法,研究气相S-异亮氨酸向R-别异亮氨酸的旋光异构机理及水溶剂化效应.结果表明:该反应有a,b,c 3个通道,在通道a和c实现旋光异构反应需经过3个基元反应,在通道b实现旋光异构反应需经过4个基元反应;a为主反应通道,决速步骤Gibbs自由能垒为255.0kJ/mol,由质子从α手性C向氨基N迁移的过渡态产生,决速步骤的反应速率常数为1.25×10-32 s~(-1);水溶剂效应使决速步骤能垒降至114.1kJ/mol,反应速率常数增至2.73×10-7 s~(-1),即水环境对S-异亮氨酸旋光异构具有较好的催化作用.     

氮川三乙酸的脱水反应机理

运用量子化学密度泛函理论(DFT),在B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p)的计算水平上研究氮川三乙酸(NTA)的脱水反应机理。通过对反应物、过渡态和产物进行优化,对频率和自然键轨道进行分析,得到对应的稳定构型;频率分析结果表明过渡态只存在1个虚频,并通过振动分析和内禀反应坐标对过渡态进行确认。运用Gaussian03程序进行计算。研究结果表明:氮川三乙酸脱水反应的微观途径为NTA→TS→P+H2O,其所需活化能为163kJ/mol,反应物和产物的能量差为69kJ/mol,该反应为吸热反应;采用经典过渡态理论计算得到反应的速率常数为5.825×10-16s-1。     

升温速率对煤焦-CO_2高温气化反应性的影响

利用STA409PC综合热分析仪以程序升温法来研究煤焦-CO2气化反应,主要考察了高温下升温速率对煤焦气化反应性的影响,并用Ozawa法和单一升温速率法对其动力学参数进行了求算.实验结果表明:升温速率对煤焦气化反应有明显影响,升温速率越大,相同时间内,煤焦的碳转化率越高,但是其升温速率存在一上限值,而且这一上限值随煤种的不同而不同;随升温速率的增大,DTG曲线向高温方向移动,峰值温度和最大反应速率也随之增大;利用Ozawa法求得的鞍钢煤焦和本钢煤焦的活化能均在110 kJ/mol左右,阜新煤焦的活化能为87 kJ/mol.     

α、β硝基胍的异构化反应机理及其相对稳定性的密度泛函研究

用密度泛函(DFT)中的B3LYP方法在6-311 G**水平上优化了α和β型硝基胍的分子结构,找到反应的过渡态,通过振动分析对异构体及过渡态进行了确认,并通过内禀反应坐标(IRC)计算确定了所得过渡态的真实性.对单点用QCISD(T)/6-311 G**计算了能量,同时进行了零点能校正.研究结果表明该反应是一个放热反应,放出热量为35.68kJ/mol,反应的活化能为125.68kJ/mol;β型硝基胍由于分子中存在共轭效应使键长趋于平均,体系能量降低,比α型硝基胍分子更趋于稳定;该反应的正、逆反应的速率常数都较小,分别为1.6×10-9s-1和4.71×10-12s-1,在常温下较难发生异构化,正反应较逆反应易于发生.     

煤和煤焦在压力下加氢气化的动力学研究——Ⅰ.温度的影响

在固定床加压反应器和加压热天平上,对五种中国气化用煤及其煤焦进行了加氢气化的动力学研究。发现在升温过程中各类产品气体的生成速率都随温度而变化,甲烷和乙烷的生成速率在600℃左右可达到最大值。沈北、蔚县煤焦在850～1000℃,2.1 MPa下加氢反应的表观活化能分别为108和95kJ/mol。随着煤焦制备温度的提高,煤焦加氢反应的平均比气化速率和最终转化率都下降。     

砷化氢与氢原子反应速率常数的从头算研究

用从头算法和变分过渡态理论研究氢提取反应：AsH3 H→AsH2 H2．在UQCISD／6-311 G(d，p)水平上优化了反应物、产物以及过渡态的结构参数，在相同水平上计算了反应物、产物及过渡态的谐振频率．用UQCISD(T)／6-311 G(2df，2pd)方法重新精确计算了反应物、产物和过渡态及反应路径上选择点的单点能，得到正反应势垒为7．3kJ／mol．在内禀反应坐标(IRC)的势能剖面基础上，用改进的变分过渡态理论计算了在250-1500K温度范围内反应的速率常数．     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

Perspherical Approaches for Electrons in Atoms and Charged Excitons in Quantum Wells

Instead of following Fock’s expansion,we solve the Schrodinger equation for some quantum mechanical manybody systems such as electrons in atoms and charged excitons in quantum wells in a similar way in hyperspherical coordinates by expanding the wave functions into orthonormal complete basis sets of the hyperspherical hannonics(HHs)of hyperangles and generalized Laguerre polynomials(GLPs)of the hyperradius.This leads the equation to     

Advances in broadband wireless communications under high-mobility scenarios

Future mobile communication systems aim at providing very high data transmission rates, even in high-mobility scenarios such as high-speed wheel-track trains, maglev trains, highway vehicles, airplanes, guided missiles or spacecraft. A particularly important commercial application is the strong and increasing worldwide demand for high- speed broadband wireless communications （up to 574.8 km/ h test speeds or 380 km/h commercial speeds） in railways, providing data, voice and video services for applications such as onboard entertainment services to passengers, train control, train dispatch, train sensor status handling and sur- veillance. In such high-mobility scenarios, there are a number of communication challenges, including fast hand- over, location updating, high-speed channel modeling, estimation and equalization, anti-Doppler spreading tech- niques, fast power control, and dedicated network architec- ture. Because signal transmission in very high-speed scenarios will inevitably experience serious deterioration, it is imperative to develop key broadband mobile communi- cation techniques for such high-speed vehicles.     

Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences TOTAL CONTENTS

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海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Scale-based spatial data model for GIS

Being the primary media of geographical information and the elementary objects manipulated, almost all of maps adopt the layer-based model to represent geographic information in the existent GIS. However, it is difficult to extend the map represented in layer-based model. Furthermore, in Web-Based GIS, It is slow to transmit the spatial data for map viewing. In this paper, for solving the questions above, we have proposed a new method for representing the spatial data. That is scale-based model. In this model we represent maps in three levels: scale-view, block, and spatial object, and organize the maps in a set of map layers, named Scale-View, which associates some given scales.Lastly, a prototype Web-Based GIS using the proposed spatial data representation is described briefly.     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to