Magnetic fabrics in fault-related fold and its relation with finite strain: an example from Mingjiang thrust structures in Western Sichuan

The anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) is a quick, effective and sensitive technique used to measure the weakly deformed sedimentary rocks, and also a reliable method to reveal the deforming mechanisms of fault-related folds. In Longmenshan front belt, a typical cross-section of fault-related folds is chosen to study the AMS. A total of 224 oriented specimens have been drilled at 23 different sampling sites which were distributed at the key structural positions of this structural section developed in the Xujiahe formation of the upper Triassic. Six elementary types of magnetic fabrics are recognized and established through this AMS study: Da sedimentary fabric; 2) an initial deformation fabric; 3) a pencil structure fabric; 4) a weak cleavage fabric; 5) a strong cleavage fabric; 6) a stretching lineation fabric. It has been found that most of magnetic fabrics are characterized by fabrics of weak deformation which belong to the pure-shear results of a pre-folding layer parallel shortening (LPS). In the fault-bend fold, almost all magnetic fabrics are the initial deformation fabrics of weak deformation, and denote that the deformation in the forelimb is stronger than that in the backlimb and no finite strain is shown in the footwall. While in the fault-propagation fold, finite strains are concentrated in the trishear zone where magnetic fabric results are approximately consistent with the estimated consequences of the kinematic model. The tectonic stress field indicated by the magnetic fabrics is basically the same along the whole structural section and shows a NW to SE compression and shortening which is accordant with the regional compressive stress field of the Longmenshan fold-thrust belt.     

三塘湖盆地北西向构造变形带的正演

三塘湖盆地北西向构造变形带的形成与演化控制了盆地总的构造格局．平衡剖面的正演表明：控制盆地构造变形的滑脱面位于石炭系内部的泥岩层中,滑脱面的深度约４．４６ｋｍ;盆地北西向构造变形带是海西晚期和喜山期两期构造作用叠加的产物,变形带的扩展顺序呈前展式自南向北扩展;变形机制主要为受重力扩展作用控制的断弯褶皱作用;变形样式主要为断裂及相关褶皱．盆地总的缩短量最大约８．３ｋｍ,海西晚期最大缩短量约４．５ｋｍ,喜山期最大缩短量约５ｋｍ．     

特提斯构造域典型构造特征及其控制因素探讨——以物理模拟成果为例

特提斯构造带的变形特征及其形成演化已成为研究的热点,其对板块构造重建和油气资源富集规律的认识具有非常重要的意义.为此,从近年来有关物理模拟技术对特提斯构造域的褶皱-冲断带变形特征的研究出发,系统归纳、总结物理模拟对特提斯构造域从西段比利牛斯山、喀尔巴阡山、阿尔卑斯山,中段的高加索和扎格罗斯山到东段的天山、库车、喜马拉雅、龙门山和雪峰构造带沿线典型褶皱-冲断带变形特征和控制因素的重要意义.研究结果表明,特提斯构造域西段主要是形成双向逆冲断裂、侏罗山式褶皱,块体的几何特征及极性对该段的变形样式具有重要的控制作用;中段形成前陆冲断带和断层相关褶皱,现今构造变形仍在快速扩展,滑脱层对该区段的变形具有关键的控制作用;东段形成逆冲断裂和褶皱及复杂的断裂体系,地壳隆升幅度较大,地层流变学结构对变形具有非常重要的控制.同时,板块之间的挤压汇聚速率对不同区段的构造样式的形成具有明显的影响.     

基于离散元法的龙门山构造带隆升变形主控因素研究

为探明龙门山构造带隆升变形的主要控制因素, 基于龙门山构造带东西两侧下地壳物质层属性差异巨大的特征, 进行3组PFC2D离散元数值模拟对比实验, 将深度扩大至下地壳, 记录颗粒运动状态, 实现定量化分析。实验得到的变形结果及模型颗粒运动矢量图显示, 在下地壳物质属性无明显差异的条件下, 板块碰撞挤压应力及地壳厚度的差异不会在龙门山构造带形成巨大的地形高差。当下地壳黏度系数存在明显差异时, 软弱下地壳物质层颗粒相对运动速率为1.5~2.94 m/s, 平均运动速率为1.62 m/s, 大约是坚硬下地壳层颗粒平均运动速率的54倍。模型中部(龙门山构造带)出现隆升变形, 纵向影响范围为94.74%, 隆升幅度为19.85%。软弱下地壳上覆的中地壳和上地壳颗粒具有较大的向上速度分量, 上地壳物质层上涌趋势明显。巴颜喀拉块体和四川盆地地壳存在20 km的厚度差异, 使得龙门山构造带隆升幅度由14.79%增至19.85%。综合分析3组离散元模拟实验结果, 得出巴颜喀拉地块下地壳物质层与四川盆地下地块物质层的黏度差异是龙门山构造带垂向隆升变形最关键控制因素的结论, 在下地壳黏度结构存在明显差异的前提下, 巴颜喀拉块体和四川盆地的地壳厚度差异对龙门山构造带纵向上逆冲隆升幅度有明显的促进作用。     

粤北大宝山矿区中生代叠加褶皱特征及其地质意义

大宝山矿区位于南岭地区南部,中生代印支期-燕山期至少发生了两期褶皱作用,清楚地记录了自身的构造变形历史;为了解大宝山矿区构造演化提供了非常有利的条件。通过矿区内褶皱、石英脉、劈理、膝褶等变形构造的分析,首次识别了矿区内两个世代不同方向的褶皱构造的横跨叠加型式。发现早期褶皱(轴面走向NW-NNW向)形态较为紧闭,为斜卧褶皱;晚期褶皱(轴面走向为NE-NEE向)形态较为宽缓,为直立倾伏褶皱。结合大区域褶皱构造线的分析,提出华南地区横跨型叠加褶皱的早期褶皱应为近南北向,晚期褶皱为近东西向。基于矿区内多期变形构造的交切关系、石英脉辉钼矿年龄数据以及区域相关地质事件分析,这两组褶皱构造反映了大宝山矿区乃至华南地区中生代陆内两次变形事件:NW-NNW向褶皱是印支早期华南板块内部强烈构造-岩浆活动的结果;NE-NEE向褶皱是燕山早期华南板块陆内部变形作用的结果。大宝山矿区叠加褶皱变形研究不仅为研究华南大陆叠加褶皱变形特征提供了具体例证,而且对大宝山矿区多金属矿的勘探起重要指导作用。     

库车东部碎屑岩地层曲率对裂缝发育的影响

为了研究地层曲率对构造裂缝发育的控制作用, 以库车东部中?下侏罗统至三叠系碎屑岩地层为例, 选取其中3 个褶皱或与断层相关褶皱(比尤勒包谷孜背斜、克孜勒努尔沟断层转折褶皱和阳霞煤矿牵引褶皱)为测量剖面, 进行构造裂缝面密度测量和地层曲率统计。结果表明: 地层曲率会影响构造裂缝的发育程度, 在同一地层中, 曲率大的位置比曲率小的更容易发育裂缝, 并且裂缝密度与地层曲率之间呈正线性关系。从固体力学角度对地层曲率影响裂缝发育的力学机制进行探讨, 认为裂缝密度与应力分布密切相关, 而应力与曲率呈正比例关系, 因此裂缝密度与地层曲率呈线性关系, 此结论对于弹性和塑形挠曲都成立。     

Quaternary folding in the south piedmont of central segment of Tianshan Mountains

The Tianshan Mountains are an important active structural belt in the interior of Eurasia. By integrated methods of surface geology survey and interpretation of seismic profiles, we distinguish fold scarps located at the south limb of the Kuqatawu anticline and the north limb of the Dongqiulitag anticline in the Kuqa rejuvenation foreland thrust belt, south piedmont of central segment of the Tianshan Mountains. Fold scarp is a newly found structural phenomenon. Because of the bend of thrust plane and the movement of hanging wall above the thrust plane, the original horizontal deposits of hanging wall and their surface become a monocline structure, resulting from the separating and migration of the active and fixed axial surfaces. Measuring the geometry of fold scarp and using the data of age of the deformed deposits, the crustal shortening rate resulting from the deeply seated subsurface thrust is calculated. The crustal shortening rate reflected by the fold scarp located at the north limb of the Dngqiulitag anticline is (1±0.1) mm/a. The fold scarps of the Dongqiulitag anticline and the Kuqatawu anticline identify that the deformation process of the crustal compressive structures in the Kuqa area extends into the Late Quaternary.     

Characteristics of magnetic fabrics of Jiangshan-Shaoxing collision belt and its tectonic implications

The study of anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) of rocks from the northern part of Jiangshan-Shaoxing collisional belt demonstrates that the minimum principal AMS axes are the most concentrated one in various types of rocks. The planar projection of the minimum axis shows that the main compressive stress lies on northwest 30°–60°, which trends dominantly in northwest-southeast of Chencai area and arc-like disperse towards both north and south of Chencai. The inclination of the minimum axis illustrates that the Huaxia block is moving northwesterly. Although the maximum axes show slightly dispersal, they are within the confidential circle. The maximum axis intersects with the lineation with a small angle, suggesting that the Jiangshan-Shaoxing collision belt be of a sinistral shear slip. By comparison with magnetic fabrics of various rocks, intensive collision of the Jiangshan-Shaoxing belt was in Late Triassic and sustained to the late Yanshanian period in the form of sinistral shear slip.     

盆地腹地隆起带内高角度变形带构造样式新解

在总结岩石变形理论和砂箱模拟实验研究进展基础上, 通过构造物理模拟实验和地震剖面的地质解释, 对塔里木盆地腹地巴楚隆起区的高角度变形带的构造属性进行了全新的分析和解释, 认为形成隆起的部分高角度构造为大型膝褶带。巴楚隆起内的膝褶带在地震剖面上表现为低反射、低信噪比, 且地震信息模糊带具有一定的宽度, 这是由于膝褶带内地层发生陡倾斜所致。根据最大有效力矩准则, 一定宽度的低反射带、近于平行的低反射带边界、低反射带与地层呈高角度及其钝角角分线对着挤压方向的几何学特征均表明塔里木盆地腹地巴楚隆起带内部存在膝褶带构造。     

平衡剖面技术原理及其研究进展

 平衡剖面技术是通过几何学原则,在垂直构造走向的剖面上将变形构造全部复原成合理的未变形状态的一种模拟技术。它可以对地层构造演化进行定量、半定量的分析解释,是构造演化定量分析的重要手段,在油气勘探、盆地模拟等领域得到广泛应用。本文介绍了平衡剖面技术的发展历程、基本概念、原理及模拟过程的限制条件;论述了平衡剖面校正的方法;着重阐述了平衡剖面正演和反演制作方法。提出了平衡剖面技术的不足:平衡剖面技术测出的缩短量和缩短率精度有待提高;三维模拟的制作过程比较繁琐;应将地层岩性展布考虑进去,并纳入沉积相;地层厚度的精准度对平衡剖面技术的准确性影响很大。随着对平衡剖面技术研究的深入以及计算机技术的发展,平衡剖面技术在构造变形剧烈,地震资料品质较差的地区将得到更广泛的应用。     

中国西部中新生代沉积盆地变形构造形成与演化模式

重点讨论了中国西部中新生代大型沉积盆地变形构造的几何结构样式、形成与演化模式。由沉积盆地边缘到中心可划分为盆缘叠瓦逆冲断层带、盆内断层三角构造带、盆内冲起构造带和中央宽缓褶皱构造带四个变形构造带。从而首次建立起中国西部中新生代大型沉积盆地内变形构造形成与演化的褶推式四维变形模式。     

断弯褶皱和断展褶皱中的油气运移聚集行为

断弯褶皱和断展褶皱是前陆冲断带中的两种典型构造形式.运用有关断层中流体运移和封堵理论及方法,结合塔里木盆地库车前陆冲断带的油气勘探实例,对断弯褶皱和断展褶皱中油气运移和聚集行为进行分析讨论.初步认为断展褶皱中的油气运移与聚集能力优于断弯褶皱。具体特征表现在断弯褶皱中是:1)台阶状逆断层具有较强的封堵能力,使得其上、下盘构造被隔离为两个不同的油气运移与聚集体系;2)上盘背斜圈闭中的油气主要来自于褶皱后翼的向斜凹陷;3)背斜圈闭中的储层有可能被轴面变形条带分隔为3个隔离油气舱;在断展褶皱中其特征是1)断层端点的扩展作用过程,就是在断层阀机制作用下,油气沿断层带从下部地层向上部背斜核部运移输送的过程.2)断层上、下盘及背斜两翼可以构成一个统一的油气运移聚集体系.3)背斜储层中的油气往往处于异常流体压力状态.     

龙门山南段前陆冲断带内的古油气藏

通过对龙门山南段地表沥青发育特征及分布规律的研究,对比不同层位中流体充注特征,结合该地区构造演化史,证实了龙门山南段冲断带内曾经存在过古油(气)藏,重塑了古油(气)藏形成和破坏的过程。研究表明,沥青主要分布于观雾山组和灯影组次生溶孔、溶洞和裂缝中;以灯影组中沥青最为发育,侧向延伸稳定,垂向充填较厚,说明研究区曾存在过古油(气)藏。晚三叠世以前,来源于松潘-甘孜海盆的油藏流体,由西向东运移充注于现今前陆冲断带内的震旦系灯影组、泥盆系和二叠系储集空间中形成古油藏;晚三叠世盆山转换时期,古油藏随着前陆盆地的快速沉降而被深埋,油裂解成气而形成古气藏;随着冲断带向前陆盆地扩展,赋存于前陆盆地内的古气藏被破坏。     

龙门山南段推覆构造与前陆盆地演化

龙门山南段推覆构造带可划分为四个亚带：陇东褶皱推覆构造带、宝兴冲断推覆构造带、中林－双石薄皮推覆构造带、前陆褶皱构造带。依据龙门山南段推覆构造样式、变形特征及前陆盆地的沉积特征,论述了龙门山南段推覆构造和前陆盆地的同步演化历史。     

Relationship between magnetic fabric parameters and dynamic characteristics of deposits in different environments

Comparison of magnetic fabric parameters of deposits in different modern sedimentary environments indicates that values ofP, F andL of eolian deposits are lower obviously than those of hydrogenic ones respectively. On relationship diagrams of magnetic fabric parameters, data points of eolian samples concentrated in limited area near origin of coordinates indicate that dynamic intensity is lower with less variation; while those of hydrogenic ones depart from origin of coordinates suggest higher intensity of sedimentary dynamics. Analyses of dynamic characteristics of different sedimentary environments indicate that values of magnetic fabric parameters of deposits are determined by dynamic types and characteristics of depositional processes. Magnetic fabric analyses of deposits are effective in determination of sedimentary environments.     

南盘江地区紫云变形带分段特征

利用实测南盘江地区紫云变形带(镇宁-桑郎一段)的几条构造剖面及前人资料,分析了沿紫云变形带不同段落的几何学特征、变形样式及运动学特征.紫云变形带上的分段运动特点十分显著.北段(大花哨段)变形卷入地层主要为二叠系-三叠系,变形样式以一系列倾角较缓的逆冲断层和箱状、尖棱褶皱为主,表现出卷入地层相对较新、主滑脱面相对较浅(下三叠统)的表皮逆冲构造的特点.南段(紫云段)变形卷入地层为中泥盆统-三叠系,变形样式以一系列高角度逆冲断层、构造直立带和尖棱状褶皱、揉皱为主,表现为卷入地层相对较早、主滑脱面相对较深(中泥盆统)的薄皮大型倒转背斜.这种差异是由北段位于威宁断陷带和广西裂谷带的交接部位,裂陷较浅,沉积以刚性较强的浅水碳酸盐沉积为主;而南段位于广西裂谷带内,沉积以较软的盆地相泥岩、硅质岩为主造成的.解剖变形带不同段落的沉积、变形特征可更好地研究变形带不同部位的构造特征.     

塔里木盆地巴楚褶皱带构造几何学及其构造物理模拟

基于精细的构造几何学和运动学观测, 结合砂箱模拟实验结果分析, 将塔里木盆地巴楚褶皱带解释为不同规模膝褶带形成的大型背斜构造, 与断裂作用无关。新解释强调巴楚褶皱带为膝褶型背斜变形, 系膝褶带围限而形成的褶皱。该类型构造具有如下几何学特征: 带内地层发生一定角度的倾斜, 具有一定宽度, 膝褶带两侧边界近于平行, 膝褶带与带外地层呈高角度关系, 部分膝褶带呈共轭出现。砂箱模拟实验重现了盆地腹地膝褶带发育和演化的全过程: 宽缓拆离褶皱→紧闭拆离褶皱→褶皱突起→断层调节改造作用, 模拟结果证明膝褶带是巴楚隆起形成过程的重要构造要素之一。     

MBWK织物在警用防弹头盔中的应用研究

分析了MBWK织物的结构特点与警用复合材料防弹头盔的弹道性能和成型性能之间的关系,指出MBWK织物组织点较少,衬纱处于伸直状态,弹击应变波传播速度快,剪切应力小;织物结构整体性好,层间分裂阻抗性高;捆绑系统采用罗纹组织,具有一定的弹性,可以不经折叠或缝接而模压成复杂的曲面形状。讨论了UHMWPE纤维的物理、机械等性质,指出该纤维密度低,比强度高,比模量大,在复合材料防弹头盔领域具有极大的应用潜力。     

太湖穹窿中逆－逆冲断层及外围的推覆构造

太湖穹窿中逆－逆冲断层均发育在褶皱的翼部，并在平面上成放射状排列。而推覆构造为浅成的、弧立的飞来峰散布在穹窿的外围．通过几何学、运动学的研究，揭示这些构造与太湖穹窿在成因上有密切联系．即当垂直构造力向上顶托形成隆起时，岩层沿下震旦统软弱层发生垂直半径方向的收缩，产生侧向挤压，形成穹窿褶边褶皱，并在褶皱陡翼产生逆－逆冲断层，组合成放射状构造。而在穹窿的中心顶部出现正断层，受正断层切割的顶部地层失去相互牵制力，在重力作用下发生向四周滑动，形成散布在穹窿外围的推覆体。穹窿顶部成为构造剥蚀区，其缺失的地层与推覆体相对应．因此逆断层、逆冲断层、推覆构造、褶边褶皱是形成太湖穹窿时，同一构造力作用的产物，并组成统一的构造系统。     

Magma flow inferred from magnetic fabrics in Wanning gabbro pluton and diabase dykes, Hainan

Measurements of anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) were performed on a gabbro pluton and 7 diabase dykes in the Wanning area, southeast Hainan Island. Rock magnetism showed that pseudo-single domain (PSD) to multidomain (MD) Ti-poor magnetite carries the magnetic fabric in the gabbro pluton whereas MD Ti-poor magnetite carries the magnetic fabric in the diabase dykes. The corrected anisotropy degree (Pj ) in most specimens was found to be less than 1.2 which is indicative of a possible flow-related magnetic fabric. The AMS eigenvectors within each site are generally well grouped. The maximum susceptibility axes (K1 ) of the gabbro pluton are inclined towards the north at low angles (< 30°). K1 axes of the diabase dykes are inclined towards the NNW and SSE with dip angles of ≤ 30°. From this study, it appears that the emplacement mode of the gabbro pluton was characterized by intrusion from the north to the south at a low angle whereas the diabase dykes were emplaced from the NNW to the SSE at low to moderate angles. This was verified by comparison of the rock fabric to the magnetic fabric. All of this evidence leads to the conclusion that the Wanning gabbro pluton and diabase dykes were the products of pulsative intrusion from the same magma chamber in the area far to the north of Wanning, which suggests that basic rocks may exist beneath the Indosin- ian granite in the area to the north of Wanning.