交错轴渐开线变厚齿轮传动节圆锥设计

基于空间齿轮啮合原理,建立交错轴渐开线变厚齿轮传动节圆锥设计模型,推导空间点接触到线接触的转变计算条件,提出小轴交角交错轴变厚齿轮传动直接设计法和间接设计法,分析设计参数对啮合主方向角的影响;采用有限单元法分析计算齿轮副的啮合特性,表明节锥角对啮合主方向角影响较大,齿线倾斜角对其影响较小;啮合主方向角的增加使得接触面积减小,角度传动误差增大,啮合刚度减小等结论;最后通过试验验证研究方法和理论计算结果的正确性,对交错轴渐开线变厚齿轮副几何参数的匹配设计及优化具有重要的指导意义。     

小轴交角空间交错轴间传动的一种优良形式

由1个直齿轮与1个斜齿轮组成的交错轴斜齿轮副可称作S H交错轴斜齿轮副。建立了此种特殊形式的交错轴斜齿轮传动啮合分析的数学模型,推导了啮合线方程和接触迹线方程。通过计算相对主曲率、相对速度等影响齿面接触质量的参数,发现了这种齿轮副组合方式的一些独特优点。S H交错轴斜齿轮传动是小轴交角情况下空间交错轴传动的一种优良形式。     

基于承载啮合特性的斜齿轮行星系统均载分析

为了改善斜齿行星齿轮系统的均载性能,结合行星齿轮功率分流传动、汇流传动及构件浮动的特点,建立系统多个齿轮齿面加载接触分析模型,进行静力学均载特性分析．该模型以安装误差和构件浮动对各齿轮副接触间隙的影响为切入点,将几何分析与力学分析紧密融合,通过数学规划与优化的方法快速得到加载后各齿轮副齿面载荷分布与构件径向浮动量．相比于目前最常用的行星轮系静力学、动力学集中质量建模方法(集中力系模型),该方法是一种分布力系模型,具有一定先进性．结果表明：构件浮动是各内(外)齿轮副相对齿面初始齿间间隙逐渐协调并趋近相等的过程,当仅考虑太阳轮、齿圈中心距安装误差影响时,其径向浮动可实现完全均载;由于轴交角安装误差导致内(外)齿轮副几何传动误差及齿面接触位置不同,因此构件浮动能改善但不能实现理想均载;该方法可为高精度斜齿轮行星传动的均载设计与分析提供理论参考．     

新型变曲率椭圆内齿型少齿差行星齿轮副的啮合特性与传动性能

根据摆线针轮少齿差行星传动原理,把圆形针齿齿廓看作两焦点重合的特殊定曲率椭圆曲线,在此基础上提出了一种新型高性能变曲率椭圆内齿型少齿差行星齿轮副:引入轴长系数λ分析了变曲率椭圆齿廓曲线的几何原理;基于微分几何和齿轮啮合原理,建立了新型变曲率椭圆内齿齿廓方程,并推导了与其共轭的少齿差行星齿廓方程;分析了该新型齿轮副的啮合线、根切条件、啮合界限、压力角、诱导法曲率和滑动率等啮合特性。研究表明:新型齿轮副具有多齿啮合特性;根切界限方程和啮合界限模型分别为共轭齿廓的根切判定、椭圆内齿的齿根优化提供了有效的理论设计方法;相对于摆线行星传动,当齿高确定时,减小轴长系数λ可降低齿轮副压力角、诱导法曲率以及滑动率敏感区间的滑动率幅值和平均值。应用该新型齿轮副对发动机可变气门正时系统的减速装置进行了机构设计与传动性能仿真分析,结果表明:相对于同类型的摆线行星传动,新型齿轮副在传动效率与传动精度方面具有优势。最后加工出了减速装置的物理样机,并测试了样机的回差。测得的回差能很好地满足设计要求,表明回差仿真模型与仿真结果具有合理性。     

非圆摆线针轮传动的原理与设计

提出一种用于平行轴间变传动比传动的新型齿轮副——非圆摆线针轮传动.建立非圆摆线针轮传动的啮合坐标系,阐述了非圆摆线针轮共轭齿廓的形成原理.建立非圆针轮齿廓方程,利用坐标变换和齿廓共轭原理,根据圆柱针轮刀具的齿廓方程,结合非圆齿轮加工走刀轨迹及啮合方程,推导出非圆摆线轮的齿廓方程.基于上述理论,运用Matlab软件的数值计算实现了非圆摆线针轮副的参数化设计,得到非圆摆线针轮副的设计实例,并实现SolidWorks环境下的实体建模.运用Adams软件分析该齿轮副实例的运动特性,通过仿真实验结果与理论计算结果的对比,验证了该齿轮传动原理与设计的正确性.     

平行轴渐开线变厚齿轮传动的几何设计与啮合特性分析

基于空间齿轮啮合理论,建立了平行轴渐开线变厚齿轮传动的节圆锥设计模型,提出了平行轴渐开线变厚齿轮传动的几何设计方法。考虑安装误差与变形,建立了平行轴渐开线变厚齿轮啮合分析模型,研究了节锥角、载荷与安装误差对啮合特性的影响规律。结果表明:节锥角增加使接触压力减小、齿轮副传动精度降低,但啮合刚度波动更为平缓;载荷增加使角度传递误差均值与峰峰值均增加,但对啮合刚度均值的影响不大;安装误差中,轴线平行度安装误差对齿轮副的啮合特性影响较大,将导致齿轮副产生边缘接触,而对于相同的轴线平行度误差量,y方向的轴线平行度误差产生的边缘接触更加严重。研究结果可望为平行轴渐开线变厚齿轮传动的工业化推广提供理论依据。     

船用交错轴变厚齿轮啮合性能的研究

基于空间齿轮啮合原理和有限单元法,分别建立了船用交错轴变厚齿轮齿面模型及啮合模型.在承载和安装误差的作用下,对船用交错轴变厚齿轮传动啮合特性进行了分析,研究了中心距误差、轴交角误差和大齿轮轴向位置误差对啮合印痕、最大接触压力、传动误差及啮合刚度的影响规律.结果表明,中心距和轴交角误差使得啮合印痕发生明显的偏移,造成最大接触压力及传动误差的峰峰值增加,且中心距及轴交角的正负误差对啮合刚度的影响呈相反的趋势,但大齿轮轴向位置的误差对啮合特性影响较小.通过加载啮合特性试验,验证了理论啮合分析结果的正确性,这对船用交错轴变厚齿轮传动匹配设计具有重要的指导意义.     

NGW型行星齿轮传动设计中的几个计算问题

行星齿轮传动与普通定轴轮系齿轮传动相比较,具有多方面的优越性。然而行星齿轮传动一般均为变位齿轮传动,设计计算工作量十分浩繁,其中尤以几何参数的计算为最,这也是行星齿轮传动不易推广应用的一个原因。本文对NGW型行星齿轮传动进行了分析,就以下三个计算问题列出了它们的简捷计算方法和计算公式: 一、太阳轮、行星轮和内齿圈的配齿数方法; 二、用查曲线圈方法计算角度变位齿轮传动的几何参数; 三、在内啮合角度变位齿轮传动的几何参数和几何尺寸计算中,引入了“齿顶延长系数”的概念,并在分析插齿加工的特点的基础上,引出了包括内、外啮合、滚切、插切齿轮的统一的设计用几何尺寸计算公式。最后还附有设计计算实例。     

复合摆线少齿差行星传动的啮合性能分析

采用几何特性可调性强的复合摆线作为内齿廓,根据微分几何和齿轮啮合原理,按照少齿差运动规律,建立啮合方程以及共轭齿廓方程,并推导了齿轮副的啮合线、重合度、啮合界限、根切条件.分析了齿轮副诱导法曲率、压力角以及齿形调节系数对齿轮压力角的影响,设计并建立了齿轮副三维实体模型,进行了动力学仿真,模拟一定工况下齿轮副运动关系及传递效率.结果表明,复合摆线少齿差行星传动具有多齿啮合、传动压力角小、齿轮副诱导法曲率小、传动效率高等优良的啮合性能.     

三圆弧谐波齿轮传动齿廓设计及参数优化

以三圆弧谐波齿轮为研究对象,结合改进运动学法和数值离散思想方法,求解出谐波齿轮柔轮齿廓方程和谐波齿轮传动的啮合不变矩阵,进而求解柔轮共轭齿廓;在共轭齿廓基础上,采用圆弧拟合和几何计算相结合的方法,设计求解出刚轮齿廓,并分析柔轮齿廓参数对柔轮共轭齿廓的影响。为进一步提高谐波齿轮的传动精度、传动平稳性、啮合刚度和承载能力,以增大谐波齿轮传动双共轭区间为目标,建立优化函数,对柔轮齿廓参数进行单变量和多变量优化分析。研究结果表明:采用合理的齿廓参数,可增加刚轮齿廓所包含的柔轮的理论共轭啮合点,最大化谐波齿轮传动双共轭区间,提高谐波齿轮啮合传动特性。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.