胜利黄岛原油深度电脱盐研究 Ⅱ.温度和电场强度的影响

在电脱盐动态模拟装置上研究了温度和电场强度对电脱盐效果的影响。结果表明，电脱盐过程中的温度和电场强度都存在最佳值；温度主要是通过影响原油的粘度来改变水滴沉降速度的，油水密度差的影响较小；温度和场强不是独立变量，随着温度的升高，最佳场强值将降低。     

胜利黄岛原油深度电脱盐研究

在电脱盐动态模拟装置上研究了温度和电场强度对电脱盐效果的影响。结果表明，电脱盐过程中的温度和电场强度都存在最佳值；温度主要是通过影响原油的粘度来改变水滴溶降速度的，油水密度差的影响较小；温度和场强不是独立变量，随着温度的升高，最佳场强值将降低。     

新型电聚结器结构参数对液滴聚结特性的影响

设计包覆绝缘层的高压电极并加工4种新型静电聚结器,采用水/原油乳状液为试验介质,利用显微高速摄像系统结合图像处理技术对水滴的聚结规律进行观察和分析,探索电极层数、电极间距和电场强度等因素对水滴聚结特性的影响。结果表明:包覆绝缘层的高压电极可有效防止电击穿现象的发生,增加电场强度,提高电场作用时间有助于油水分离,但高于临界场强后容易导致液滴破碎;电极层数不同时,只要达到一定的电场强度均能促进液滴聚结,但多层电极处理量大,经济效益显著;极板间距较小时,能耗低但电场畸变严重,在满足工作场强的前提下可以适当增加电极间距;能耗受含水率、电极层数和极板间距等条件影响,综合考虑各因素可降低能耗。     

静电聚结效果在线评价实验

研究在线测量连续流动聚结实验系统,实现油包水乳状液微观形貌的在线观察和采集,并利用该系统研究电场参数和流动参数等对油包水乳状液中水滴聚结特性的影响规律。结果表明:高强电场在低流量下具有显著作用,随着流量增加其作用减弱但在高流量下依然使液滴粒径明显增大;不同波形下,低频范围内最优频率为30 Hz,但是超过50 Hz后随频率增加液滴聚结效果提高;不同波形下,液滴粒径随电场强度增加而增加,但最优电场强度不同;直流脉冲和正弦交流波形的最优场强约为200 k V·m~(-1),而交流脉冲和方波的最优场强要高于该值;不同波形下聚结效果不同,相同电场频率和电场强度下直流脉冲电场中聚结效果最优,正弦交流、交流脉冲和方波电场中聚结效果稍差。     

原油中水滴在电场中的凝聚行为

利用静态电凝聚装置和显微摄影对文题进行研究,考察了水滴直径和油样含水量与电场强度和停留时间的关系。结果表明:水滴的平均粒径和最大平均粒径在低电压下随停留时间的延长而缓慢增大,5min后逐步趋向定值;当场强超过3000V/cm时,水滴粒径在2min之内增长到最大值,然后下降,场强越高,其增长速度和下降速度越快。油样的含水量在电场中停留一段时间后开始下降。电场强度越大,脱水过程开始得越早。在不同的场强下油样含水量的下降速度都是先快后慢。就脱水效率而言,存在一个最佳停留时间。对于绝缘电极来说,交流电场的凝聚脱水效果要高于直流电场。     

匀强电场下分散相液滴的聚并

为了探究运行参数对分散相液滴的运动、聚并过程的影响,采用VOF(volume of fluid)方法捕捉分散相与连续相的流体间界面,利用漏电介质模型模拟均匀静电场,研究了电场强度、液滴粒径、液滴表面间距和液滴相对位置(液滴中心连线与电场强度方向夹角)对处于均匀电场中离散相多液滴聚并行为的影响,通过理论分析了液滴聚并过程影响因素,并与数值计算结论进行了对比.结果表明:分散相液滴聚并效率与电场强度、液滴粒径比、液滴表面间距以及液滴的相对位置有关;随着电场强度的增加,液滴的聚并效率显著增强;随着液滴表面间距以及液滴相对角度的增大,聚并效率有所降低;液滴粒径比对聚并效率亦产生影响,当液滴粒径差距较大时,液滴的聚并效率有所降低;电场强度对聚并过程的影响较为复杂,当外加电场强度持续增大时,液滴难以发生聚并,液滴被拉长后产生破碎或者弹开现象,存在阻碍液滴聚并的临界场强.     

油中水滴静电聚并微观机理研究

利用电场对多相体系进行分离处理广泛应用于石油化工等行业,电场力作用下液滴间的相互运动聚并是聚结的基础和前提条件.本文从液滴间静电力学模型出发,通过动态微观实验对液滴的聚并过程进行了完整的记录和分析,确定不同实验条件下液滴的聚并方式和角度,以及液滴从静止状态到发生相对运动时的临界条件.结果发现当两等大液滴间距与液滴半径之比大于1时,液滴间中心连线与电场力夹角θ<54.7°或θ>125.3°,两液滴间作用力表现为吸引力,当液滴间距较小时,能产生聚结的最大倾角增大为81.3°.液滴间相对距离增大时,移动临界电场强度迅速升高,较大液滴发生相对移动所需的场强低于小颗粒液滴.实验结果验证了相关理论,进一步完善了静电聚结机理.     

新型高频方波电脉冲对人胰腺癌PANC-1细胞的损伤效应

目的:探讨不同脉冲场强的新型高频方波电脉冲对人胰腺癌PANC-1细胞Caspase-3、Bcl-2、Ki-67表达的影响及损伤效应。方法:将不同强度的脉冲电场分为11组，对人胰腺癌PANC-1细胞模型进行脉冲放电处理，电场强度由低到高分别为0、500、750、1 000、1 250、1 500、1 750、2 000、2 250、2 500、2 750 V/cm。红外线测温仪检测实验前后细胞悬液温度，CCK-8法检测细胞增殖活力，TUNEL法检测细胞凋亡率，qPCR法测定Caspase-3、Bcl-2和Ki-67的mRNA表达变化，Western blot检测Caspase-3活化蛋白(Cleaved-caspase-3)、Bcl-2和Ki-67的蛋白表达变化。结果:实验前后各组PANC-1细胞悬液的温度差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。高频方波电脉冲抑制细胞增殖能力与脉冲电场强度呈正相关，当场强处于2 500～2 750 V/cm时细胞增殖活力降至最低(P>0.05)。高频方波电脉冲对PANC-1细胞的损伤效应主要为诱导细胞凋亡，细胞凋亡率在1 250～1 500 V/c...     

电场强度对线性丙烯酰胺毛细管电泳特性的影响考察

使用两种不同浓度（4%和6%）的线性聚丙烯酰胺（Linear Polyacrylamide,LPA）作为筛分介质,对片段长度为80bp~584bp 的标准DNA样品进行毛细管电泳,利用激光诱导荧光方法检测信号,荧光染料为溴化乙啶。改变电场强度从100V/cm到375V/cm,得到电泳电流、迁移率、信号强度、半峰宽以及分辨率的变化曲线。实验测得电场强度与电流有很好的线性关系,非线性度参数分别为:0.99944和0.99876。迁移率曲线与电场强度和DNA片段长度成复杂的函数关系,DNA的迁移率依赖于电场强度、筛分介质浓度和片段长度;电场强度对信号强度的影响较小,筛分介质的浓度对区带展宽有影响,因此也影响了信号强度,使用4% LPA比6% LPA区带展宽小,信号强度高,更适合分离片段长度600bp的DNA样品。电场强度对分辨率的影响十分复杂,增大电场强度并不能提高分辨率,为了提高分辨率,优化分离电场强度为125V/cm,理论分析对实验起到了很好的指导作用。     

高酸重质原油电脱盐脱水工艺研究

对高酸重质原油PL19-3进行了破乳剂评价,其中破乳剂G和DLS1603效果较好.考察了影响电脱盐的因素,确定了高酸重质原油PL19-3电脱盐的最佳工艺条件范围:温度130~140℃,注水量6%~8%,场强900~1100 V/cm,破乳剂注入量10.0 mg/L.在选定的工艺条件下进行三级电脱盐动态模拟实验,三级脱后原油含盐≤3 mg/L,含水≤0.2%,PL19-3原油经过三级电脱盐,脱后原油含盐含水均达到中石化的相应技术指标.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.