中山市不同区域农田土壤汞分布特征与污染评价

本文以中山市东部、北部、南部和中部农田土壤中的汞为研究对象,共采集139个土壤样品,经王水消解后用原子荧光光谱仪分析样品的汞含量水平.结果表明土壤汞含量范围为0.004~0.515 mg·kg~(-1),平均值为0.120 mg·kg~(-1),四个区域汞含量大小依次为中部东部南部北部.根据单项污染指数判断,中部土壤受汞污染较多,超标率相对较大.地质累积指数法也显示中部区域受人为活动影响大,汞污染程度大于其他三个区域.两种评价方法均显示中山大部分农田土壤为未污染状态,只有少数为轻度或中度污染.人类活动是导致中山土壤汞污染的主要因素,应密切关注和采取改善措施.     

漳州市近郊表土壤总汞空间分布特征及与城市化关系探讨

针对25个采自漳州市近郊自然土壤的表层样品进行了细致汞总量检测,依据市国土部门提供的空间图形数据构建环境信息系统,利用GIS的相关功能进行分析成图.结果表明,研究区内总汞含量分布不均,空间变化大.近郊表土中总汞含量在0.203-1.265 mg·kg-1范围内,平均为0.64mg·kg-1高于福建土壤背景值.以2003与2007年二个时间断面观察,漳州市城市化主要为其东部区、西部为差异性扩张.扩张迅速区虽然不是总汞含量最高值区,但同未扩张区比较却明显偏高.全区中的总汞高值区与重工业区有一定程度的对应关系.     

庐江矾矿区土壤理化特性研究

为深入了解矿区废弃地土壤理化特性,探究其复垦困难的关键因素,以庐江矾矿为研究对象,对土壤理化性质进行测定。结果显示:矿区土壤为砂质壤土;含水量为12.09%,干旱等级为轻旱;土壤容重为1.39 g·cm~(-3);p H为4.20;有机质含量为0.59%,全氮为0.037%,有效磷和速效钾分别为7.66 mg·kg~(-1),55.06 mg·kg~(-1)。这表明矿区砂化明显,具有轻度干旱现象,土壤呈酸性、结构性差,有机质、全氮缺失严重,氮磷钾比例失调,养分极低。土壤理化性质之间相关性分析表明:土壤含水量与容重存在极显著的负相关性,有机质与p H、有效磷均存在显著的正相关性,与全氮存在极显著相关关系;有效磷与全氮也存在显著正相关性。     

野外农田系统中聚乙烯微塑料对土壤-小麦系统的影响

塑料制品的大量生产和广泛应用导致土壤的微塑料(粒径小于5 mm)污染日益严重.采用野外lysimeter系统开展了为期半年的实验,研究野外实际环境中聚乙烯微塑料对土壤理化性质、小麦生长和土壤微生物群落的影响.结果表明,147和782 mg·kg~(-1)聚乙烯微塑料暴露对小麦秸秆和籽粒生物量、土壤微生物群落的多样性和结构组成均无显著改变,但是却显著影响土壤理化性质,包括降低土壤有机质、阳离子交换量、总磷和有效磷含量,增加土壤微团聚体比例,其中147 mg·kg~(-1)聚乙烯微塑料显著降低土壤磷酸酶活性.相关性分析结果显示土壤养分指标与丰度微生物具有显著相关性,其中与土壤有效磷具有正相关关系的微生物占比最多,表明聚乙烯微塑料可能影响土壤中参与磷代谢的微生物,改变土壤磷酸酶活性,进而影响土壤中的磷循环.     

葛仙米生长区水稻田土壤有效磷及总磷探讨

为了探明葛仙米生长区水稻田土壤含磷量状况,弄清楚葛仙米生长区水稻田有效磷及总磷含量特点及其影响因素.随机采集代表性水稻田土壤,测定其中有效磷及总磷含量,采集水稻田土壤样9个,确定两个水稻田土壤剖面(0～30cm厚度),测定结果如下:葛仙米生长区水稻田表层土壤和剖面土有效磷含量极其丰富;表层土壤有效磷含量变化范围为51 ～ 270 mg/kg,平均值为177 mg/kg;剖面土有效磷含量变化范围在99.75 ～ 241.5 mg/kg,有一峰值,有效磷含量根际土壤层低于2～5em(峰值处).总磷含量范围在279～ 1354 mg/kg.同时对土壤水稻田表层土壤样进一步做土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、蛋白酶、碱性磷酸酶、纤维素酶活性检测,结果分析显示土壤蔗糖酶与有效磷有极显著相关性,其它酶无显著相关性.葛仙米生长区水稻田土壤蔗糖酶维持在47.707～ 55.031 mg/(g·d)之间.多元回归方程为:y(有效磷含)mg/kg=113.653+2.11x(蔗糖酶活性mg/(g·d)).     

草原矿区苔藓植物多样性及其与土壤理化性质的关系

以内蒙古半干旱区草原的代表煤矿—胜利煤矿及周边的贝子庙、植物园、南山水库为研究区,通过对苔藓植物群落特征和土壤理化性质的相关性研究,分析了复垦过程中土壤对苔藓植物分布的影响.结果表明,胜利矿区苔藓植物有4科6属7种,各生境苔藓总盖度排序为贝子庙>植物园>矿区南排土场>水库>人工林>矿区北排土场.多样性指数分析结果表明,南排土场苔藓群落物种复杂程度高.对苔藓植物群落盖度与土壤理化性质的相关性分析表明,土壤pH值、粉粒含量、沙粒含量和石砾含量对苔藓植物的分布都有显著影响.通过对苔藓植物群落结构与土壤理化性质的多元分析,发现不同研究区苔藓植物群落结构的差异性与环境因子的综合影响有关.     

土壤重金属与土壤理化性质的空间变异及研究

对研究区的部分土壤理化性质及土壤重金属的空间变异特性进行了分析,均表现出一定的空间变异性,并通过克里格插值得到它们的空间分布格局,表现出了一定的相似性,说明土壤理化性质与土壤重金属在空间分布上存在一定的相关性;通过对它们之间的空间相关性分析,表明克里格插值结果与实际计算结果是一致的,结果表明,土壤有机质、pH及各粒级含量土壤与Cu,Hg,As含量的相关性显著,与Zn,Pb和Cr为中等相关,且均为正相关,而与Cd的相关性不显著.在实际生产中,可以通过土壤部分理化性质来估计土壤重金属的分布特征.     

郑州市典型城市土壤剖面Zn、Ni分布特征分析

为探讨城市土壤重金属的分布、成因及迁移特征,选取郑州市不同功能区土壤9个典型剖面,2个城郊对照剖面,对Zn、Ni含量及其剖面分布进行分析.结果表明:郑州市城市土壤Zn含量与城郊对照土壤存在显著差异;城市土壤Zn含量变幅为17.05～1 400.72 mg/kg,空间变异非常大,平均值为306.67 mg/kg,高于土壤环境质量Ⅱ级标准,存在一定程度的Zn污染;城市土壤Ni含量变幅为6.70～22.33 mg/kg,平均值为12.41 mg/kg,均低于土壤背景含量,不存在Ni污染.城市土壤Zn、Ni含量的剖面分布比较复杂;土壤Zn的剖面分布与居民生活、工业以及交通等人类活动关系密切,具有在表层和亚表层累积的特点;土壤Ni含量大小主要受成土母质影响,垂直分布及迁移主要受城市人类活动扰动的制约而无一定规律.土壤中Zn含量与土壤理化性质不存在相关关系,而Ni含量与土壤粘粒、阳离子交换量等具有显著的正相关关系.     

霍侯一级路两侧土壤磁化率空间分布及其对重金属污染指示意义

以霍侯一级路表层土壤为对象,测定土样的磁化率、重金属(Pb、Cu、Zn)含量和理化指标,利用统计分析对重金属来源进行分析并对污染做出评价.结果表明:公路两侧土壤的低频和频率磁化率均值分别为77×10~(-8) m~3kg~(-1)和5.46%,土壤中超顺磁颗粒含量较少,磁化率的高值主要由人为活动产生的磁性颗粒沉积造成.随着到公路距离的增大,低频磁化率减小,而频率磁化率增大.Pb、Cu、Zn的含量分别为33.76-150.45mg/kg、18.41-67.86mg/kg和40.53-240.67mg/kg,都不同程度的超过山西土壤背景值.低频磁化率与pH、频率磁化率呈显著负相关,与砂粒含量正相关,而频率磁化率与粘粒含量呈负相关,有机质与磁化率表现弱相关,三种重金属之间相关性也很高.污染评价表明重金属的污染程度由强至弱依次为:PbZnCu,土壤环境总体处于中度污染.另外,基于磁化率的土壤分级标准得出的土壤污染程度也符合积累指数计算得到的结果,但此法的适用范围还有待于进一步的研究.     

四川凉山州野生蘑菇重金属汞和砷含量分析

检测了采自于四川省凉山州16种野生蘑菇的汞和砷含量.所有样品中,大白菇(Russula delica)具有最高的汞含量,为0.8607mg/kg干物质,其次为美味牛肝菌(Boletus edulis),汞含量0.7625mg/kg干物质.在采集地土壤中4个样点未检出汞的情况下,有3个样点采集的蘑菇中均有汞的检出,说明野生蘑菇对汞元素强烈的积累能力.采于四川会理锌矿区林家山的喇叭陀螺菌(Gomphusfloccosus)具有最强的积累砷的能力,子实体中的砷含量为1.9581—4.0035mg/kg干物质,其次为白杯伞(C litocybe phyllophila)子实体,砷的含量3.6418mg/kg干物质.采于会理县锌矿区的松塔牛肝菌(Strobilomyces strobilaceus)和采于西昌市大箐山林场的美味牛肝菌子实体中未检出砷含量.表明不同种类蘑菇积累汞和砷的能力不同;不同采集地同种蘑菇对砷和汞的积累能力也不同;蘑菇对汞和砷的积累与土壤中汞和砷的含量有关.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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An on-line scaling method for improving scalability of a database cluster

The explosive growth of the Internet and database applications has driven database to be more scalable and available, and able to support on-line scaling without interrupting service. To support more client's queries without downtime and degrading the response time, more nodes have to be scaled up while the database is running. This paper presents the overview of scalable and available database that satisfies the above characteristics. And we propose a novel on-line scaling method. Our method improves the existing on-line scaling method for fast response time and higher throughputs. Our proposed method reduces unnecessary network use, i.e. , we decrease the number of data copy by reusing the backup data. Also, our on-line scaling operation can be processed parallel by selecting adequate nodes as new node. Our performance study shows that our method results in significant reduction in data copy time.     

An improved R-tree based on childnode''s probability

R-Tree is a good structure for spatial searching. But in this indexing structure,either the sequence of nodes in the same level or sequence of traveling these nodes when queries are made is random. Since the possibility that the object appears in different MBR which have the same parents node is different, if we make the subnode who has the most possibility be traveled first, the time cost will be decreased in most of the cases. In some case, the possibility of a point belong to a rectangle will shows direct proportion with the size of the rectangle. But this conclusion is based on an assumption that the objects are symmetrically distributing in the area and this assumption is not always coming into existence. Now we found a more direct parameter to scale the possibility and made a little change on the structure of R-tree, to increase the possibility of founding the satisfying answer in the front sub trees. We names this structure probability based arranged R-tree (PBAR-tree).     

Integrating GIS Web services based on mediating architecture

The geographic information service is enabled by the advancements in general Web service technology and the focused efforts of the OGC in defining XML-based Web GIS service. Based on these models, this paper addresses the issue of services chaining,the process of combining or pipelining results from several interoperable GIS Web Services to create a customized solution. This paper presents a mediated chaining architecture in which a specific service takes responsibility for performing the process that describes a service chain. We designed the Spatial Information Process Language (SIPL) for dynamic modeling and describing the service chain, also a prototype of the Spatial Information Process Execution Engine (SIPEE) is implemented for executing processes written in SIPL. Discussion of measures to improve the functionality and performance of such system will be included.