桩式丁坝护滩保塘效果研究

钱塘江涌潮在低潮位时的大流速具有很大的挟沙能力,会淘刷海塘基础前的近塘滩地,降低海塘建筑物的稳定性,甚至损毁堤塘.护塘低丁坝群可改变涌潮传播规律,分散涌潮对建筑物的作用力,从而减轻近塘滩地淘刷,提高海塘的整体和局部稳定性.传统的堆石丁坝由于基础较浅,且以散抛块石为基础,处低潮位时在涌潮动力持续打击、猛烈震动作用下易招致丁坝损毁破坏.本文提出了一种新颖的丁坝型式,并从现场观测资料分析、实体模型试验和机理分析三个方面,分析桩式丁坝的护滩保塘效果,并从潮流过坝的水力特性角度,探究丁坝护塘的机理.与传统的堆石丁坝比较,桩式丁坝具有设计合理、施工简易、坝体内无内压力、便于维护检修等一系列优点.可广泛应用于各类河道整治、海塘保护等工程中.     

内蒙古乌达地区上古生界不同沉积环境煤系烃源岩分子地球化学特征及意义

内蒙古乌达地区上古生界煤系烃源岩主要在海陆过渡相和陆相沉积环境的控制下沉积而成。精选出五种沉积环境下形成的煤系烃源岩样品,深入研究其分子地球化学特征。研究表明,泛滥平原形成的烃源岩以高氧芴、高姥鲛烷、高C29规则甾烷、高C19三环萜烷和高C24四环萜烷为主要特征;河控三角洲除氧芴含量稍低,具有和泛滥平原沉积环境相似的地化特征;潮坪和泻湖相的烃源岩中伽马蜡烷、植烷含量均较高,C26+三环萜烷丰度相对较高,三环萜烷绝对浓度大,规则甾烷以C27占优势,硫芴含量相对较丰富;潮控三角洲除Pr/Ph较高外,其余生物标志物特征与潮坪、泻湖环境下的烃源岩相似。     

The characteristics and significance of magnetic fabrics of muddy tidal flat

Conclusions The magnetic fabric parameterK of the tidal flat with the same material sources in the wide coastal zone is a high-resolution indicator for the recognization of sedimentary dynamically active zones of tidal flat, which indicates that the magnetic fabric method could be widely applied to the study of sedimentology, comparative sedimentology and sedimentary dynamics. The high and low values of magnetic fabric parametersq, F andL occur alternately, which indicates the presence of microbedding structures, such as small-scale sequences consisting of a single muddy layer and a sandy layer and small-scale sequence series. This indicates that the magnetic fabric analysis could be a new effective method for the study of sedimentary microstructure sequence series of tidal flats. The statistical results of parametersK, L, F andq have revealed that correlations between the variations of magnetic fabric parameters of sediments and the sedimentary dynamic environments are a new way for the studies of tidal flat types and sedimentation.     

塔中地区志留系柯坪塔格组沉积特征

 在沉积学、矿场地球物理学、古生物学等学科的理论指导下,通过岩心观察,结合测井、录井、古生物遗迹、分析化验等资料综合分析认为:塔中地区志留系柯坪塔格组沉积灰色含沥青粉砂岩、绿灰色泥质粉砂岩、灰色中细砂岩、灰白色细砂岩及灰色含砾中细砂岩、灰绿色粉砂岩、泥质粉砂岩;发育低角度冲洗层理、波状层理、脉状层理、透镜状层理、流水波纹、楔状交错层理、大量的同生泥砾及泥质条带,砂泥岩薄互层,低砂地比且从盆地中心向盆地边缘逐渐降低的现象以及大量的生物扰动现象都反映了一种低能的潮坪沉积环境。在研究区柯坪塔格组主要识别出潮间带,潮下带,发育朝下砂坝、潮间下砂坪、潮间中砂泥混合坪等微相,并结合分析化验资料讨论了不同沉积微相与油气的关系。     

长江口北支的涌潮及其对河口的影响

根据限产踏勘，实测并结合历史资料，阐述了长江口北支涌潮的发育，种类，形态和特点，并利用流体水跃现象的Froude 数判别，解释了涌潮成因。进一步研究表明，河槽束狭加大涨潮流速，河床淤浅则减缓潮波传速。北支在自然和人为的影响下，河槽不断束狭，河床逐渐淤浅是近年来涌潮发生次数增多，潮头增大的原因。随着涌潮潮头的推进，大量水沙上溯，这对北支和南支上段的滩，漕变化和河口环境有着深刻的影响。     

北部湾潮汐数值计算参数的试验

选不同的海底摩擦系数以及水平湍流摩擦系数,对北部湾的ki分潮进行了数值模拟试验。结果表明,当底摩擦系数取0.002~0.003,而水平湍流摩擦系数取1×10²~5×10³ m²/s时其模拟结果与实测潮波系统比较吻合。潮波动力学方程中的底摩擦项对数值结果影响较大,而水平湍摩擦项对数值结果的影响不甚明显。     

潮汐周期在潮坪沉积中的记录

选择平静天气泥质潮滩相对淤积期进行现场直接观测每个潮周期的沉积物特征。结果表明潮汐层偶的厚度变化与大小周期潮差旋回性变化密切相关。原始数据平滑后曲线更清晰地展示出大小潮周期，反映随机的非潮汐因素的影响可以通过地定的数学方法予以去除。现代潮坪观测表明潮汐沉积可以记录潮汐能量呈周期性变化的特性，因此，可通过研究保存较完整的潮汐韵律层的层偶组来提取古潮汐信息。但这种蕴含潮汐信息的韵律层可能只局限于一些基本不受风浪影响的沉积环境，而在长江三角洲开敞型泥质潮坪难以保存。     

涠洲岛海域潮流不对称的偏度判别研究

【目的】潮流不对称现象是潮波运动的基本特征之一,潮流不对称的量化及适用性是近海潮波动力学的重要研究内容。采用涠洲岛附近海域1988年10月6日~1989年3月9日实测的分层(10m、20m和30m)潮流数据对涠洲岛附近海域的潮流不对称现象进行研究。【方法】首先对实测资料进行调和分析得出余流及35个分潮,进而基于调和分析结果利用潮流不对称偏度判别法对实测潮流数据的潮流不对称进行计算。【结果】研究认为,在u方向(W-E),虽然垂向上流速大小有变化,但均为正向不对称,且其不对称程度基本相同。在v方向(N-S),10m层和20m层流速均为负向不对称,30m层呈正向不对称,三者在量值上由上层向下逐渐增大。在各层次各方向上,对潮流不对称贡献最大组合的均为余流及余流与分潮的相互作用,O1、M2和MO3分潮的相互作用以及K1、M2和MK3分潮的相互作用对潮流不对称的贡献亦不能忽略,其量值能达到甚至超过O1、K1、M2的贡献。潮波进入浅水发生变形,导致潮流不对称的影响因素在浅水和深水海域不同。【结论】涠洲岛附近海域潮流不对称具有明显的垂向变化,10m、20m层与30m呈现不同的不对称特征。潮流不对称偏度判别法在较深水海域同样具有适用性。     

Numerical Analysis of the Mixing Zone for a Vertical Discharge into a Tidal River

Introduction　　WiththerapiddevelopmentofindustryandagricultureinChina,nowenvironmentpollutionbecomesaveryseriousproblem.Atpresent,manycoastalcitiesarebuildingorhavebuiltwastewatertreatmentprojectsneartheoceanorriverstotakeadvantageoftheself-cleaningcapabilityofriversandoceans.Inordertoconstructsuchdischargeprojectstomeettheenvironmentqualityrequirements,predictionofthepollutantconcentrationfieldisneededatthedesignstage.ThewastetreatmentprojectanalyzedinthispaperissituatedontheQiantangRiver,…     

东营凹陷坨71块近源浊积扇沉积特征

依据对钻井、测井和地震资料,认为东营凹陷北部坨71块古近系沙河街组三段下部为近源浊积成因的砂砾岩体.岩性为暗色泥岩夹砂砾岩、砂岩和粉砂岩,颗粒粗,分选中到差,成分成熟度低.递变层理、叠覆递变层理、块状层理、滑塌、撕裂屑、直立砾、漂砾、重荷等沉积构造广泛发育.自然电位和电阻率曲线由高幅箱形到低幅齿化,与不同岩性和沉积相具有良好的对应关系.在地震剖面上近源浊积扇外形呈丘状,内部为杂乱反射.根据岩性、电性和沉积序列组合特征,在研究区识别出内扇、中扇和外扇.在上述基础上,归纳了近源浊积扇标志,为识别该类成因扇体提供借鉴.     

Paleozoic sedimentary record of the Xing-Meng Orogenic Belt,Inner Mongolia: Implications for the provenances and tectonic evolution of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt

The Xing-Meng Orogenic Belt is the eastern extension of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt, which marks the boundary between the North China and Siberian blocks. Key information on the collision between these two blocks and the evolution of this orogenic belt at the end of the Paleozoic are preserved in the widely distributed Paleozoic sedimentary sequences. Petrographic studies of the clastic sedimentary rocks from the Ordovician to the Permian in this region have shown that the rocks are mainly greywackes and arkosic sandstones characterized by low maturity, poor sorting and a large number of lithic fragments. Provenances of Paleozoic sandstones are mainly newly accreted crustal materials. Nd model ages range from the Neoproterozoic to the Late Mesoproterozoic. These ages are very different from those of the North China Block, but the change of εNd(t) (from the initial εNd value) is similar to that of igneous rocks in the Xing-Meng Orogen. This result indicates that provenances of these Paleozoic sedimentary rocks mainly arise from the Xing-Meng Orogen itself. These clastic sedimentary rocks mainly consist of inputs of juvenile accreted crustal materials and limited recycled old crusts. Their provenance is controlled by the following three end members: a felsic basement, a partially melted mafic, and a mafic end member. From the point view of lithology, these three end members must have mixed in a ratio of 53:41:5 to form the average composition of the clastic sedimentary rocks. The depositional environment began to change from an arc to an orogen during the Permian, and therefore the collision was complete before the Triassic. This interpretation is consistent with the argument that the final collision time was at the end of the Permian or beginning of the Triassic.     

A chemical index of weathering without effect of wind sorting: Fe/Mg ratios in the acid-insoluble phases of loess deposits

Chemical analysis of acid-insoluble fractions in loess and paleosols shows that concentrations of Fe and Mg were under control of wind sorting and post-depositional weathering-pedogenesis. The former caused Fe and Mg concentrated in the finer grain-size fractions, displaying synchronous variations, while the latter made Fe and Mg separated, leading to Fe retained in the weathered section and Mg leached out. Therefore, Fe/Mg ratios in the acid insoluble fraction of loess and paleosols can eliminate the effect of wind sorting and serve as an excellent proxy record on intensity of weathering-pedogenesis. Based on calculation, leaching percentage of Mg in the paleosol S1 from the Luochuan, Xifeng and Huanxian sections is 15%, 11% and 2%, respectively, and on average 9% for the paleosols S₂—S₁₄ from the Luochuan section, with the highest value amounting to 22% in S_5-1, suggesting the strongest weathering-pedogenesis.     

平顶山煤田山西组沉积体系与聚煤模式

讨论了河南平顶山煤田山西组的沉积体系和聚煤模式。文中提出山西组下段形成于碎屑障壁海岸环境,山西组上段为三角洲沉积体系的进积部分。已组煤形成于障壁海岸沉积体系的上部,其发育过程明显受到基底沉积环境的控制。已组煤的聚煤作用特征是沉积基底地形高差、压实沉降率与泥炭堆积速率之间的平衡关系随海平面变化而变化。己组煤发育的气候条件可能属热带背景。     

贵州施秉中奥陶世沉积相特征及其意义

施秉一带的中奥陶世地层主要由十字铺组下部的灰岩相和上部的泥灰岩相组成,而缺失宝塔期的沉积。本文所提供的证据如泥裂,鸟眼构造,波状和脉状层理,瘤状构造,生物钻孔等,都是潮坪环境的特征。据此认为,施秉中奥陶世沉积形成於无障壁受潮汐影响的开阔潮坪环境,而不是海峡。靠西面的余庆苏羊一带可能是海水不很深的海洋水道,该地及福泉王卡,贵定阳宝山,贵阳乌当同时期的沉积中普遍含海绿石足以证明这点。     

开敞型潮坪潮汐层偶形成和保存的若干问题

简要综述了中国开敞型潮坪的分布与特征,总结了多年来在开敞型潮坪所做的野外观测结果,包括不同时间尺度沉降板观测分析潮汐层偶的生成和保存,插桩观测季节性潮滩冲淤和研究砂、泥质单层的形成与保存.结果表明,潮流和波浪侵蚀造成开敞型潮坪潮汐纹层的保存率极低,连续性差.季节性强风浪和平静天气交替形成的小型层序,其中砂、泥质纹层厚度的变化与大小潮旋回所形成的沉积序列类似,但二者的成因不同,所代表的时间尺度差别较大.因此,在进行高分辨率古潮汐环境研究时需严格分析潮汐沉积的连续性.     

台州湾附近海域潮汐、潮流特性

利用临时验潮站横门站的1a潮位观测资料、下大陈站长期验潮资料以及4个垂线测站的大、中、小潮潮流同步观测资料,分析了台州湾附近海域的潮汐、潮流特征,并探讨了海平面空间分布特征的影响因素.结果表明:横门站与下大陈站的潮汐类型均属于正规半日潮类型;横门站年平均潮差大于下大陈站4 cm;2站平均涨、落潮历时相当;台州湾除T-1...     

山西柳林成家庄剖面太原组沉积环境浅析

通过对山西柳林成家庄剖面太原组地层宏观岩性特征、结构特征、古生物种类及组合、垂向沉积序列、石灰岩微相及地化的综合研究,分析了该段地层的沉积环境,石灰岩属碳酸盐潮下亚相沉积,包括开阔潮下和局限潮下微相;泥岩与煤层为障壁砂坝-泻湖沉积体系中的潮坪沉积,包括泥坪和泥炭坪微相。     

长江下游巢湖湖泊沉积物的粒度特征与沉积环境

在巢湖取得3个有代表性的沉积物柱样,用激光粒度仪对其进行粒度分析,并用137Cs法测定了沉积速率.结果表明,沉积物的粒度特征随着湖区的水动力条件的波动而发生有规律的变化.近百年来湖区的沉积环境基本上比较稳定,C1、C2和C3三个研究区的沉积速率分别为0.29cm/a,0.35cm/a和0.24cm/a.根据粒度和沉积速率特征,两百多年来,巢湖存在两个洪水期和两个平水期,这些变化与巢湖自然环境和人类活动有着密切关系.     

Strontium and boron isotopic constraint on the marine origin of the Khammuane potash deposits in southeastern Laos

Since 2006, we have conducted a geological exploration of the Khammuane area in southeastern Laos. Several thick sequences of potash deposits containing sylvite and carnallite were discovered from drilling Paleocene strata of the Thangon Formation (E₁ tg). To constrain the origin of the brine that formed thick sequences of salt mineral deposits, we measured the strontium and boron isotope composition of some salt minerals in the potash deposit. Boron isotope composition of halite- and potash-associated minerals in the Khammuane potash deposit varied from 19.91% to 31.01‰, which differs significantly from continental evaporates (?6.83‰–?5.79‰) but is very close to that of salts precipitated from evapo-concentrated seawater (10‰–36‰). The ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios (0.707542 to 0.709461) of salts were also close to the values of Paleocene seawater (0.70772 to 0.707830). The content of Br^? (0.01%–0.25%) and Br×10³/Cl ratios (0.10–0.52) of halite were >10 times higher than that of common continental salts. These characteristics indicate clearly that the Laos potash deposits were deposited from seawater. The small variation in boron and strontium isotopes in all salt sedimentary sequences (gypsum-halite-potash-halite) also suggests that the recharge source should be stable and the effects of other continental water mixing are negligible. Large-scale potash deposits are commonly precipitated from seawater. Hence, the results of recent regional drilling work and geochemical research suggest extensive potash resources could occur in the Thangon Formation of southeastern Laos.     

Relationship between magnetic fabric parameters and dynamic characteristics of deposits in different environments

Comparison of magnetic fabric parameters of deposits in different modern sedimentary environments indicates that values ofP, F andL of eolian deposits are lower obviously than those of hydrogenic ones respectively. On relationship diagrams of magnetic fabric parameters, data points of eolian samples concentrated in limited area near origin of coordinates indicate that dynamic intensity is lower with less variation; while those of hydrogenic ones depart from origin of coordinates suggest higher intensity of sedimentary dynamics. Analyses of dynamic characteristics of different sedimentary environments indicate that values of magnetic fabric parameters of deposits are determined by dynamic types and characteristics of depositional processes. Magnetic fabric analyses of deposits are effective in determination of sedimentary environments.