Ferric chloride-catalyzed decarboxylative alkylation of β-keto acids with benzylic alcohols

β-Keto acids are unstable to heat,acids,and bases,and have rarely been employed as carbon nucleophiles for the formation of carbon-carbon bonds.In this context,an efficient decarboxylative alkylation reaction of β-keto acids with benzylic alcohols has been developed,for the first time,through sequential cleavage of carbon-oxygen and carbon-carbon bonds.In the presence of 10 mol% of ferric chloride,a range of β-keto acids smoothly undergo decarboxylative alkylation with benzylic alcohols to give structurally diverse unsymmetric ketones in moderate to excellent yields and with extremely high regioselectivity.Preliminary mechanistic studies indicate that the reaction proceeds through an SN1 alkylation followed by decarboxylation.     

Ultrastructural Observation of the Skin Chloride Celis of Japanese Flounder Paralichthys olivaceus and Turbot Scophthamus maximus Larvae

The ultrastructures of skin chloride celis in cultured Japanese flounder and turbot larvae in metamorphosis, which grow in the same feeding conditions, are examined with a transmission electron microscope. These developed skin chloride celis were shaped like flattened ellipsoids and similar in morphology and ultrastructure to typical chloride celis of euryhaline fish gill. They lo-cate in the epidermis and contract with the extra and interior environment through the apical pit and narrow channels. The cytoplasm of cell is full of numerous mitochondria and a ramifying net-work of tubules. The degeneration of skin chloride celis is observed with development of Japanese flounder larvae. Skin chloride celis of turbot are less developmental than those of Japanese flounder in the same developmental stage.     

Ultrastructural Observation of the Skin Chloride Cells of Japanese Flounder Paralichthys olivaceus and Turbot Scophthamus maximus Larvae

The ultrastructures of skin chloride cells in cultured Japanese flounder and turbot larvae in metamorphosis,which grow in the same feeding conditions,are examined with a transmission electron microscope.These developed skin chloride cells were shaped like flattened ellipsoids and similar in morphology and ultrastructure to typical chloride cells of euryhaline fish gill.They locate in the epidermis and contract with the extra and interior environment through the apical pit and narrow channels.The cytoplasm of cell is full of numerous mitochondria and a ramifying network of tubules.The degeneration of skin chloride cells is observed with development of Japanese flounder larvae.Skin chloride cells of turbot are less developmental than those of Japanese flounder in the same developmental stage.     

Strength, porosity, and chloride resistance of mortar using the combination of two kinds of pozzolanic materials

This article presents a study on the resistance to chloride penetration, corrosion, porosity, and strength of mortar containing fine fly ash (FA), ground rice husk-bark ash (RB), and ground bagasse ash (BA). Ordinary Portland cement (CT) was blended with a single pozzolan and two pozzolans. Strength, porosity, rapid chloride penetration, immersion, and corrosion tests were performed to characterize the mortar. Test results showed that the use of ternary blends of CT, FA, and RB or BA decreased the porosity of the mortar, as compared with binary blended mortar containing CT and RB or BA. The resistance to chloride penetration of the mortar improved substantially with partial replacement of CT with FA, RB, and BA. The use of ternary blends of CT, FA and RB or BA produced the mortar with good strength and resistance to chloride penetration. The resistance to chloride penetration was higher with an increase in the replacement level due to the reduced calcium hydroxide.     

含铬合金钢在碳化混凝土孔隙溶液中的抗氯性

The effect of carbonation on the chloride resistance of low-carbon steel and two Cr-bearing alloy steels in simulated concrete pore solutions was investigated. The chloride threshold values of steels were determined on the basis of corrosion potential (E_corr) and polarization resistance (R_p). Moreover, the chloride-induced corrosion behavior of steels was evaluated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, cathodic potentiodynamic polarization, and scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy measurements. Alloy steels have higher chloride resistance than low-carbon steel in carbonated and non-carbonated concrete pore solutions. The chloride resistance of alloy steels improves with increasing Cr content. In addition, the chloride resistance of all steels is negatively affected by the carbonation of concrete pore solution, especially for alloy steel with high Cr content in the presence of high chloride content.     

Simulation of solute transportation within porous particles during the bioleaching process

A mathematical model, accounting for the sulfuric acid and ferric ions diffusion and the copper sulfide mineral leaching process, was developed for an ore particle by considering its porous structure. It was simulated with the simulation tool COMSOL Multiphysics. The simulation results show that the highest acid and ferric concentrations near the particle surface are apparent, while the concentrations in the central particle increase slightly as the less-porous ore core with low permeability prevents the oxidation from penetrating. The extraction of the mineral near the particle surface is the maximum, mainly because of ample sulfuric acid, ferric ions, bacteria, and oxygen available for the leaching process. Because of low oxidation concentration in the central part of the particle, the reaction rate and copper sulphide conversion are small. The simulation shows good agreement with the experimental results.     

Preparation and chiral recognition of new chiral stationary phases derived from cellulose microspheres

A new way to prepare cellulose-type chiral stationary phases (CSPs) has been established in the present work.Cellulose microspheres with a volume-average diameter of 11.5 m were prepared by an emulsion-solidification method.Three new CSPs were obtained by crosslinking the cellulose microspheres with terephthaloyl chloride (TPC),and then modifying the crosslinked microspheres with 4-methylbenzoyl chloride,3,5-dimethylbenzoyl chloride and 3,5-dichlorobenzoyl chloride,respectively.The microspheres and the CSPs were characterized by FT-IR,element analysis and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM).The chiral recognition ability of the CSPs was evaluated with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).The chromatographic results demonstrate that the CSP prepared from 3,5-dichlorobenzoyl chloride possesses better chiral recognition ability compared with two other CSPs.     

Mineralization of flue gas CO2 with coproduction of valuable magnesium carbonate by means of magnesium chloride

CO2 mineralization and utilization is a new area for reducing the CO2 emissions. By reacting with natural mineral or industrial waste, CO2 can be transformed into valuable solid carbonate （such as calcium carbonate or magnesium carbonate） with recovery of some products simultaneously. In this paper, a novel method was proposed to mineralize CO2 by means of magnesium chloride with small energy consumption. In this method, magnesium chloride was firstly transformed into magnesium hydroxide by electrolysis. The formed magnesium hydroxide showed high reactivity to mineralize CO2. In our study, even at low concentration, CO2 can be effectively mineralized by this method, which makes it possible to directly mineralize flue gas CO2, avoiding the expensive process of CO2 capture and purification. Moreover, valuable products such as hydromagnesite and nesquehonite can be recovered by this method. Because of the wide distribution of magnesium chloride in nature, largescale CO2 mineralization is potential by means of magnesium chloride.     

Ferric perchlorate-promoted reaction of [60]fullerene with β-keto esters

The ferric perchlorate-promoted reaction of [60]fullerene (C60) with ethyl 2-methylacetoacetate generates fullerenyl hemiketal as a mixture of trans and cis isomers,while the reaction with ethyl acetoacetate gives a C 60-fused dihydrofuran derivative.A possible reaction mechanism for the formation of these products is proposed.     

A STUDY ON THE SELECTED FACTORS AFFECTING CONCRETE PERMEABILITY

The effect of w/c ratio,incorporation of silica fume and maximum aggregate sizes on permeabilityof concrete were studied.The test results both from chloride permeability and water absorptionshowed that the permeability of concrete increased as the w/c increases whilst a limitedamount of replacement of cement with silica fume the permeability decreased significantly.Themaximum aggregate size in the range of 8 to 25 mm seems also affect permeability but with a muchless significant level. A linear relationship between chloride permeability and capillary absorptionwas found.     

固体酸催化合成丙酸异戊酯

固体酸能够代替硫酸作为酯化催化剂.评述了甲烷磺酸盐,磺化苯膦酸锆,强酸性阳离子交换树脂,磺化聚氯乙烯,三氯化铁,聚氯乙烯三氯化铁树脂,氯化聚氯乙烯三氯化铁树脂,四氯化锡,氯化亚锡,离子交换树脂-四氯化钛,树脂负载三氯化铝,水合硫酸铁,十二水合硫酸铁铵,硫酸铈,硫酸铝,硫酸钛,-水硫酸氢钠,固体超强酸,杂多酸,固载杂多酸和分子筛等固体酸催化合成丙酸异戊酯的方法.     

聚氯乙烯三氯化铁催化合成肉桂酸酯

利用聚氯乙烯三氯化铁树脂为催化剂，使肉桂酸和不同醇反应合成了肉桂酸甲酯，肉桂酸乙酯，肉桂酸正丙酯，肉桂酸正丁酯，肉桂酸异丁酯，肉桂酸正戊酯和肉桂酸异矾酯，测定了各种酯的沸点（或熔点），折射率和红外光谱，并进行了元素分析。     

硫酸铁催化合成乙酸异戊酯

以乙酸和异戊醇为原料,采用硫酸铁作催化剂来合成乙酸异戊酯.考察了乙酸与异戊醇的物质的量比、催化剂用量及反应时间对乙酸酯化率的影响.结果表明：硫酸铁对合成乙酸异戊酯具有良好的催化活性,酯化反应的最佳条件为：酸醇物质的量比为1：1.3（乙酸用量为0.1mol）,催化剂用量为0.9 g,回流反应1 h,酯化率可达96.69%.     

固体酸催化合成乳酸正丁酯

评述了对甲苯磺酸、氨基磺酸、强酸性阳离子交换树脂、磺化聚氯乙烯树脂、六水三氯化铁、聚氯乙烯三氯化铁树脂、氯化聚氯乙烯三氯化铁树脂、十二水合硫酸铁铵、一水合硫酸氢钠、树脂负载三氯化铝、稀土化合物、固体超强酸、杂多酸、沸石分子筛和维生素C等催化剂催化合成乳酸正丁酯的方法 .     

固体酸催化合成水杨酸异戊酯

评述了芳基磺酸、氨基磺酸、阳离子交换树脂、铁系固体酸、一水硫酸氢钠、固体超强酸和杂多酸等催化剂催化合成水杨酸异戊酯的方法．建议对近年来开发的有应用前景的催化剂进行扩大试验与筛选．     

乙酸异戊酯催化合成的新方法研究

通过实验及结果分析,讨论了影响结晶三氯化铝催化合成乙酸异戊酯反应的因素。     

氯化铁催化合成苯甲酸正丁酯

本文报道了用氯化铁水合物催化苯甲酸和正丁醇的酯化作用，探讨了氯化铁催化合成苯甲酸正丁酯的条件．     

固体酸催化合成丙酸戊酯

固体酸能够代替硫酸作为酯化催化剂.评述了磺化苯膦酸锆、强酸性阳离子交换树脂、磺化聚氯乙烯、三氯化铁、聚氯乙烯三氯化铁树脂、氯化聚氯乙烯三氯化铁树脂、氯化亚锡、离子交换树脂-四氯化钛、十二水合硫酸铁铵、硫酸铜、改性硫酸钛、硫酸-石墨层间化合物、一水硫酸氢钠、复合固体超强酸、杂多酸、固载杂多酸和分子筛等固体酸催化合成丙酸正戊酯的方法.     

氯化铁催化合成癸二酸二乙酯的研究

氯化铁作为癸二酸和乙醇的酯化催化剂,性能优于硫酸。本文探讨并找到了其较好的反应条件,酯化率达９３．５９％。     

合成肉桂酸乙酯的研究进展

肉桂酸乙酯是一种很好的香料.合成肉桂酸乙酯催化剂的研究对于肉桂酸乙酯的生产具有重大影响.评述了对甲苯磺酸、对甲苯磺酸铜、氨基磺酸、强酸性阳离子交换树脂、六水三氯化铁、聚氯乙烯三氯化铁树脂、五水四氯化锡、高氯酸锂、复合三氯化铝-硫酸铜、十二水合硫酸铁铵、硫酸镍、硫酸高铈、一水硫酸氢钠、硫酸氢钾、固体超强酸和杂多酸等催化剂...