Rapid growth of primary dendrite in highly undercooled copper-antimany alloy

The droplets of Cu-11wt.%Sb hypoeutectic alloy have been rapidly solidified during containerless processing in a 3 m drop tube. The undercooling and cooling rates are estimated, and both play a dominant role in the dendritic growth of primary Cu phase. Undercoolings up to 200 K (0.16TL, where TL is the liquidus temperature) have been obtained in the experiment. With the increase of undercooling, the microstructural evolution of primary Cu phase proceeds from remelted dendrites to the equiaxed grains. A coarse dendritic grain microstructure can form in the undercooling range of 61～102 K and at cooling rates of 1.35×102～2.66×103 K/s. The segregationless solidification of Cu-11wt.%Sb hypoeutectic alloy occurs when undercooling is more than 176 K. The growth of primary Cu phase is mainly controlled by solute diffusion.     

Experimental study on electrical conductivity of dunite at high temperature and pressure

The electrical conductivities of the dunite from the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibetan) Plateau were measured with the impedance spectra method at 1.0-4.0 GPa and 643-1093 K. The experimental results indicated that activation enthalpies of the dunite are smaller than 0.9 eV, the conduction mechanism in dunite may be attributed to the mixed electrical conduction involving grain interiors and boundaries. On the basis of the results of this experiment, we can deduce that there exists cold mantle in the area of Gaize-Lugu in the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibetan) Plateau by reverse methods from the magnetotelluric sounding data (conductivity-depths profile) available for western Tibet. The result provides the present cold mantle viewpoint with strong proof on the basis of high temperature and pressure experiments.     

Dielectric relaxation and conduction mechanism in Aurivillius ceramic Bi5Ti3FeO15

For this study, we synthesized Aurivillius Bi5Ti3FeO15 ceramic using the generic solid-state reaction route and then performed room-temperature X-ray diffraction to confirm that the compound had a single phase with no impurities. The surface morphology of the prepared sample was observed to contain microstructural grains approximately 0.2–2 μm in size. The dielectric properties of the sample were determ-ined as a function of frequency in a range of approximately 100 Hz to 1 MHz at various temperatures (303 K ≤ T ≤ 773 K). Nyquist plots of the impedance data were found to exhibit a semi-circular arc in the high-temperature region, which is explained by the equivalent electrical circuit (R1C1)(R2QC2), where R1 and R2 represent the resistances associated with the grains and grain boundaries, respectively, C1 and C2 are the re-spective capacitances, and Q is the constant phase element (CPE), which accounts for non-Debye type of behavior. Our results indicate that both the resistance and capacitance of the grain boundaries are more prominent than those of the grains. The alternating current (ac) conductiv-ity data were analyzed based on the Jonscher universal power law, which indicated that the conduction process is dominated by the hopping mechanism. The calculated activation energies of the relaxation and conduction processes were very similar (0.32 to 0.53 eV), from which we conclude that the same type of charge carriers are involved in both processes.     

在常用波形扰动下利用FFT测量电极阻抗

建立一个用快速富里叶变换(FFT)测量电极阻抗的测试系统,并分别加以阶?电位、方波电位、三角波电位等扰动信号,对模拟电化学系统进行实际测量和讨论,当测量频率在0.1～0.001Hz范围,使用阶跃电位作为扰动信号,可以得到较大扰动信号幅值,从而提高信噪比及测量精确度。     

Grain boundaries as reservoirs of incompatible elements in the Earth's mantle

The concentrations and locations of elements that strongly partition into the fluid phase in rocks provide essential constraints on geochemical and geodynamical processes in Earth's interior. A fundamental question remains, however, as to where these incompatible elements reside before formation of the fluid phase. Here we show that partitioning of calcium between the grain interiors and grain boundaries of olivine in natural and synthetic olivine-rich aggregates follows a thermodynamic model for equilibrium grain-boundary segregation. The model predicts that grain boundaries can be the primary storage sites for elements with large ionic radius--that is, incompatible elements in the Earth's mantle. This observation provides a mechanism for the selective extraction of these elements and gives a framework for interpreting geochemical signatures in mantle rocks.     

非德拜型介电弛豫

钛酸锶钡的超低频介电谱在复介电常数平面上给出一段圆弧 ,满足非德拜型弛豫的经验公式。但当频率高于 5Hz时 ,复介电常数的实验点显著偏离圆弧 ,组成一段直线。表明慢极化效应对低频至射频的介电测量有不容忽视的影响     

计算带电人体通过金属小棒电极放电电流的一种电路模型

依据IEC61000-4-2标准制造的静电模拟器的放电过程,与真实的人体静电放电过程中身体表面分布的电荷是通过在手指尖端产生的火花放电完成的过程存在明显区别。为了探明人体真实放电过程的性质,提出了一种由所测放电电流估算火花放电电压的方法;并证明在人体接触式放电过程中,在火花放电之后存在着电弧放电现象。考虑到电弧放电和基于火花阻抗公式的时变阻抗,得到了一种用于计算与充电电压有关的人体放电电流的改进等效电路模型。     

用模拟退火神经网络技术进行波阻抗反演

利用基于模拟退火算法的神经网络技术进行测井约束的波阻抗反演，可根据数据本身之间的内在联系建立一个自适应非线性认知系统，只要在输入端输入特征数据，便能在输出端得到期望输出值，而不必关心系统本身的内部机理。在反演前，从测井资料中整理出地层波阻抗参数，用神经网络建立起地震波特征和地层波阻抗参数的映射关系，然后再利用这种映射关系进行外推，得到其它地震道所对应的波阻抗参数。在训练过程中，引入了模拟退火算法，使网络能有效地避开局部极小，这样可以提高收敛速度和拟合精度。     

Zircon SHRIMP U-Pb dating for olivine gabbro at Wangmuguan in the Beihuaiyang zone and its geological significance

In the Neoproterozoic, a large-scale magmatic activ- ity took place in the northern margin of the South China Block, with ages in a range of 700―800 Ma[1―4]). A systematic zircon U-Pb dating for bimodal metaigneous rocks in the Dabie-Sulu orogen yields ages of 758 ± 15 Ma[5], typifying rift magmatism along the northern margin of the South China Block during the middle Neoproterozoic. In addition, there is a widespread oc- currence of volcanic tuff interlayers around 635 Ma with the se…     

交流阻抗谱法研究高压下CdSe的电学性质

利用集成在金刚石对顶砧上的测量微电路研究了CdSe粉末在高压条件下的交流阻抗谱,在低于2.8GPa时显示出两个交叠的半圆弧,在高于2.8GPa时显示出一个不完整的半圆弧和一个压缩的半圆弧,这表明在高压条件下CdSe粉末中始终存着两个电传导过程,分别对应于晶体内传导过程和晶界传导过程.运用等效电路法我们获得了CdSe晶体体电阻随压力的变化关系,分别在2.8GPa,10.0GPa和17.0GPa附近观察到了体电阻的异常变化,这些异常变化源于CdSe在高压条件下的结构相变和电子相变.     

Atom-resolved imaging of ordered defect superstructures at individual grain boundaries

The ability to resolve spatially and identify chemically atoms in defects would greatly advance our understanding of the correlation between structure and property in materials. This is particularly important in polycrystalline materials, in which the grain boundaries have profound implications for the properties and applications of the final material. However, such atomic resolution is still extremely difficult to achieve, partly because grain boundaries are effective sinks for atomic defects and impurities, which may drive structural transformation of grain boundaries and consequently modify material properties. Regardless of the origin of these sinks, the interplay between defects and grain boundaries complicates our efforts to pinpoint the exact sites and chemistries of the entities present in the defective regions, thereby limiting our understanding of how specific defects mediate property changes. Here we show that the combination of advanced electron microscopy, spectroscopy and first-principles calculations can provide three-dimensional images of complex, multicomponent grain boundaries with both atomic resolution and chemical sensitivity. The high resolution of these techniques allows us to demonstrate that even for magnesium oxide, which has a simple rock-salt structure, grain boundaries can accommodate complex ordered defect superstructures that induce significant electron trapping in the bandgap of the oxide. These results offer insights into interactions between defects and grain boundaries in ceramics and demonstrate that atomic-scale analysis of complex multicomponent structures in materials is now becoming possible.     

Effect of long-term service on the precipitates in P92 steel

The precipitates in P92 steel after long-term service in an ultra-supercritical unit were investigated by field-emission scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy and were found to mainly consist of M₂₃C₆ carbides, Laves phase, and MX carbonitrides. No Z-phase was observed. M₂₃C₆ carbides and Laves phase were found not only on prior austenite grain boundaries, martensite lath boundaries, and subgrain boundaries but also in lath interiors, where two types of MX carbonitrides—Nb-rich and V-rich particles—were also observed but the “winged” complexes were hardly found. Each kind of precipitate within the martensite laths exhibited multifarious morphologies, suggesting that a morphological change of precipitates occurred during long-term service. The M₂₃C₆ carbides and Laves phase coarsened substantially, and the latter grew faster than the former. However, MX carbonitrides exhibited a relatively low coarsening rate. The effect of the evolution of the precipitate phases on the creep rupture strength of P92 steel was discussed.     

Kinetics and formation mechanisms of intragranular ferrite in V-N microalloyed 600 MPa high strength rebar steel

To systematically investigate the kinetics and formation mechanisms of intragranular ferrite (IGF), isothermal heat treatment in the temperature range of 450℃ to 600℃ with holding for 30 s to 300 s, analysis of the corresponding microstructures, and observation of the precipitated particles were conducted in V-N microalloyed 600 MPa high strength rebar steel. The potency of V(C,N) for IGF nucleation was also analyzed statistically. The results show that the dominant microstructure transforms from bainite (B) and acicular ferrite (AF) to grain boundary ferrite (GBF), intragranular polygonal ferrite (IPF), and pearlite (P) as the isothermal temperature increases from 450℃ to 600℃. When the holding time at 600℃ is extended from 30 s to 60 s, 120 s, and 300 s, the GBF content ranges from 6.0vol% to 6.5vol% and the IPF content increases from 0.5vol% to 2.8vol%, 13.1vol%, and 13.5vol%, respectively, because the ferrite transformation preferentially occurs at the grain boundaries and then occurs at the austenite grains. Notably, V(C,N) particles are the most effective nucleation site for the formation of IPF, accounting for 51% of the said formation.     

Effect of heat treatment on microstructures and mechanical properties of a bulk nanostructured Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy

A bulk nanostructured Al-10.0Zn-2.8Mg-1.8Cu alloy was synthesized by cryomilling first and then by spark plasma sintering (SPS), and the effect of heat treatment on the microstructures and mechanical properties of this alloy were studied. Most MgZn₂ particles with a coarse size lie on the grain boundaries of the SPS-processed sample. After solid solution and artificial aging, fine spherical-like MgZn₂ particles precipitate uniformly in the grain interiors. No obvious grain growth is found after the heat treatment. A nanoindentation study indicates that no clear change is found in the Yong's modulus of the nanostructured alloy after the heat treatment. However, the hardness of the nanostructured alloy increases by about 33% after the heat treatment, which is attributed to the effect of precipitation-hardening.     

Nax Co2 O4陶瓷的力学弛豫和阻抗弛豫研究

 采用溶胶－凝胶法制备得到了γ-Na_x Co₂ O₄陶瓷,利用动态力学分析仪（DMA）在120～370 K和1～20 Hz的温度、频率范围内测量其内耗－温度谱,首次观测到γ-Na_x Co₂ O₄陶瓷在150 K附近的弛豫内耗峰,激活能为0.39 eV。采用高精度阻抗测量仪 (TH2816) 测量了γ-Na_x Co₂ O₄陶瓷在100～300 K,2 kHz～100 kHz的温度、频率范围内的阻抗－温度谱,观测到室温以下的阻抗弛豫峰,其激活能为0.13 eV,阻抗弛豫峰在外加磁场(1kGs)下向低温方向移动。这些结果表明:γ- Na_x Co₂ O₄陶瓷具有不同的力学和电学弛豫机制。     

脉冲电流对纯Si凝固组织及性能的影响

用频率为3Hz、6Hz、10Hz脉冲电流处理了纯Si熔体试样。用金相显微镜、原子力显微镜对试样进行观察,可以看出经过脉冲电流处理后的纯Si,组织及晶粒粗大化,晶界也变的越来越不明显;利用扫描电子显微镜观察试样断口形貌,经脉冲电流处理后使纯Si的脆性增强;由测得的试样的电阻率,表明经脉冲电流处理试样的电阻率比未经脉冲电流处理的试样电阻率显著降低,并且随着脉冲电流频率的增大,电阻率不断减小。     

甘肃西部马鬃山超镁铁质杂岩岩石学地球化学信息及意义

马鬃山岩体在空间上分为有成因联系的两部分，主岩体为具有环状分异特征的辉长岩岩体，中心相为辉长岩，边缘相为闪长岩．主岩体东南子岩体为橄榄二辉岩岩体．赋存于其中的岩石学和地球化学信息暗示马鬃山杂岩体形成于活动大陆边缘张裂构造环境，为应力释放期的产物，岩浆来源于具有E—MORB性质的陆下岩石圈地幔与软流圈的边界。较大程度部分熔融产生的岩浆在上升途中同化了陆壳围岩。     

含甲烷水合物多孔介质的复电阻率频散特性与模型研究

在获得3.5%Nacl溶液-海砂-甲烷水合物体系阻抗谱参数的基础下,通过计算得到了该体系的复电阻率数据,分析了复电阻率参数的频散特性以及水合物饱和度对其频散特性的影响,进而建立了复电阻率模型。结果表明：在0.1 Hz~1 MHz测试频率范围内,含甲烷水合物多孔介质的复电阻率存在明显频散现象;甲烷水合物饱和度与复电阻率频散特征参数密切相关,饱和度越小复电阻率频散特性越显著,当测试频率范围为0.1 Hz~10 Hz时,复电阻率幅值、实部和虚部与测试频率在双对数坐标系下成线性关系,其斜率的绝对值与水合物饱和度之间成递减的近似线性关系,而当测试频率范围为10 Hz~1 MHz时,复电阻率幅值和实部的频散度与水合物饱和度符合递减的近似线性关系;在本研究的测试条件下,含水合物多孔介质体系的阻抗谱可以用电阻和电容的串联等效电路模型来拟合,基于此建立的复电阻率模型可用来计算水合物饱和度。     

提高阻抗管测量频率上限的研究

提出了一种提高阻抗管测量频率上限的新方法.该方法针对表面阻抗均匀的材料,通过对管道内高次模式声波的分解和测量,拾取对应于法向的入射波与反射波的(0,0)模式,获得法向吸声系数和法向声阻抗率,从而使测量不再受管道截止频率的限制,大幅度提高管道内测量的频率上限.介绍了利用单传声器轴向传动获取信号,在同济大学直立式阻抗管内进行的材料声学特性的测量.结果表明,阻抗管原有的截止频率为280Hz,采用提出的测试方法,可使测量频率上限提高到2 000Hz及以上.