氧化锌矿物浸出渣中铅、锶的提取及动力学分析

NH₄HCO₃ conversion followed by HCl leaching was performed and proven to be effective in extracting Pb and Sr from zinc extracted residual. The mechanism and operating conditions of NH₄HCO₃ conversion, including molar ratio of NH₄HCO₃ to zinc extracted residual, NH₄HCO₃ concentration, conversion temperature, conversion time, and stirring velocity, were discussed, and operating conditions were optimized by the orthogonal test. Experimental results indicate that NH₄HCO₃ conversion at temperatures ranging from 25 to 85°C follows the shrinking unreacted core model and is controlled by inner diffusion through the product layer. The extraction ratios of Pb and Sr under optimized conditions reached 85.15% and 87.08%, respectively. Moreover, the apparent activation energies of Pb and Sr were 13.85 and 13.67 kJ·mol?1, respectively.     

皮秒Nd:YAG激光对生物金属纯Ti和Ti–13Nb–13Zr合金的表面改性

The effects of picosecond Nd:YAG laser irradiation on chemical and morphological surface characteristics of the commercially pure titanium and Ti–13Nb–13Zr alloy in air and argon atmospheres were studied under different laser output energy values. During the interaction of laser irradiation with the investigated materials, a part of the energy was absorbed on the target surface, influencing surface modifications. Laser beam interaction with the target surface resulted in various morphological alterations, resulting in crater formation and the presence of microcracks and hydrodynamic structures. Moreover, different chemical changes were induced on the target materials’ surfaces, resulting in the titanium oxide formation in the irradiation-affected area and consequently increasing the irradiation energy absorption. Given the high energy absorption at the site of interaction, the dimensions of the surface damaged area increased. Consequently, surface roughness increased. The appearance of surface oxides also led to the increased material hardness in the surface-modified area. Observed chemical and morphological changes were pronounced after laser irradiation of the Ti–13Nb–13Zr alloy surface.     

基于响应曲面法的铁焦冶金性能多目标协同优化

Iron carbon agglomerates (ICA) are used to realize low-carbon blast furnace ironmaking. In this study, the central composite design based on response surface methodology was used to synergistically optimize the compressive strength, reactivity, and post-reaction strength of ICA. Results show that the iron ore addition ratio significantly influences the compressive strength, reactivity, and post-reaction strength of ICA. The iron ore addition ratio and carbonization temperature or the iron ore addition ratio and carbonization time exert significant interaction effects on the compressive strength and reactivity of ICA, but it has no interaction effects on the post-reaction strength of ICA. In addition, the optimal process parameters are as follows: iron ore addition ratio of 15.30wt%, carbonization temperature of 1000°C, and carbonization time of 4.27 h. The model prediction results of compressive strength, reactivity, and post-reaction strength are 4026 N, 55.03%, and 38.24%, respectively, which are close to the experimental results and further verify the accuracy and reliability of the models.     

汽车用废弃锂离子电池的减量化、再生及回收研究进展

The demand for Li-ion batteries (LIBs) for vehicles is increasing. However, LIBs use valuable rare metals, such as Co and Li, as well as environmentally toxic reagents. LIBs are also necessary to utilize for a long period and to recycle useful materials. The reduction, reuse, and recycle (3R) of spent LIBs is an important consideration in constructing a circular economy. In this paper, a flowsheet of the 3R of LIBs is proposed and methods to reduce the utilization of valuable rare metals and the amount of spent LIBs by remanufacturing used parts and designing new batteries considering the concept of 3R are described. Next, several technological processes for the reuse and recycling of LIBs are introduced. These technologies include discharge, sorting, crushing, binder removal, physical separation, and pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical processing. Each process, as well as the related physical, chemical, and biological treatments, are discussed. Finally, the problem of developed technologies and future subjects for 3R of LIBs are described.     

传统加热和微波加热下氧化锰矿的碳热还原行为研究

For the purpose of exploring a potential process to produce FeMn, the effects of microwave heating on the carbothermal reduction characteristics of oxidized Mn ore was investigated. The microwave heating curve of the mixture of oxidized Mn ore and coke was analyzed in association with the characterization of dielectric properties. The comparative experiments were conducted on the carbothermal reductions through conventional and microwave heatings at temperatures ranging from 973 to 1373 K. The thermogravimetric analysis showed that carbothermal reactions under microwave heating proceeded to a greater extent and at a faster pace compared with those under conventional heating. The metal phases were observed in the microstructures only under microwave heating. The carbothermal reduction process under microwave heating was discussed. The electric and magnetic susceptibility differences were introduced into the thermodynamics analysis for the formation of metal Mn. The developed thermodynamics considered that microwave heating could make the reduction of MnO to Mn more accessible and increase the reduction extent.     

机械合金化法制备的Cu/SiC纳米复合材料的组织、热性能和力学性能评估

Nano-sized silicon carbide (SiC: 0wt%, 1wt%, 2wt%, 4wt%, and 8wt%) reinforced copper (Cu) matrix nanocomposites were manufactured, pressed, and sintered at 775 and 875°C in an argon atmosphere. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy were performed to characterize the microstructural evolution. The density, thermal expansion, mechanical, and electrical properties were studied. XRD analyses showed that with increasing SiC content, the microstrain and dislocation density increased, while the crystal size decreased. The coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of the nanocomposites was less than that of the Cu matrix. The improvement in the CTE with increasing sintering temperature may be because of densification of the microstructure. Moreover, the mechanical properties of these nanocomposites showed noticeable enhancements with the addition of SiC and sintering temperatures, where the microhardness and apparent strengthening efficiency of nanocomposites containing 8wt% SiC and sintered at 875°C were 958.7 MPa and 1.07 vol%?1, respectively. The electrical conductivity of the sample slightly decreased with additional SiC and increased with sintering temperature. The prepared Cu/SiC nanocomposites possessed good electrical conductivity, high thermal stability, and excellent mechanical properties.     

空冷条件下钛渣颗粒的氧化路径及氧化动力学

The oxidation pathway and kinetics of titania slag powders in air were analyzed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) andthermogravimetry (TG). The oxidation pathway of titania slag powder in air was divided into three stages according to their three exothermic peaks and three corresponding mass gain stages indicated by the respective non-isothermal DSC and TG curves. The isothermal oxidation kin-etics of high titania slag powders of different sizes were analyzed using the ln-ln analysis method. The results revealed that the entire isotherm-al oxidation process comprises two stages. The kinetic mechanism of the first stage can be described as f (α)=1.77 (1?α) [?ln (1?α)](1.77?1)/1.77 , f (α)=1.97 (1?α) [?ln (1?α)](1.97?1)/1.97 , and f (α)=1.18 (1?α) [?ln (1?α)](1.18?1)/1.18 . The kinetic mechanism of the second stage for all samples can be described as f (α)=1.5(1?α)2/3[1?(1?α)1/3]?1 . The activation energies of titania slag powders with different sizes (d1 < 0.075 mm, 0.125 mm < d2 < 0.150 mm, and 0.425 mm < d3 < 0.600 mm) for different reaction degrees were calculated. For the given experimental conditions, the rate-controlling step in the first oxidation stage of all the samples is a chemical reaction. The rate-controlling steps of the second oxidation stage are a chemical reaction and internal diffusion (for powders d1 < 0.075 mm) and internal diffusion (for powders 0.125 mm < d2 <0.150 mm and 0.425 mm < d3 < 0.600 mm).     

烧结铁矿中FeO含量对其在富氢高炉中还原行为的影响

Japan started the national project “COURSE 50” for CO₂ reduction in the 2000s. This project aimed to establish novel technologies to reduce CO₂ emissions with partially utilization of hydrogen in blast furnace-based ironmaking by 30% by around 2030 and use it for practical applications by 2050. The idea is that instead of coke, hydrogen is used as the reducing agent, leading to lower fossil fuel consumption in the process. It has been reported that the reduction behavior of hematite, magnetite, calcium ferrite, and slag in the sinter is different, and it is also considerably influenced by the sinter morphology. This study aimed to investigate the reduction behavior of sinters in hydrogen enriched blast furnace with different mineral morphologies in CO–CO₂–H₂ mixed gas. As an experimental sample, two sinter samples with significantly different hematite and magnetite ratios were prepared to compare their reduction behaviors. The reduction of wustite to iron was carried out at 1000, 900, and 800°C in a CO–CO₂–H₂ atmosphere for the mineral morphology-controlled sinter, and the following findings were obtained. The reduction rate of smaller amount of FeO led to faster increase of the reduction rate curve at the initial stage of reduction. Macro-observations of reduced samples showed that the reaction proceeded from the outer periphery of the sample toward the inside, and a reaction interface was observed where reduced iron and wustite coexisted. Micro-observations revealed three layers, namely, wustite single phase in the center zone of the sample, iron single phase in the outer periphery zone of the sample, and iron oxide-derived wustite FeO and iron, or calcium ferrite-derived wustite 'FeO' and iron in the reaction interface zone. A two-interface unreacted core model was successfully applied for the kinetic analysis of the reduction reaction, and obtained temperature dependent expressions of the chemical reaction coefficients from each mineral phases.     

Mg和La对Ca–Ti 处理钢中夹杂物演变和组织的影响

The evolution of inclusions and the formation of acicular ferrite (AF) in Ca–Ti treated steel was systematically investigated after Mg and La addition. The inclusions in the molten steel were Ca–Al–O, Ca–Al–Mg–O, and La–Mg–Ca–Al–O after Ca, Mg, and La addition, respectively. The type of oxide inclusion in the final quenched samples was the same as that in the molten steel. However, unlike those in molten steel, the inclusions were Ca–Al–Ti–O + MnS, Ca–Mg–Al–Ti–O + MnS, and La–Ca–Mg–Al–Ti–O + MnS in Mg-free, Mg-containing, and La-containing samples, respectively. The inclusions distributed dispersedly in the La-containing sample. In addition, the average size of the inclusions in the La-containing sample was the smallest, while the number density of inclusions was the highest. The size of effective inclusions (nucleus of AF formation) was mainly in the range of 1–3 μm. In addition, the content of ferrite side plates (FSP) decreased, while the percentage of AF increased by 16.2% due to the increase in the number of effective inclusions in the La-containing sample in this study.     

铁酸锌焙烧后的还原行为及氨浸特性

A novel method for recovering zinc from zinc ferrite by reduction roasting–ammonia leaching was studied in this paper. The reduction thermodynamic of zinc ferrite by CO was analyzed. The effects of roasting parameters on the phase transformation and conversion rate of zinc ferrite, and the leaching behavior of zinc from the reductive roasted samples by ammonia leaching, were experimentally investigated. The mineralogical phase compositions and chemical compositions of the samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction and chemical titration methods, respectively. The results showed that most of the zinc ferrite was transformed to zinc oxide and magnetite after weak reduction roasting. 86.43% of the zinc ferrite was transformed to zinc oxide under the optimum conditions: CO partial pressure of 25%, roasting temperature of 750°C, and roasting duration of 45 min. Finally, under the optimal leaching conditions, 78.12% of zinc was leached into the solution from the roasted zinc ferrite while all iron-bearing materials were kept in the leaching residue. The leaching conditions are listed as follows: leaching duration of 90 min, ammonia solution with 6 mol/L concentration, leaching temperature of 50°C, solid-to-liquid ratio of 40 g/L, and stirring speed of 200 r/min.     

超声包合法分离测定重质油中链烷烃和环烷烃

重质油中链烷烃与环烷烃的分离分析是烃类分析的难点,本文将超声波技术与尿素、硫脲包合法相结合,对大庆减压馏分油进行了链烷烃和环烷烃的分离试验,并用GC/MS和NMR对分离后的组分进行了研究.当活化剂异丙醇与油样品的质量比为7.5、包合反应温度为38~43℃时,5次重复试验测得链烷烃和环烷烃的平均质量分数分别为46.56%和41.88%,相对标准偏差分别为0.7%和0.51%.链烷烃中正构烷烃的碳数分布为C20—C38,其中环烷烃的含量低于NMR的检测限,环烷烃的总离子流色谱图显示出其中的链烷烃含量很低.研究结果表明超声波对尿素、硫脲包合反应有明显的促进作用,能显著地提高重质油中链烷烃和环烷烃的分离效果,该方法测定重质油中链烷烃和环烷烃的含量准确度高、重复性好.     

Evolution of plant reproduction: From fusion and dispersal to interaction and communication

Based on the existing data concerning the evolution of the sexual reproduction, it is argued that the processes of sex differentiation and interactions play a key role in evolution. From the beginning environment and organism are unified. In a changing dynamic environment life originates and the interaction between life and environment develops from simple to more complex organisms. Sexual reproduction is introduced after the origin of meiosis and is a key process in evolution. The asexual reproduction process prepares to dispersal. Sexual reproduction process adds the genome renewal and the gamete-gamete interaction. Reproduction and dispersal are connected and the process of reproduction has similarities between asexual and sexual reproduction. Unicellular algae develop the physiological and morphological sex differentiation. Sex differentiation is connected with the way of dispersal. The step to multicellular plants introduces cell isolation after meiosis and by the stay on the mother plant within a cell or organ, plant-cell apoplastic interaction originates and by prolonged stay the plant-plant interaction. This stay influences the type of dispersal. A life cycle with alternation of generations and two moments of dispersal permits plants to go on land. In ferns a shift in the moment of sex differentiation to meiospore happens and the stay of the macrospore leads to the seed plants. In water all types of sexual reproduction, interactions and the alternation of generations are prepared and these are used to conquest land. On land the biotic dispersal is realized. The phylogeny of sexual reproduction reveals that the sex differentiation and interaction are the main causes in the evolution of sexual reproduction. Sexual reproduction shows interactions during gamete fusion, between organism and environment and in multicellular plants between organisms. With respect to other types of interaction as in symbiosis or the nutrient chain, interaction is considered as an important action which is based on a persisting cooperation and points to a push during evolution. The push is expressed as communication： the driving force in the evolution. Based on the interactions between organisms and interactions between organisms and the dynamic environment, communication is considered as a driving force leading to the evolution as explained in the development of plant reproduction. Consequences for reproduction, its regulation and the process of evolution are discussed.     

美国地缘环境解析及其对中国的启示

 基于地缘环境理论，构建了地缘环境解析框架，从地理环境、地缘关系、地缘结构和地缘空间4个层次对美国地缘环境的动态变化进行了系统的解析。地理环境赋予美国有利的地理位置、优越的地理条件、绝对的地缘优势和拥有世界权力的可能。美国的地缘关系在其发展过程中呈现出对抗、竞争、合作、同盟等多种形式。地缘结构具有重要功能，倒三角结构、多极结构、两极结构、一超多强结构带给美国地缘政治、地缘经济、地缘文化等方面的地位、权力和利益，美国面对中国崛起的地缘理念结构亟需更新。美国主要的地缘空间横跨北美洲、亚洲及欧洲，可划分为腹地、核心地缘空间、海洋地缘空间和外围地缘支点。进入21世纪，美国的国内、国际环境正在发生深刻变化，其对外关系与地缘战略也呈现出新一轮的变动和调整，以适应新的地缘环境。中国在和平崛起过程中可以通过建设潜在的印度洋通道、构建互利共赢的“朋友圈”、制定自身发展的地缘战略等手段积极塑造自身的地缘环境，破解错综复杂的地缘环境问题，维护中国地缘安全。     

Genetic consequences of postglacial colonization by the endemic Yarkand hare （Lepus yarkandensis） of the arid Tarim Basin

Orogenesis of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,which occurred in a stepwise manner,contributed to the extreme aridity of the Tarim Basin,resulting in vulnerable and unstable ecosystems.Quaternary climatic oscillations may have affected the ecosystems and,consequently,the distributions and genetic structuring of the Tarim Basin’s biota.We used nucleotide sequence data from 2 mitochondrial (mt) DNA genes (Cyt b and the D-loop) to test hypotheses associated with the matrilineal and demographical histories of the Tarim Basin’s endemic Yarkand hare (Lepus yarkandensis).Range-wide sampling involving 20 populations and 224 individuals detected 126 haplotypes that clustered into 5 major lineages in both the phylogenetic tree and median-joining network.Populations from the northern and eastern Tarim Basin shared a similar history,as did those from the western and southern regions.Demographical analysis and genetic diversity estimations suggested that the western and southern regions might have served as glacial refugia for the Yarkand hare during Quaternary climatic oscillations.The distribution of the Yarkand hare,especially in the northern and eastern parts,probably represented 3 postglacial colonization events,dated to 0.21,0.090 and 0.054 MYA,which corresponded to known interglacial periods.Given the relatively complete geographic isolation between the eastern and southern populations,the Yarkand hare likely dispersed during postglacial periods from the southwest to the north,and then onward to the east.The absence of water likely forced the species into refugia,and this differed from other Pleistocene biogeographical drivers.The demographical and historical patterns have important implications for conservation.     

木竹的花器官形态与解剖结构研究

【目的】竹类植物极少开花。以箣竹属竹种木竹(Bambusa rutila)的花器官为研究对象,对木竹的花器官形态以及解剖结构特征进行系统的观察与描述,为竹类植物的分类学及生殖生物学研究提供新的理论信息。【方法】选择木竹不同发育阶段的小穗和小花为实验材料,采用外观形态观察结合石蜡制片的方法,对小穗与小花进行解剖结构观察,研究木竹花器官各部分的形态与解剖发育过程。【结果】木竹结实率极低。成熟小穗均长4.756 cm,宽4.0~5.0 mm。小穗顶生或腋生,每个小穗约含5~12朵小花,基部小花先开放,开花顺序由形态学的下端向上端依次开花,顶端的小花通常败育,小穗基部具潜伏芽。完整小花包括外稃1枚、内稃1枚、浆片3枚,雄蕊6枚和雌蕊1枚构成,成熟的小穗苞片与外稃尖端呈紫红色。木竹的小花为开放型小花,属于雌雄异位、雌雄同熟型。开放时花丝伸长,花药悬垂于小穗外,成熟的花药长6.0~6.5 mm,异花授粉。浆片呈卵圆形,半透明状上部具流苏状纤毛,偏紫红色,大小接近。雌蕊子房具棱,长2.5~3.0 mm,上部具绒毛,花柱短,柱头长,羽毛状3分枝柱头,呈紫红色。花药在进入减数分裂前的阶段发育同步,但减数分裂并不同步,出现二分体和四分体共存于同一花药室的情况。木竹的小孢子母细胞减数分裂过程中,四分体的排列方式为左右对称型,分裂方式为连续型。次生造孢细胞阶段,花药壁由外到内依次为表皮、药室内壁、中层和绒毡层,各由1层细胞组成,细胞质浓厚,细胞核显著,部分绒毡层细胞具有双核现象。次生造孢细胞时期,细胞排列紧密,细胞质浓厚,细胞核较大,核仁显著。造孢组织细胞发生游离,进入小孢子母细胞时期,花药壁中层细胞消失,药室空间增大。花药成熟后,花药壁仅有表皮和纤维层,绒毡层退化。成熟花粉粒为2细胞型。雄蕊的败育包括两种类型,第1种类型花药壁发育异常,第2种类型花粉粒发育异常。子房1室,双珠被,倒生胚珠,侧膜胎座,胚囊发育正常。【结论】木竹小穗属于混合花序,木竹花药很容易见到花粉粒败育,子房虽然发育正常,但多数都未受精,这可能是导致木竹结实率低的主要原因。     

不同温度环境下加肋土工膜与砂土界面拉拔试验的颗粒流数值模拟

为了研究垃圾填埋场衬垫系统中加肋土工膜与砂土界面特性, 通过对比室内拉拔试验, 运用离散单元法的二维颗粒流程序(2D particle flow code, PFC$^{\rm 2D})$, 模拟了不同加肋高度和温度组合下的加肋土工膜与砂土界面拉拔试验, 得到了加肋土工膜与砂土界面的宏观应力-应变曲线、细观颗粒间位移场和应力场的变化规律. 研究结果表明: 加肋土工膜与砂土界面的拉拔应力明显优于光面土工膜($h=0$ mm)与砂土界面; 界面极限拉拔应力随着加肋高度的增加而增大, 随着温度的升高而减小; 界面摩擦系数随着温度的升高而减小. 还从细观角度(颗粒位移和内部接触力)模拟研究了加肋土工膜与砂土界面拉拔试验. 研究结果表明: 加肋土工膜与砂土界面附近砂土颗粒的位移较大, 颗粒整体向左上方移动, 而肋块后部上方的砂土由于法向应力作用向下运动; 随着温度的升高或者加肋高度的减小, 加肋土工膜与砂土界面附近的颗粒位移变大, 稳定性变差; 拉拔模型内部左侧的接触力较大, 加肋土工膜附近的接触力也较大, 并向上下两边逐渐减小; 随着加肋高度的增加或者温度的降低, 加肋土工膜与砂土界面附近土体内部的接触力明显增大. 研究结果从宏观到细观较全面地描述了加肋土工膜与砂土界面拉拔试验的全过程.     

基于ArcEngine的县域地质灾害数据采集与分析系统

 以野外调查及灾害特征分析为基础,综合GIS技术、数据库技术与多源数据整合技术应用于县域地质灾害数据采集与分析,基本解决区域地质灾害调查信息化的瓶颈问题。将基础地理数据、灾害点特征数据、相关多媒体数据等异构数据源进行标准化处理,规定空间数据和灾害特征数据连接的各种关系,建立了基于SQL Server的ArcSDE Geodatabase地质灾害专题数据库。以VS.NET(C#)和ArcEngine作为可视化开发工具与GIS开发平台,实现了县域地质灾害数据采集与分析系统相关功能模块及软件的设计与编制。此系统包括灾害信息的录入编辑、查询统计、分析评价、制图输出等功能,为野外灾害数据快速采集与科学管理提供了基础计算机平台。     

四川省牛肉加工产业发展技术研究

牛肉生产和消费在肉类产业中占有重要地位.发达国家牛肉加工完全融入现代工业化体系,技术和装备居于全球肉类产业中领先水平.四川省在牛肉制品加工上产品众多、历史悠久,近20年来产业技术水平、设备装置和加工规模化也得到长足进步,但也存在原料生产无法满足加工和消费需求,加工企业的规模小,技术水平不高,产品开发严重滞后等不足.未来的发展重点在于:首先,优质牛肉原料的生产,通过现代质量安全控制技术的应用,构建原料生产、精深加工和产品贮运流通质量安全控制可追溯体系;其次,应用现代技术和装备提升传统产品品质和安全性,推进适应市场发展需求的传统川菜特色牛肉菜肴的预调理和标准化、优质化,以及屠宰副产物的高效环保和联产节能利用;第三,积极引进西式技术和产品,满足市场对高档牛肉产品的不断发展需求,并通过相关先进技术的引进和配套,促进传统产品的现代化加工.     

南北甜高粱主要性状比较研究

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