Making antibody fragments using phage display libraries

To by-pass hybridoma technology and animal immunization, we are trying to build antibodies in bacteria by mimicking features of immune selection. Recently we used fd phage to display antibody fragments fused to a minor coat protein, allowing enrichment of phage with antigen. Using a random combinatorial library of the rearranged heavy (VH) and kappa (V kappa) light chains from mice immune to the hapten 2-phenyloxazol-5-one (phOx), we have now displayed diverse libraries of antibody fragments on the surface of fd phage. After a single pass over a hapten affinity column, fd phage with a range of phOx binding activities were detected, at least one with high affinity (dissociation constant, Kd = 10(-8) M). A second pass enriched for the strong binders at the expense of the weak. The binders were encoded by V genes similar to those found in anti-phOx hybridomas but in promiscuous combinations (where the same V gene is found with several different partners). By combining a promiscuous VH or V kappa gene with diverse repertoires of partners to create hierarchical libraries, we elicited many more pairings with strong binding activities. Phage display offers new ways of making antibodies from V-gene libraries, altering V-domain pairings and selecting for antibodies with good affinities.     

噬菌体筛选技术筛选与联萘酚(BINOL)相结合的抗体

利用噬菌体展示技术筛选只结合1种对应体的BINOL抗体,建立人类单链抗体(scFv)噬菌体文库--Griffin.1文库,以固相化抗原淘筛抗体库,ELISA鉴定噬菌体抗体.从经过4轮富集的次级抗体库中挑选到噬菌体克隆,用该克隆制备的单链抗体阳性克隆,经ELISA证实具有良好的抗原特异性.从人类scFv噬菌体文库中获得抗BINOL的特异性抗体.     

噬菌体显示抗乳腺癌单链抗体的基因克隆和筛选

克隆和连接乳腺癌杂交瘤单克隆抗体的轻、重链可变区基因，构建该单链抗体的噬菌体显示系统，经严格的相关肿瘤细胞株的固相细胞正负筛选和多步液相结合-洗脱细胞筛选，得到特异性高、亲和力强的单链抗体基因，用于进一步构建重组免疫毒素，为临床乳腺癌和生物靶向治疗奠定基础.     

应用噬菌体随机肽库研究抗溶藻弧菌及其外膜蛋白单抗识别的特异性表位

用噬菌体随机七肽库筛选制备的抗溶藻弧菌及其外膜蛋白的纯化单抗，经3轮淘洗，获得较高程度富集的噬菌体，效价较高，第3轮淘洗比第1轮淘洗的产量高出近百倍。同时获得的阳性噬菌体经ELISA检测能与Va抗原发生强的阳性反应，确证了淘洗筛选的结果。     

一株新型溶藻弧菌噬菌体φV039C的生物学特性和全基因组分析

对一株溶藻弧菌噬菌体φV039C进行了生物学特性和全基因组序列的研究。经透射电镜观察可见,噬菌体φV039C头部为正廿面体结构,直径58.9 nm,具长105.2 nm的尾部;采用双层平板法检测,其最佳感染复数为0.1;通过一步生长曲线计算可得,噬菌体φV039C的潜伏期为20 min,爆发期为10 min,裂解量为163 pfu/cell;利用第三代单分子测序平台进行全基因组测序分析,其基因组全长43 405 bp,G+C含量为42.95%,74个开放阅读框（ORF）主要为噬菌体的结构、DNA复制和裂解有关的基因;在NCBI数据库中进行基因组比对,发现与其最接近的长尾噬菌体科的溶藻弧菌噬菌体NF和副溶血弧菌噬菌体Seahorse的覆盖率仅为11%（覆盖区域的相似度分别为92.2%和93.3%）,此外,基于裂解酶构建的系统进化树也表明,φV039C与二者处于距离最近的分支。由此得出,溶藻弧菌噬菌体φV039C是一株新型的噬菌体,分类上应归属有尾噬菌体目长尾噬菌体科。     

A Co—expression System Based on Phage and Phagemid to Select Cognate Antibody—antigen Pairs in vivo

A modified selectively-infective phage(SIP) is developed to facilitate the selection of interacting antibody-antigen paris from a large single-chan antibody(scFv)library in vivo.The system is constructed with a modified helper phage M13KO7 and phagemid pCANTAB 5E.The antigen fused to the C-terminal of N1-N2 domain and the scFv to the N-terminal of CT domain of the gIIIp of filamentous phage are encoded on the phage and phagemid vectors respectively.The phages produced by co-transformants restore infectivity via interaction between antigen and antibody fusions in the cell periplasm.In a model system,the scFv fragment of the anti-hemagglutinin 17/9 antibody and its corresponding antigen are detected in the presence of a 10^5 fold excess of a non-interacting cotrol paris,which demonstrates this system to be very sensitive and facile to screen a large single-chain antibody library.     

Thymic selection process induced by hybrid antibodies

Thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes using the alpha beta T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) recognize fragmented antigen in conjunction with surface molecules encoded by genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Peripheral T lymphocytes preferentially see antigen presented by self rather than by foreign MHC molecules, and autoreactive T lymphocytes are deleted. Thus, the peripheral T-lymphocyte repertoire is skewed towards recognition of antigen in the context of self-MHC and towards tolerance to self-antigens. During T-lymphocyte development in the thymus, this repertoire is formed by the interaction of TCR with MHC molecules resulting in positive and negative selection phenomena. Hybrid antibodies (HAbs) that carry binding sites to the TCR and to a surface marker on another cell can engage all T lymphocytes regardless of their specificity. It should be possible to mimic selection processes in normal animals with HAb that specifically link members of a TCR family to MHC molecules on the thymic stroma. We have probed T-lymphocyte development with HAbs linking V beta 8-positive TCR to either class I or class II MHC products in thymic organ culture. Thymocytes exposed to either HAb in an early stage of maturation respond with a significant increase in the frequency of V beta 8-carrying cells. At a later stage of development V beta 8-positive thymocytes are depleted. These results illustrate the succession of positive and negative selection in the developing thymus of normal mice.     

多肽的表面展示与结构库

表面展示是一种新的基因操作技术,它使表达的多肽以融合蛋白形式展现在噬菌体或细胞表面,保持相对独立的空间结构和生物活性。该技术可用于研究多肽(蛋白质)的性质、相互识别和作用,并据此从巨大展示库中选择特定靶功能的多肽结构。常用丝状噬菌体、T₄噬菌体、λ噬菌体以及细胞构建表面展示系统。表面展示库包括重组噬菌体抗体库、随机短肽库、多肽构象库、cDNA展示库和基因突变体展示库。表面展示技术可用于人工抗体和疫苗的制备、抗原决定簇的定位、蛋白质相互作用位点的确定、特异调节分子的分离、细胞表面工程的研究、多肽药物的研制,以及生物分子实验定向进化等研究。     

Antigen-specific interaction between T and B cells

It is well known that B cells require T-cell help to produce specific antibody. Classic experiments suggested that antigen-specific helper T cells interact with antigen-specific B cells via an antigen 'bridge', the B cells binding to one determinant on an antigen molecule (the 'hapten'), while the T cells at the same time recognize another determinant (the 'carrier'). T-helper cells bind specifically to antigen-presenting cells (APC), which have picked up and processed the appropriate antigen, and this interaction, like the interaction of T-helper cells with specific B cells, is restricted by products encoded by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Whereas conventional APC such as macrophages display no binding specificity for antigen, B cells have clonally distributed antigen-specific surface immunoglobulin receptors which would be expected to enhance their capacity to present antigen to T cells. These findings are difficult to reconcile with the simple 'antigen bridge' mechanism of interaction, because it is hard to visualize how the bimolecular complex (processed antigen plus MHC molecule) on the APC surface can resemble the trimolecular complex (antigen bound to surface immunoglobulin plus MHC molecule) on the B-cell surface. To address this problem, we have cloned and immortalized human antigen-specific B cells with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and analysed their interaction with T-cell clones specific for the same antigen. We report here that surface immunoglobulin is indeed involved in the uptake and concentration of antigen, allowing specific B cells to present antigen to T cells with very high efficiency. However, the antigen must first be internalized and processed by specific B cells and it is then presented to T cells in an MHC-restricted manner indistinguishable from that characteristic of conventional APC.     

小鼠噬菌体抗体库的构建和N-肽结合单链抗体的筛选

成功构建一库容量为1.7×10⁸的小鼠噬菌体抗体库,并从中淘选出对N-肽有结合活性的单链抗体。首先从未免疫小鼠的脾脏中提取总RNA,分离出mRNA,经逆转录合成其总cDNA。随后通过PCR分别扩增出抗体重链和轻链可变区V_H、V_L的基因片断,再经重组PCR将两片断由一编码(Gly₄Ser)₃十五肽的接头连在一起,并克隆到噬菌质粒pCANTAB 5E中,电击转化大肠杆菌TG1。经辅助噬菌体M13KO7超感染回收全部重组噬菌体,此即噬菌体抗体库。N-肽是一种新发现的神经肽,其N端与阿片肽高度同源,可与阿片肽受体相互作用。对其研究可能有助于了解成瘾机制和有临床应用价值。将生物素化的N-肽与抗体库相互作用,用偶联有链霉亲和素的磁珠富集与N-肽结合的重组噬菌体,经四轮淘选,得到亲和力较高的单链抗体。     

Functional and molecular organisation of an antigen-specific suppressor factor from a T-cell hybridoma

Thymus-dependent (T) lymphocytes have been shown to have antigen specificity. The antigen receptor on T lymphocytes, in contrast to that on B lymphocytes, does not appear to be of the conventional immunoglobulin (Ig) type. Studies on the antigen-specific factors derived from helper and suppressor T cells (Ts) demonstrated that they possess determinants with antigen binding affinity and products of genes in the H-2 complex (MHC). Furthermore, antibodies against the variable region of Ig heavy chains or idiotypes have been shown to react with T-cell antigen receptors as well as antigen-specific helper and suppressor T-cell factors (TsF). It is, therefore, conceivable that at least two gene products are involved in the structural entity of these receptors: one each coded for by genes in either. To establish the molecular nature of the recognition component of T cells we have used homogeneous TsF from a T-cell hybridoma with a specific function. We report here that the antigen binding and I-J coded molecules on TsF are independently synthesised in the cytoplasm, and are secreted as an associated form of the two molecules; this association is required for antigen-specific suppression of antibody response.     

Drastic change in idiotypic but not antigen-binding specificity of an antibody by a single amino-acid substitution

In proliferating B lymphocytes, somatic mutation of rearranged antibody variable (V)-region genes occurs at high frequency and may have a key role in the selection of these cells. It is of interest in this context to learn in which way single mutations can affect antigen binding and/or idiotypic specificity of an antibody. Previous investigations have analysed spontaneous mutants of myeloma and hybridoma cells in which the mutation affected the antigen-binding specificity of the antibody. Here we describe an antibody mutant that has fully retained antigen-binding specificity but has lost or drastically changed all V-region antigenic determinants (idiotopes) of the wild type as defined by monoclonal anti-idiotope antibodies. The mutant phenotype is generated by a glycine to arginine exchange in the middle of the diversity (D) element, at position 103 of the heavy chain.     

Predominant use of a V alpha gene segment in mouse T-cell receptors for cytochrome c

The T-cell receptor is a cell surface heterodimer consisting of an alpha and a beta chain that binds foreign antigen in the context of a cell surface molecule encoded by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), thus restricting the T-cell response to the surface of antigen presenting cells. The variable (V) domain of the receptor binds antigen and MHC molecules and is composed of distinct regions encoded by separate gene elements--variable (V alpha and V beta), diversity (D beta) and joining (J alpha and J beta)--rearranged and joined during T-cell differentiation to generate contiguous V alpha and V beta genes. T-helper cells, which facilitate T and B cell responses, bind antigen in the context of a class II MHC molecule. The helper T-cell response to cytochrome c in mice is a well-defined model for studying the T-cell response to restricted antigen and MHC determinants. Only mice expressing certain class II molecules can respond to this antigen (Ek alpha Ek beta, Ek alpha Eb beta, Ev alpha Ev beta and Ek alpha Es beta). Most T cells appear to recognize the C-terminal peptide of cytochrome c (residues 81-104 in pigeon cytochrome c). We have raised helper T cells to pigeon cytochrome c or its C-terminal peptide analogues in four different MHC congenic strains of mice encoding each of the four responding class II molecules. We have isolated and sequenced seven V alpha genes and six V beta genes and analysed seven additional helper T cells by Northern blot to compare the structure of the V alpha and V beta gene segments with their antigen and MHC specificities. We have added five examples taken from the literature. These data show that a single V alpha gene segment is responsible for a large part of the response of mice to cytochrome c but there is no simple correlation of MHC restriction with gene segment use.     

Filamentous phage integration requires the host recombinases XerC and XerD

Many bacteriophages and animal viruses integrate their genomes into the chromosomal DNA of their hosts as a method of promoting vertical transmission. Phages that integrate in a site-specific fashion encode an integrase enzyme that catalyses recombination between the phage and host genomes. CTX phi is a filamentous bacteriophage that contains the genes encoding cholera toxin, the principal virulence factor of the diarrhoea-causing Gram-negative bacterium Vibrio cholerae. CTX phi integrates into the V. cholerae genome in a site-specific manner; however, the approximately 6.9-kilobase (kb) CTX phi genome does not encode any protein with significant homology to known recombinases. Here we report that XerC and XerD, two chromosome-encoded recombinases that ordinarily function to resolve chromosome dimers at the dif recombination site, are essential for CTX phi integration into the V. cholerae genome. The CTX phi integration site was found to overlap with the dif site of the larger of the two V. cholerae chromosomes. Examination of sequences of the integration sites of other filamentous phages indicates that the XerCD recombinases also mediate the integration of these phage genomes at dif-like sites in various bacterial species.     

重组人源性抗HBsAg Fab抗体的特性分析

通过噬菌体展示技术从含高滴度抗乙肝表面抗原(HBsAg)抗体的人外周血淋巴细胞获得抗HBsAg Fab抗体的轻、重链基因．将Fab的轻、重链基因分别整合到巴斯德毕赤酵母(Pichua pastons)GS115菌株的染色体上，成功构建了高效分泌表达抗HBsAg Fab抗体的酵母工程菌．对酵母表达的重组Fab抗体进行了纯化，并对其相对分子质量、糖基化以及抗原结合能力等特性进行了分析，结果显示重组酵母分泌表达的重组人源性抗HBsAg Fab是一个相对分子质量为50000左右的低糖基化糖蛋白，1mg重组Fab抗体相当于40u的抗乙肝表面抗原抗体(20U／mg)．表明重组Fab抗体具有较强的结合HBsAg的能力．     

猪瘟抗体水平的实验室检测技术

利用已知的血凝抗原检测未知的血清抗体，通过将抗原吸附 (致敏 )在红血球表面，再与相应的抗体结合，红血球便出现凝集现象，不仅肉眼可见，直观性强，而且反应的敏感性也大大提高。     

Lack of heterogeneity in antihapten antibodies of a phylogenetically primitive shark

Individual mammals have the capacity to express at least one million distinct antigen binding specificities, implying a high degree of structural heterogeneity in the variable heavy and light chain (VH and VL) portions of the antibody molecules. Studies of higher vertebrate species suggest that this heterogeneity is created both through a sizeable repertoire of germ-line VH and VL genes and through random rearrangements of V and joining genes. Additional somatic mechanisms probably also contribute to the ultimate heterogeneity; one-third of murine plasmacytomas producing lambda 1 immunoglobulin carry a somatically mutated Ig1-V gene. The relative contributions of these various mechanisms to the overall imunoglobulin variability are difficult to evaluate. The production of different antibodies to a defined determinant in different individuals of an inbred mouse strain [for example, (3-iodo-4-hydroxy-5-nitrophenyl) acetyl (NIP) in CBA mice] suggests the involvement of somatic mutations or rearrangement but does not rule out the possibility that each individual CBA mouse expresses only a small random fraction from a large germ-line repertoire of V genes determining different anti-NIP binding sites. The opposite finding, that different individuals produce nearly identical antibodies to a defined determinant, would suggest the presence and expression of a limited number of germ-line genes without somatic alterations. Data presented here suggest that primitive sharks (Heterodontus fransisci) produce such antibodies to the hapten furyloxazolone.     

Organization and sequences of the variable, joining and constant region genes of the human T-cell receptor alpha-chain

An essential property of the immune system is its ability to generate great diversity in antibody and T-cell immune responses. The genetic and molecular mechanisms responsible for the generation of antibody diversity have been investigated during the past several years. The gene for the variable (V) region, which determines antigen specificity, is assembled when one member of each of the dispersed clusters of V gene segments, diversity (D) elements (for heavy chains only) and joining (J) segments are fused by DNA rearrangement. The cloning of the beta-chain of the T-cell antigen receptor revealed that the organization of the beta-chain locus, which is similar to that of immunoglobulin genes, is also composed of noncontiguous segments of V, D, J and constant (C) region genes. The structure of the alpha-chain seems to consist of a V and a C domain connected by a J segment. We report here that the human T-cell receptor alpha-chain gene consists of a number of noncontiguous V and J gene segments and a C region gene. The V region gene segment is interrupted by a single intron, whereas the C region contains four exons. The J segments, situated 5' of the C region gene, are dispersed over a distance of at least 35 kilobases (kb). Signal sequences, which are presumably involved in DNA recombination, are found next to the V and J gene segments.     

Direct role of the himA gene product in phage lambda integration

The integration of phage lambda into the Escherichia coli chromosome is accomplished by a site-specific recombination between two unique DNA sequences (attB on the bacterial genome and attP on the phage; reviewed in refs 2, 3) and requires proteins encoded by both the bacterium and the phage. Genetic and biochemical studies have shown that bacterial strains mutant in the himA gene, located at 38 min on the E. coli map, are defective in the activity of the host-encoded component. They are, moreover, defective for the growth of bacteriophage Mu, for precise excision of transposable antibiotic resistance determinants and for the synthesis of the lambda int gene product. We now show that the himA gene product (phimA) is not solely a regulator of genes involved in integration but is one of two host polypeptides required for integrative recombination.