SAPO-11分子筛在长链烷烃临氢反应中的选择效应

以磷酸、拟薄水铝石、硅溶胶为原料 ,以正二丙胺为有机模板剂 ,采用水热法合成SAPO 11分子筛。以SAPO - 11分子筛为酸性载体、以贵金属为加氢活性组分制备出了双功能催化剂。以正十二烷为模型化合物 ,在高压微型反应装置上进行了长链烷烃在Pt M/SAPO 11催化剂上的加氢异构化反应规律研究。结果表明 ,对于助剂M促进的Pt M/SAPO 11催化剂 ,当正十二烷的的转化率为 90 %时 ,异构化选择性可达到 90 %,单甲基十一烷是主要的异构化产物。     

SAPO-11中硅含量对长链烷烃加氢异构化反应的影响

合成了3个不同硅含量的SAPO－11分子筛,通过29Si MAS NMR,Py-IR,扫描电镜,N2吸附等方法对其进行表征,并用脉冲微反考察了载钯后在正十二烷加氢异构化反应中的催化性能,将表征结果与异构化性能关联,提出了与“孔口模型”不同的观点,指出SAPO－11中的较强B酸对加氢异构化反应起主要作用,为提高和改进Pd/SAPO-11催化剂的性能提供了科学依据。     

Ni/AlMCM-41催化剂上正庚烷的临氢异构化研究

合成了不同硅铝比的AlMCM-41型分子筛,并制备了Ni-AlMCM-41催化剂,以正庚烷的异构化为模型反应,在连续流动固定床反应器上考察还原温度、反应温度、Ni负载量、Si/Al等对庚烷异构化反应的影响,研究结果表明,在还原温度410℃、反应温度300℃、Ni负载量3%～4%、si/Al=20的条件下,正庚烷的转化率达到70%,其异构化选择性达到44.5%,通过表征,确定催化剂具有中孔结构、较高的比表面(氢型925.41m2/g)、规则的孔径(4.032nm)和适宜的酸性.     

Ga促进的Pt／WO3／ZrO2催化剂上正庚烷异构化

在固定床反应器上,研究Ga促进的Pt/WO3/ZrO2(Pt/WZ)催化剂上正庚烷异构化,并采用H2程序升温脱附质谱(H2TPDMS)技术研究Pt/WZ上引入Ga对H2吸附能力的影响.结果表明,引入Ga明显提高了Pt/WZ催化剂上正庚烷异构化反应的活性;随反应温度的升高,正庚烷异构化反应转化率增大,反应6h以内,该系列催化剂不失活;体积空速1.0h-1,氢油摩尔比14时,Ga的质量分数1.0%的Pt/GWZ催化剂上,正庚烷转化率和异庚烷选择性达到最佳值,分别为81.5%和93.6%.H2TPDMS结果表明,引入Ga提高了Pt/WZ催化剂对H2的吸附能力,有利于提高该催化剂上正庚烷异构化反应活性.     

Pt（Pd）／SAPO-11的正庚烷临氢异构化反应特性

研究了正庚烷在Pt（Pd）／SAPO-11催化剂上的临氢异构化反应性能。结果表明,在相同贵金属含量时,Pt／SAPO-11催化剂的正庚烷转化率高于Pd／SAPO-11催化剂。而且,Pt或Pd两种贵金属的含量对正庚烷临氢异构化反应性能的影响规律相似。正庚烷转化率随着贵金属含量的增加而增加;贵金属含量在0．1%-0．4％时,Pt（Pd）／SAPO-11两种催化剂的临氢异构化反应中,异构烷烃的选择性与转化率的关系曲线基本重合。最后根据产物分布提出了可能的反应网络。     

SAPO—11分子筛在长链烷烃临氢反应中的选择效应

以磷酸、拟薄水铝石、硅溶胶为原料，以正二丙胺为有机模板剂，采用水热法合成SAPO-11分子筛。以SAPO-11分子筛为酸性载体、以贵金属为加氢活性组分制备出了双功能催化剂。以正十二烷为模型桦合物，在高压微型反应装置上进行了长链烷烃在Pt-M/SAPO-11催化剂上的加氢异构化反应规律研究。结果表明，对于助剂M促进的Pt-M/SAPO-11催化剂，当正十二烷的转化率为90%时，异构化选择性可达到90%，单甲基十一烷是主要的异构化产物。     

改性Pt/HY分子筛催化剂的正庚烷临氢异构化反应性能研究

采用机械混合法，利用ZrO2和WOx／ZrO2对Pt／HY分子筛进行了改性，考察了改性催化剂Pt/Zr—HY和Pt／WZr—HY上的正庚烷临氢异构化反应性能，探讨了改性催化剂影响催化反应活性和异构化选择性的原因。结果表明，改性后的Pt／HY催化剂，在反应活性下降的同时，异构化选择性显著提高，且异构化产物向裂解产物的转化温度明显提高，其中Pt／WZr—HY催化剂的这一效果尤为显著。但改性并不改变反应历程。同时改性也使：HY的酸量明显减少，酸强度改变，造成转化率减少及异构化选择性增大。     

杂原子MnAlβ分子筛负载Pt双功能催化剂的正庚烷临氢异构化性能

采用静态水热法合成一系列Mn骨架改性的杂原子β分子筛,将其作为载体通过浸渍法负载Pt制备双功能催化剂,用X线衍射(XRD)、比表面积测定(BET)、电感耦合等离子发射光谱(ICP)、NH3程序升温脱附(NH3-TPD)、CO-化学吸附等手段对催化剂进行表征,并在常压固定床反应器上考察催化剂的正庚烷临氢异构化反应性能。结果表明:由骨架Mn改性的β分子筛负载Pt的催化剂显示出良好的催化活性,选择性明显高于通过Mn浸渍或Mn交换β分子筛得到的催化剂。催化剂最佳的组成为Pt负载量0.4%,n(MnO)/n(SiO2)=0.011,在230℃、空速2.7 h-1、氢料摩尔比值7.9时,正庚烷的转化率为62.1%,异构化选择性达到92.0%。骨架中引入杂原子Mn不仅可以调节孔道结构,还可以提高催化剂表面Pt的分散度,从而提高催化剂的异构化选择性。     

正丁烯的临氢异构化反应

正构烯烃通过在酸性位上生成正碳离子,正碳离子又生成质子化的环丙烷中间物而进行骨架异构化反应。在氢气存在条件下,分别以低温下自制的SAPO-11分子筛及CoAPO-11分子筛为载体,低负载金属组分Pd制得双功能催化剂Pd/SAPO-11,由于催化剂Pd/SAPO-11和Pd/CoAPO-11适宜的孔道结构和表面酸性分布,使得对正丁烯有一定的临氢异构化性能。     

镍负载 AlMCM-41催化剂上正辛烷的加氢异构化研究

为研究镍负载AlMCM-41催化剂的催化性能,合成了一系列不同硅铝比的AlMCM-41中孔分子筛,担载活性非贵金属组分镍（ Ni）,制得烷烃异构化催化剂Ni-AlMCM-41。以正辛烷为模型化合物,在连续流动固定床反应器上评价了催化剂对正构烷烃异构化反应的催化性能,考察了催化剂不同的还原温度、反应温度、Si/Al、Ni负载量等因素对辛烷临氢异构化反应的影响。研究表明：在还原温度430℃,反应温度300℃,Si/Al为20％～30％,Ni负载量为3％～4％的条件下,其异构化选择性达到44．8％～42．0％,正辛烷的转化率达到58％～75％。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to