Diversity of 16S rDNA and environmental factor influencing microorganisms in Malan ice core

The research on extrempholic microorganisms in glacial low-temperature environment receives more attention than ever before. Due to the successive chronological records in ice core, it is important to initiate microbiological studies on ice core samples. 23 samples from one ice core,drilled from central Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, were analyzed.The number of total microorganisms and culturable microorganisms in different layers showed that it related with the content of dust in ice. It is suggested that the distribution of microorganisms in ice depends on the transportation of materials during glacier development. The bacteria diversity in Malan Glacier was analyzed by 16S rDNA sequencing methods, which showed that many sequences were similar to known psychrophilic bacteria.     

Change of bacterial community in the Malan Ice Core and its relation to climate and environment

In order to understand the relationship between the community structure of bacteria in ice core and the past climate and environment, we initiated the study on the microorganisms in the three selected ice samples from the Malan ice core drilled from the Tibetan Plateau. The 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) molecules were directly amplified from the melt water samples, and three 16S rDNA clone libraries were established. Among 94 positive clones, eleven clones with unique restriction pattern were used for partial sequence and compared with eight reported sequences from the same ice core. The phylotypes were divided into 5 groups: alpha, beta, gamma proteobacteria; CFB, and other eubacteria group. Among them, there were many “typical Malan glacial bacteria“ pertaining to psychrophilies and new bacteria found in the ice core. At a longer time scale, the concentration distribution of “typical Malan glacial bacteria“ with depth showed negative correlation with temperature variations and was coincident with dirty layer. It implied the influence of temperature on the microbial record through impact on the concentrations of the “typical Malan glacial bacteria“. In addition, the nutrition contained in ice was another important factor controlling the distribution of microbial population in ice core section. Moreover, the result displayed an apparent layer distribution of bacterial community in the ice core section, which reflected the microbial response to the past climatic and environmental conditions at the time of deposition.     

德兴铜矿地区土壤微生物的分布特征研究

摘要 为了研究长期采矿对矿区环境微生物的影响, 以江西德兴铜矿周围环境土壤为研究对象, 利用微生物 培养法、核酸序列分析法、透射电镜等手段, 分析和研究德兴铜矿地区土壤微生物的分布特征, 并探讨表层 土壤微生物与重金属的空间依存关系。研究结果表明, 在实验室条件下, 大坞河?沽口河岸和祝家村土壤中 可培养微生物共有13 种, 大坞河–沽口河岸和祝家村土壤中的细菌在种类和分布层位上具有一定的相似性; 但在真菌方面, 大坞河–沽口河岸和祝家村土壤之间相似性不明显。大坞河–沽口河岸与祝家村土壤剖面中微 生物的分布与重金属元素含量具有一定的相关性, 但并非为简单的线性关系, 还受到多种环境因素的影响。     

桉树林分枯落物分解微生物的种类和数量

通过不同地点、不同时期采集桉树枯落物样品,对其进行微生物的分离、纯化与鉴定。分离共获得195株微生物菌株,其中细菌129株分属于10属,主要为芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、假单胞杆菌属(Pseudo-monas)、利斯特菌属(Listeria)等;放线菌23株分属于链霉菌属(Streptomyces)、诺卡氏菌属(Nocardia)、小单孢菌属(Micromonospora);真菌44株分属于12个属,主要为镰刀菌属(Fusarium)、头孢霉属(Cephalos-porium)、丝核菌属(Rhizoctonia)等。分析表明:桉树枯落物中微生物数量和种类丰富,表现为细菌数量最高,真菌次之,放线菌最少;不同时期三大菌数量变化不明显;另外,混交林中的三大菌数量比纯桉林中的高。     

Phylogenetic identification and microbial diversity in snow of the summit （8201 m） of Cho Oyu Mountain,Tibet

The bacterial diversity and abundance in snow of the summit （8201 m） of Cho Oyu mountain, Tibet, were analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing followed by scanning electronic microscopy analysis. Most of bacteria were found to be of spherical or oval shape （〉95%）. Bacterial 16S rDNA sequences were classified into 5 genera （Caulobacter, Ralstonia, Cupriavidus, Pelomonas and Pseudomonas）. Gammaproteobacteria were the most abundant （91.25%） among the library that consists of 594 clones. The sequences found in this study are highly similar to those previously retrieved from other cold environments, such as ice core, sea ice, permafrost and snow. The results showed that the cold and barren environments strongly influence the survival of bacteria. The high similarity among sequences retrieved from snow sample and other places, such as ocean, soil and water, suggested that the bacteria in snow, soil and water environments have the same origin.     

高压脉冲电场对普洱茶中微生物的选择性灭活

 选用了云南主要产茶区具有一定代表的8种普洱熟茶作为样品,检测其中的霉菌、细菌总数及细菌代谢产生的蛋白酶.检测表明,8种茶样中存在大量的霉菌,包括优势菌群黑曲霉,茶样中的细菌总数均超标并且茶叶中存在非致病性但影响茶叶品质的枯草芽孢杆菌.选用3组高压脉冲电场对上述8种茶样进行处理,结果表明高压脉冲电场对细菌及蛋白酶有高效的杀菌钝酶作用,但对霉菌及黑曲霉没有影响.试验结果与高压脉冲电场的电穿孔理论一致,验证了高压脉冲电场促进生物体生命活性的正效应和抑制其生命活性的副效应两方面的相关理论.     

连栽杨树林对土壤微生物的影响

为研究杨树长期栽植对土壤微生物造成的影响,对江苏省宿迁市泗洪县陈圩4块杨树林地土壤进行调查.使用常规土壤化学分析手段分析了样品的主要理化性质,分别测定了样品的微生物生物量,并对微生物三大菌群以及与氮元素转化密切相关的几种微生物类群进行了计数.实验结果表明:长期栽植杨树会使林地土壤的pH逐渐升高,栽植杨树14 a后林地土壤pH约比对照土壤上升1.5;林地土壤的养分元素氮、磷含量随着林龄增长而降低,而有机质的含量随着林龄增长而增加,但是明显低于对照.土壤微生物中真菌的数量随着栽植时间而逐渐下降,而细菌总数、放线菌总数,以及微生物生物量表现出与土壤有机质含量相一致的变化规律.对参与氮素循环的土壤微生物类群进行计数,发现反硝化细菌的数量随着林龄的增大而明显增加,而硝化细菌(铵氧化细菌与硝酸细菌)的数量则有所下降.     

罗布泊沙土微生物生态分布特征

近从取自新疆罗布泊沙漠西北部四种不同生境的土样中分离得到不同类型的微生物,初步探明了土壤中微生物的生态分布情况.罗布泊沙土中,细菌数量和类型最多,固定沙地土样中的微生物数量多于其他土样.除放线菌数量为丘间盐碱滩地>固定沙地>半固定沙地>流动半流动沙丘外,其他菌类及微生物总量均为固定沙地>半固定沙地>丘间盐碱滩地>流动半流动沙丘.     

Variations in air temperature during the last 100 years revealed by δ~(18)O in the Malanice core from the Tibetan Plateau

By comprehensive analyses,it was found that the variations in δ^18O recorded in Malan ice core from the Kekexili Region on the Tibetan Plateau could represent the changes in air temperature during the summer half year (from May to October) over the Kekexili Region and the northern margin of the Tibetan Plateau.The general increase trend in δ^18O in the ice core during the past century indicated climate warming,and it was estimated that air temperature during the summer half-year rose about 1.2℃ over there then.However,this ice core record documented that the study area has been cooling while most of the world has been dramatically warming since the late 1970s. A tele-connection was found between the variations in δ^18O in the Malan ice core and the North Atlantic Oscillation.Moreover,the variations in δ^18O in this ice core were similar to that in the summer half-year air temperature over the southern Tibetan Plateau on the centurial time scale,but opposite on the multidecadal time scale.     

Precipitation variations recorded in Guliya ice core in the past 400 years

Based on the Guliya ice core records, the precipitation in the past 400 years was retrieved. Its rela tions with other regions were also analyzed. The results demonstrated that there were two high-precipitation periods and two low-precipitation periods in Guliya ice core since 1571 AD. The average precipitation in the two high-precipitation periods was 42 mm (21%) higher than that in the two low-precipitation periods. The precipitation recorded in the Guliya ice core was consistent with that in Dunde ice core. The variation trends of precipitation in the Guliya ice core and the northern hemisphere are similar. During the extremely wet years in the northern hemisphere, the precipitation recorded in the Guliya ice core was two times the long-term average. However, the annual precipitation was 38% less than that of the long-term average in extremely dry years.     

Precipitation variations recorded in Guliya ice core in the past 400 years

Based on the Guliya ice core records, the precipitation in the past 400 years was retrieved. Its rela tions with other regions were also analyzed. The results demonstrated that there were two high-precipitation periods and two low-precipitation periods in Guliya ice core since 1571 AD. The average precipitation in the two high-precipitation periods was 42 mm (21%) higher than that in the two low-precipitation periods. The precipitation recorded in the Guliya ice core was consistent with that in Dunde ice core. The variation trends of precipitation in the Guliya ice core and the northern hemisphere are similar. During the extremely wet years in the northern hemisphere, the precipitation recorded in the Guliya ice core was two times the long-term average. However, the annual precipitation was 38% less than that of the long-term average in extremely dry years.     

玉林市城市表土微生物区系变化的初步研究

在玉林市远郊-近郊-市区等不同城市化水平区内选取林地、草地和路边土几种不同利用方式下的土壤,对土壤中微生物状况进行初步分析.结果显示：（1）从微生物的情况来看,从远郊到近郊再到市区,随着城市化水平的提高,微生物总量表现为远郊明显高于市区和近郊,近郊和市区的变化不明显.（2）从不同区域相同利用方式来看,林地、草地、路边土中细菌、放线菌、真菌的变化比较明显.（3）从相同区域不同利用方式来看,市区细菌、放线菌变化比较明显,真菌变化不明显,近郊真菌、放线菌变化比较明显,细菌变化不明显,远郊细菌、放线菌和真菌变化比较明显.     

土壤细菌胞外聚合产物对溶液中U(VI)的去除动力学研究

通过分离和扩培土壤细菌,提取其胞外聚合产物,进行在不同温度下对土壤细菌胞外聚合产物和土壤细菌产量的影响研究,同时进行反应时间对土壤细菌胞外聚合产物去除溶液中U(VI)的影响研究。采用准一级动力学方程和准二级动力学方程对其进行动力学进行分析,研究结果显示在303 K下培养土壤细菌并进行土壤细菌胞外聚合产物的提取较为合适。298 K、308 K和318 K的温度下,土壤细菌胞外聚合产物去除U(VI)在120 min左右达到反应平衡,平衡去除量分别为4. 97 mg/g,8. 75 mg/g,6. 96 mg/g。准二级动力学方程比准一级动力学方程能更好的描述反应进程,说明了土壤细菌胞外聚合产物去除U(VI)是一个以化学机制为主的反应。     

东北梅花鹿肠道纤维素降解微生物的分离筛选

食草动物依赖胃肠道微生物分解利用天然木质纤维素物质。为获得高效纤维素降解菌，本文将东北梅花鹿粪便样品，经过研磨，重悬于羧甲基纤维素钠（CMC-Na）作为唯一碳源的富集培养基中，进行富集培养和筛选，用革兰氏碘液染色显示纤维素水解圈，通过纤维素水解圈直径（D）和菌落直径（d）比值，初步判断纤维素降解菌降解纤维素能力．筛选出106株纤维素降解微生物，包括72株细菌、22株真菌和12株放线菌．细菌16S rDNA和真菌ITS序列测序结果显示，这些纤维素降解菌主要集中分布于变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）、放线菌门（Actinobacteria）和子囊菌门（Ascomycota）．本文提供了一种快速有效的反刍动物肠道纤维素降解微生物的筛选方法，为东北梅花鹿肠道微生物高通量测序结果提供实验数据支持．      

林下连作种植参根际土壤可培养微生物区系及细菌群落对酚酸类化感物质的响应

为探究酚酸类成分对林下连作参根际土壤中微生物区系及可培养细菌群落的影响,以未栽培人参(Panax ginseng C.A.Meyer)林地土壤(1#样品)、连作未发病土壤(2#样品)和连作发病土壤(3#样品)为研究对象,探究根际土壤中微生物区系及可培养细菌群落结构、多样性的变化。同时,通过高效液相色谱(High Performance Liquid Chromatography, HPLC)分析方法对土壤样品中的酚酸进行定性和定量分析。结果表明,2#样品和3#样品土壤可培养微生物总数量与1#样品相比分别下降61.37%和68.24%;可培养细菌分别下降61.36%和68.18%;可培养放线菌分别下降72.97%和75.68%;可培养真菌分别为1#样品的1.40倍和0.47倍。3种样品共分离到193株细菌,分属于4门6纲13目19科39属96种。3种样品中最优势菌纲均为芽孢杆菌纲Bacilli(相对分离频率分别为51.67%、64.00%、48.28%),1#样品、2#样品最优势菌属为芽孢杆菌属Bacillus(相对分离频率分别为15.00%、21.33%),3#样品最优势菌属为链霉菌属...     

小兴安岭3种原始红松混交林土壤nirK型反硝化微生物群落特征

【目的】分析小兴安岭地区3种典型原始红松林下土壤nirK型反硝化微生物的群落结构和多样性,探索影响原始红松林土壤nirK型反硝化微生物群落的关键土壤理化因子。【方法】在黑龙江省伊春市小兴安岭凉水自然保护区内采集3种原始红松林(云冷杉红松林、椴树红松林和枫桦红松林)林下土壤样品,提取土壤微生物总DNA,PCR扩增反硝化过程中的关键酶——硝酸盐还原酶的编码基因nirK高变区片段,采用Illumina MiSeq技术对其进行测序,并运用生物信息学技术分析nirK反硝化微生物的群落结构和多样性。【结果】共获得3种林型土壤nirK型基因的848 312条有效序列,761 912条优质序列,平均长度为320 bp。3种原始红松林土壤nirK型反硝化微生物分属于三界(细菌、古菌和无明确分类地位)。3种林型土壤中均含有大量未被鉴定的nirK型基因序列,在已鉴定的nirK型反硝化微生物中各林型均以变形菌门(Proteobacteria)为主,核心菌属为慢生根瘤菌属(Bradyrhizobium)、红假单胞菌属(Rhodopseudomonas)、固氮螺菌属(Azospirillum)和伯霍尔德杆菌属(Burkholderia)。α多样性分析显示:3种原始红松林nirK型反硝化微生物的4种α多样性指数(Shannon指数、Simpson指数、Ace指数和Chao1指数)没有显著差异。但β多样性分析显示:3种林型土壤nirK型反硝化微生物群落组成差异显著(R=0.25,P<0.05)。Metastats分析表明:3种林型土壤中丰度存在显著差异的是拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、广古菌门(Euryarchaeota)和变形菌门(Proteobacteria)。土壤铵态氮和全氮含量是显著影响林下土壤nirK型反硝化微生物群落组成的主要理化因子(P<0.05)。【结论】3种原始红松林土壤理化性质差异没有对nirK型反硝化微生物的α多样性指数产生显著影响,但导致β多样性差异显著,其中铵态氮和全氮含量是显著影响3种原始红松林土壤nirK型反硝化微生物群落组成的主要因子。     

不同采出程度下微生物采油效果分析

 为研究采出程度对微生物采油效果的影响,向不同采出程度的4组岩心中分别注入0.2倍岩心孔隙体积的接种有产表面活性剂菌、产聚合物菌的激活培养基。封闭岩心并置于油藏温度下对微生物进行培养。10d后再次对岩心进行驱替,用平板计数法检测水驱过程中产出液的菌体浓度变化。同时将采取微生物采油措施的岩心的驱油效率与不接种菌的岩心的驱油效率对照,观察采收率的提高幅度,发现采出程度不同时,驱替压力、菌体浓度、最终的驱油效率均不同。实验表明,采出程度导致的原油组分、油水体积比、油水渗流能力等参数的变化共同影响了微生物的生长繁殖及其代谢产物浓度和总量的积累,导致采收率提高的幅度随采出程度的提高呈先增大后减小的趋势。     

冷冻浓缩水处理工艺中冰晶纯度影响因素分析

冷冻浓缩水处理工艺的核心是制备颗粒大、纯度高的冰晶.以尿液为试验水样,通过试验研究,分析了冷冻温度、冰晶形态、溶液初温、溶液浓度、种冰、再结晶过程和结晶时间对冰晶纯度的影响,并在此基础上提出了制备高纯度冰晶的途径.     

Influence of variation in precipitation on the δD values of terrestrial n-alkanes on the southern Tibetan Plateau

A short lake sedimentary core and ice core were recovered from Lake Chen Co and Noijingangsang Glacier,respectively,in the Lake Yamdrok watershed of the southern Tibetan Plateau.Hydrogen isotope ratios of the ice core(δDice) and δD values of terrestrial n-alkanes(δDwax) in the sediments showed a linear correlation(R2 = 0.41,P = 0.047) over the past 80 years,indicating the effect of hydrogen isotope ratios of precipitation(δDp) on δDwax.However,apparent fractionation(εwax-p) values of δDwax relative to δDice increased with decreasing ice core accumulation(amount of precipitation;R2 = 0.65,P = 0.0051),revealing that dry or wet climate variation had a significant impact on δDwax.Thus,precipitation amount and δDp are both important in determining δDwax.     

不同肥力的西芹土壤微生物数量研究

在不同肥力的西芹土壤中。测定了主要微生物类群（细菌、放线菌和霉菌）的数量变化．结果表明，相同肥力条件下，土壤中细菌的数量明显多于放线菌和霉菌的数量．施用不同肥料后，各类群的数量均有所增加，表现出复合肥的样品〉NH4HCO3样品〉对照样品的特点．其中，复合肥的使用使各类群微生物数量的增加极为明显．