暖温带-亚热带过渡区鸡公山落叶栎林生态系统碳储量分布特征

在鸡公山天然落叶栎林中设置样地,调查分析了落叶栎林生态系统土壤碳密度和碳储量,测定了林下植被层和凋落物层碳储量,并用生物量方程法估测了乔木层各组分的生物量及碳储量.结果表明:落叶栎林生态系统总碳储量为156.60 t·hm-2,空间分布特征表现为乔木层(81.65 t·hm-2)>土壤层(66.13 t·hm-2)>凋落物层(7.50 t·hm-2)>灌木层(1.09 t·hm-2)>草本层(0.23 t·hm-2).在不同采样层次上碳含量存在明显差异.土壤层碳储量随着海拔升高而显著增加(p<0.05),随着土层深度增加而显著降低(p<0.05).     

伏牛山北坡栎类次生林植物种类结构研究

以伏牛山北坡河南嵩县白云山森林生态站栎类次生林群落调查数据为基础,分析比较了该植物群落的结构特征及不同层次物种多样性.结果表明:该植物群落共有植物31种,隶属于17科22属.其中,乔木层物种较为丰富,优势树种为锐齿槲栎(Quercus alina var.acuteserrata),灌木层主要优势种为悬钩子(Rubus corchorifolius)和连翘(Forsythia suspensa);草本层主要优势种为羊胡子草(Carex rigescens).群落乔木层树种组成分布以小径阶林木居多,说明该群落正处于由幼龄林向中龄林的演替阶段.植物群落乔木层多样性指数(J、D、H)明显高于草本层和灌木层,说明该群落乔木树种多样相比林下植物较为丰富,群落均匀度指数(E)以灌木层最高,可知灌木层分布较为均匀.     

萌芽更新与植苗更新对尾巨桉人工林收获的影响

应用相对生长法和样方收获法对萌芽更新和植苗更新尾巨桉人工林生物量及生产力进行研究.结果表明:相同密度条件下,植苗更新尾巨桉人工林生物量高于萌芽更新人工林;当密度为1097株/hm2时,植苗更新和萌芽更新尾巨桉人工林的生物量分别为79.193 t/hm2和68.682 t/hm2,年平均净生产量分别为23.998 t/hm2和21.463 t/hm2.植苗更新和萌芽更新人工林群落净生产量排序由高到低依次为:乔木层、枯枝落叶层、灌木层、草本层.萌芽更新尾巨桉人工林生物量随保留密度的增加而增加.不同更新模式尾巨桉林分干材、干皮、枝、叶、根系的生物量分别占总生物量的60.50%～60.86%、5.62%～5.89%、10.88%～11.23%、4.11%～4.54%和18.1%～18.27%.林分生物量分配的大小排序为:干材、根系、枝、干皮、叶.     

广西龙胜县里骆林场杉木人工林生态系统的水量结构、分配与平衡

根据１９８０～１９９０年的定位观测．广西龙胜县里骆林场２３～３３年生杉木人工林生态系统的自然贮水量结构为：乔木层１７．２ｍｍ．灌木层０．１ｍｍ．草本层０．９ｍｍ．枯枝落叶层０．２ｍｍ．土壤层３５４．７ｍｍ；依次占系统总贮水量的４．６１％、０．０３％、０．２４％、０．０５％、９５．０７％。系统对大气降水的年分配为：林冠截留１９８．５ｍｍ，灌草截留２７．２ｍｍ，枯枝落叶截留７８．０ｍｍ，地表径流１４．７ｍｍ，地下渗透６５．９ｍｍ，土壤持水３５４．７ｍｍ，蒸散量８７０．１ｍｍ；依次占年降水量的１２．９１％、１．７７％、５．０７％、０．９６％、４．２９％、２３．０６％和５６．５８％。     

曲阜孔林暖温带森林群落生殖物候初探

对孔林暖温带落叶阔叶林和针叶林中312种种子植物的开花、结果的物候情况进行了研究，每半月调查1次，持续观察13个月．生活型包括乔木、灌木、草本3种类型．结果表明：孔林植物群落中植物的开花物候和结果物候都相对集中，花期主要集中于4-9月，其中以6、7两月最多；果期主要集中于6-10月，其中以8、9、10 3个月最高．不同生活型植物在一年中具有不同的开花、结果高峰期．开花高峰期依次出现在乔木层-灌木丛-草本层。木本植物先于草本植物；结果高峰期依次出现在草本层-灌木层-乔木层，木本植物与草本植物的结果高峰期是基本重叠的．     

九寨沟自然保护区次生林物种多样性分析

以九寨沟次生林样地资料为基础,研究了九寨沟自然保护区次生林的物种多样性特征．结果表明：九寨沟次生植被恢复过程中,物种多样性先逐渐升高,然后又逐渐下降．从群落不同层次来看,落叶阔叶林、针阔叶混交林、次生针叶林的物种丰富度均表现为：草本层＞灌木层（包括幼树与幼苗）＞乔木层．各类群落乔木层的物种丰富度、Ｓｉｍｐｓｏｎ指数、ＳｈａｎｎｏｎＷｅｉｎｅｒ指数表现为针阔叶混交林＞落叶阔叶林＞次生针叶林     

山西辽东栎群落优势种群生态位研究

在野外调查的基础上,应用TWINSPAN将46块山西省辽东栎林样方划分为11个群落类型,并应用Shaanon生态位宽度指数和Pianka生态位重叠指数对山西省辽东栎群落的46个样地中30个主要优势种(包括6种乔木,8种灌木和16种草本植物)的生态位特征进行分析。结果表明:(1)乔木层辽东栎具有最大的生态位宽度,为1.653,灌木层土庄绣线菊生态位最宽,为1.383,草本层披针薹草生态位宽度最宽,为1.503,说明它们具有较好的环境适应性,在竞争中占有优势地位;(2)物种生态位宽度与其频数呈极显著正相关(P0.01);(3)乔木层中辽东栎与白桦、油松的重叠值较高,说明它们具有相似的生物学特性。灌木层中土庄绣线菊与美蔷薇重叠值最大,说明它们对相同资源的竞争较大,64.3%的灌木重叠值为0.1~0.3。草本层出现29对的重叠值为0的种对,说明不同草本对相同资源的利用能力不同。     

酸枣群落地上生物量的研究

收割法研究酸枣群落地上生物量、结果表明:地上总生物量为14.028t/ha;其中灌木层为8.5334t/ha,草本层为l.2125t/ha,枯枝落叶层为4.2825t/ha, 用样株法计测46株酸枣。结果表明:酸枣种群生物量为7.4783t/ha;其中干4.1653t/ha,枝1.8334t/ha,叶1.4797t/ha。     

沈阳典型地带性植被油松栎林群落植物多样性分析

采用典型样地法对油松栎林群落进行多样性调查和分析并得出相关数据和指标的分析,结果表明:沈阳天柱山油松栎林群落共有种子植物62种,隶属30科,50属.通过分析其重要值可知乔木层优势种为蒙古栎、油松;灌木层优势种为瘤枝卫矛,并伴有金银忍冬和榛子;草本层优势种为透骨草、玉竹、鸡腿堇菜等.乔木层、草本层多样性指数相对较高.同时均匀度也相对一致,而灌木层多样性指数和均匀度指数则相对较低.     

大石门沟森林公园群落结构与物种多样性特征

采用典型样地法,利用物种多样性指数、均匀度指数、生态优势度指数分析大石门沟森林公园群落结构和物种多样性.结果表明:1)乔木和草本种类丰富,但灌木种类较少.调查区域内乔木共28种,灌木26种,草本91种,分属58科107属,各种类主要以阔叶落叶种为主;2)群落水平结构分布规律不明显,但在垂直结构上呈现出一定的规律性,可分为乔木层、草本层、灌木层.乔木层和草本层结构相对复杂稳定,灌木层结构单一;3)各群落乔木层优势种明显,群落Ⅰ、群落Ⅱ、群落Ⅲ都由3~4个优势种组成,群落Ⅳ乔木层只有1种优势种,如果不进行人工干预,短时间不会改变这种状况;4)群落间的物种多样性指数差异不显著,但各群落的灌木层多样性指数远小于乔木层和草本层,即草本层乔木层灌木层,物种多样性与物种丰富度和分布均匀度呈正相关.整体来看,大石门沟森林公园物种多样性指数整体趋势为群落Ⅱ群落Ⅲ群落Ⅰ群落Ⅳ.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-