海洋垂直混合系数对大洋环流影响的敏感性研究

利用美国地球流体实验室的Modular Ocean Model(MOM4)模式构建了一组全球实际大洋环流实验,以检验海洋环流形势及温度结构对海洋垂直混合系数的敏感性,并仔细分析了各实验中温度方程中各项的变化,讨论了垂直混合系数改变对海洋环流形势影响的物理机制。实验结果表明,海洋垂直混合系数对海温的空间分布和海洋流场结构都有很大影响,这种影响在赤道温跃层附近表现得最为明显。这说明大洋环流对垂直混合强度的变化是相当敏感的。一般来说,在混合系数取值大的实验中大洋中上层温度的垂直和水平梯度都较小,相应的南北赤道流强度较强,赤道潜流和南北赤道逆流强度较弱,在混合系数取值小的实验中大洋中上层的温度梯度较大,此时南北赤道流强度较弱,赤道潜流和南北赤道逆流强度较强,赤道流系的各分支在范围上也有相应变化。     

海流的形成演化与作用力定义

通过海水质点的受力分析 ,论述了赤道流的形成与穿切黄道面现象 ,提出了南赤道流与赤道逆流是地球南北回归线之间的带状地带穿切黄道面并受 F1,F2 作用而引起。 F3+Fs是地球公转离心力 ,它是形成大洋环流的原动力。由于地球的倾斜 ,黄道面上的相互作用力 ,形成了两支巨大的环形海流 ,即北半球环流与南半球环流 (同时有陆地阻隔作用 )。北向流的形成与地球的倾斜和 F3+Fs作用有关 ,地球上的北向流不容置疑存在 ,除非地球不倾斜或者倾幅增减 90°,北向流才不存在或者变为南向流。东向流由 F3+Fs及部分 F2 作用形成。相应地 ,西向流也是存在的 ,文中只是以论述南北赤道流的方式作了说明     

海洋环流模式研究回顾与展望

大洋环流的强度变化,对区域乃至全球气候有重要影响.综述了在过去50年中,海洋模式的发展.经过了几代人的开发,国内外全球大洋环流模式、近海和区域环流模式都有了很大改进,能较好地模拟大洋海面温度和高度的分布、海流分布以及El Nino和La Nina的演变过程等.但是,由于观测资料的短缺,数值模式开发还不够完善,海洋边界流的模拟仍不够好.有些探索是基于压力坐标的、非Boussinesq近似的海洋环流模式;将海洋模式的开边界以余流和潮流合成给出,能保证整个计算区域内水量进出的平衡;摒弃刚盖模型,用自由表面模型取而代之,以及借助海洋资料同化系统,开发海气耦合模式,都是海洋环流模式的发展方向.众多研究认为,不断改进和完善动力框架和各种差分格式的设计将有助于提高海洋环流模式的模拟能力.     

全球地形影响大气和海洋经圈环流的耦合模式研究

利用气候系统模式(CESM1.0)研究陆地地形改变对大气?海洋经圈环流的影响。模式首先给出真实海陆分布及陆地地形情况下的大气?海洋气候态, 然后给出平板陆地情况下(陆地海拔均匀10 m)的气候态。与真实世界相比, 平板陆地情形下大气?海洋经圈环流发生重大改变: 首先, 年平均大气对流中心南移到赤道附近, 使得大气哈德雷环流相对于赤道对称; 其次, 海洋的经向翻转流变强, 大西洋经向翻转流完全消失, 取而代之的是在太平洋出现强大的经向翻转流及热盐环流。在平板陆地情形下, 北半球中高纬度大气抬升减弱, 向北的大气热量输送减少, 北半球温度降低, 大气对流中心因而向赤道迁移; 同时, 海洋向极地的热量输送也减弱, 中高纬度海洋变冷, 北太平洋海水密度增加很多, 北大西洋海水密度降低, 导致海洋经向翻转流从大西洋转移到太平洋。     

大西洋热盐环流减弱对热带太平洋气候平均态及年际变率的影响

利用一个完全耦合的海气模式, 通过对比分析两组试验中海表温度、盐度、风应力等气候态变化特征以及ENSO强度和频率的变化, 研究热带太平洋气候平均态及年际变率对热盐环流减弱的响应。在北大西洋高纬地区注入1 Sv淡水后, 大西洋经向翻转流(AMOC)减弱约90%, 这直接导致向北的经向热量输送减少, 使北大西洋有明显降温, 南大西洋略有升温。这些变化会经过大气和海洋的远程传播以及局地海气反馈作用, 影响热带太平洋气候平均态: 赤道东西太平洋的SST都略有增温, 但纬向温度梯度和纬向风应力并没有太大变化, 赤道太平洋温跃层的深度和倾斜度也基本保持不变。相应地, ENSO强度和频率也没有明显变化。由此得出结论: 热盐环流减弱会引起全球气候平均态的变化, 但对热带太平洋的年际变率没有太大影响。     

六层斜压有地形的全球海洋环流数值模拟（二）

用年平均风应力，海表热，盐通量作强迫积分４４年，结果得到和海流，温，盐分布。再现了全球海洋上气候平均的温盐分及主要海流的大尺度特征，如西边界强化流，赤道地区狭长冷水带和强上翻区，赤道流和赤道潜流。又做了二个试验，第一用各季平均风应力强迫得到洋流对信风季节变化的响应。第二是给定 赤道西太平洋一个风应力异常区，积分一年，结果，结果在赤道太平洋产生了正温度距平，因Ｋｅｌｖｉｎ波作用东传，到东海岸后，以Ｒ     

基于多卫星融合数据的海平面特征分析

利用1993—2008年法国空间局的AVISO多卫星融合高度计资料,采用随机动态、EOF等方法分析全球海平面变化的长期趋势、变化幅度以及季节变化的空间分布特征.结果表明:(a)1993—2008年间太平洋海平面呈西升东降的形态,印度洋绝大部分海区海平面呈上升趋势,大西洋除湾流流域外的其他海区海平面的长期趋势以上升为主;(b)全球海平面变化存在显著的年变化和半年变化等季节信号,无论是半球平均还是洋盆平均,北半球海平面季节变化的振幅明显大于南半球,中纬度海区季节变化的振幅最大;(c)北印度洋海平面季节变化的振幅高于同纬度带的北太平洋和北大西洋;(d)太平洋、印度洋、大西洋三大洋受西边界流、赤道流系等强流影响的海域海平面变化幅度大于周围海域;(e)赤道海域各大洋东、西边界和大洋内区海平面变化不同步,可能受赤道海洋波动的影响较大;(f)厄尔尼诺年,西太平洋暖池和赤道太平洋中部海平面明显降低,赤道东太平洋海域海平面明显升高,赤道印度洋海域东、西边界的海平面变化与其相反.     

沃克环流的强度、位置及其对ENSO循环的影响

通过分析1948～2001年Nino 3海区的海农温度距平（SSTA）、南方涛动指数（SOI）以及沃克环流的强度与位置,以及它们之间的内在联系。本文确定了ENSO循环中冷,暖事件的起止年月。结果表明：EI Nino年Nino 3的SSTA异常偏高,SOI为负值,沃克环流减弱东移,其上升支由印度尼西亚移刘日界线附近,其指数也为负,即说明赤道西太平洋地区纬向风距平以辐散为主,而赤道中、东太平洋地区以辐舍为主;La Nina年则刚好相反。并发现西太平洋纬向环流圈强度的变化对赤道太平洋东部海温的变化有重要的控制作用,西太平洋纬圈环流强度的变化超前于赤道东太平洋海温变化2—3个月,约一个季度。西太平洋季风区纬向环流异常变化可能是赤道太平洋东部海温异常的主要原因。     

潮致垂直涡动粘性系数的参数化

在理想地形条件下利用POM设计一套理想数值试验，由Mellor-Yamada湍流闭合方案对潮流所导致的海洋近底层垂向混合作用进行模拟计算，统计分析了不同水深和潮流振幅情况下潮致底混合层厚度和垂直涡动粘性系数的分布，进而对潮流引起的垂直混合作用进行参数化，得到了一个潮致垂直混合涡动粘性系数的拟合公式.将该公式应用于原理想试验中以取代在模式开边界加潮流边界条件的做法，得到了与加潮流边界条件较为一致的计算结果，验证了参数化方案的可行性.将该参数化方案应用于渤海、黄海和东海环流数值模式中，模拟的海洋温度三维结构与实际观测基本吻合.     

热带太平洋地区HYCOM模式不同垂向坐标设置对比研究

基于挪威南森环境遥感中心改进的NERSC-HYCOM模式,对热带太平洋海域进行了多个不同垂向坐标设置的试验分析,探讨该海域不同垂向坐标设置对于模拟热带太平洋温度场和流场的影响,并设计了一个改进型方案.通过对比分析赤道海区海温、纬向流速的水平和垂直分布及其变化,得到以下主要结论:1)与密度相关的混合坐标模式对位密的选取是敏感的,NERSC-HYCOM模式应用于太平洋应选择适合太平洋的位密设置.2)具有较高垂向分辨率的单一z坐标或单一σ坐标模式能较好地模拟热带开阔大洋上层的温度场,但大洋边界处模拟效果稍差;单一σ坐标模式模拟的表层流场、双坐标σ-z模式以及上层z坐标分辨率不高的σ-z-iso混合坐标模式模拟的海温场和流场均不能令人满意.3)σ-z-iso混合坐标模式上层z坐标的分辨率对模拟效果影响较大,模拟热带太平洋海洋环流和海温应该采用较高上层z坐标分辨率的σ-z-iso混合坐标模式.     

A quasi-global 1/10° eddy-resolving ocean general circulation model and its preliminary results

In this study,a quasi-global(excluding the Arctic Ocean) eddy-resolving ocean general circulation model(OGCM) is established based on the latest version of the LASG/IAP Climate system Ocean Model(LICOM2.0).The horizontal resolution and vertical resolution are increased to 1/10° and 55 layers,respectively.Forced by the surface fluxes from the reanalysis and observed data,the model has been integrated for approximately 20 model years(20 a).During the last 8 a,the model is driven by daily mean wind stresses from QuikSCAT and heat fluxes from reanalysis data from 2000 to 2007.The basic performance of the OGCM is analyzed using the last 8 a simulation output.Compared with the simulation of the coarse-resolution OGCM,the eddy-resolving OGCM not only better simulates the spatial-temporal features of mesoscale eddies and the paths and positions of western boundary currents but also reproduces the large meander of the Kuroshio Current and its interannual variability.Another aspect,namely,the complex structures of equatorial Pacific currents and currents in the coastal ocean of China,are better captured due to the increased horizontal and vertical resolution.     

海洋动力系统数值模式体系及海浪-环流耦合理论

从系统科学的观点出发,把海洋运动按照时空尺度分解成小尺度(以海浪为代表)子系统、中尺度(以内波为代表)子系统、大尺度(以大洋波动和环流为代表)子系统,并把海洋和大气之间通过近海面海洋大气层进行相互作用的部分称为近海面海洋大气边界层子系统。考虑各子系统之间的相互作用,提出了从海洋动力系统观点出发发展海洋数值模式体系的科学思路。通过考虑海浪对环流的垂向混合作用,将海浪的运动混合作用解析表达为可以通过海浪数值模式直接计算的海浪谱形式,建立了海浪-环流耦合理论。这一理论不仅将普林斯顿环流模式全球上100米的模拟海温与Levitus资料之间的平均相关系数从0.58提高到了0.76,而且加深了我们对中国近海海洋环流系统的理解,同时对气候模式热带偏差这一共性问题有显著改善。该理论对海洋环境预报和全球气候变化预测具有重要意义。     

High mixing rates in the abyssal Southern Ocean

Mixing of water masses from the deep ocean to the layers above can be estimated from considerations of continuity in the global ocean overturning circulation. But averaged over ocean basins, diffusivity has been observed to be too small to account for the global upward flux of water, and high mixing intensities have only been found in the restricted areas close to sills and narrow gaps. Here we present observations from the Scotia Sea, a deep ocean basin between the Antarctic peninsula and the tip of South America, showing a high intensity of mixing that is unprecedented over such a large area. Using a budget calculation over the whole basin, we find a diffusivity of (39 plus minus 10) x 104[?]m2[?]s-1, averaged over an area of 7 x 105[?]km2. The Scotia Sea is a basin with a rough topography, situated just east of the Drake passage where the strong flow of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current is constricted in width. The high basin-wide mixing intensity in this area of the Southern Ocean may help resolve the question of where the abyssal water masses are mixed towards the surface.     

Directly measured mid-depth circulation in the northeastern North Atlantic Ocean

The circulation of water masses in the northeastern North Atlantic Ocean has a strong influence on global climate owing to the northward transport of warm subtropical water to high latitudes. But the ocean circulation at depths below the reach of satellite observations is difficult to measure, and only recently have comprehensive, direct observations of whole ocean basins been possible. Here we present quantitative maps of the absolute velocities at two levels in the northeastern North Atlantic as obtained from acoustically tracked floats. We find that most of the mean flow transported northward by the Gulf Stream system at the thermocline level (about 600 m depth) remains within the subpolar region, and only relatively little enters the Rockall trough or the Nordic seas. Contrary to previous work, our data indicate that warm, saline water from the Mediterranean Sea reaches the high latitudes through a combination of narrow slope currents and mixing processes. At both depths under investigation, currents cross the Mid-Atlantic Ridge preferentially over deep gaps in the ridge, demonstrating that sea-floor topography can constrain even upper-ocean circulation patterns.     

Polar ocean stratification in a cold climate

The low-latitude ocean is strongly stratified by the warmth of its surface water. As a result, the great volume of the deep ocean has easiest access to the atmosphere through the polar surface ocean. In the modern polar ocean during the winter, the vertical distribution of temperature promotes overturning, with colder water over warmer, while the salinity distribution typically promotes stratification, with fresher water over saltier. However, the sensitivity of seawater density to temperature is reduced as temperature approaches the freezing point, with potential consequences for global ocean circulation under cold climates. Here we present deep-sea records of biogenic opal accumulation and sedimentary nitrogen isotopic composition from the Subarctic North Pacific Ocean and the Southern Ocean. These records indicate that vertical stratification increased in both northern and southern high latitudes 2.7 million years ago, when Northern Hemisphere glaciation intensified in association with global cooling during the late Pliocene epoch. We propose that the cooling caused this increased stratification by weakening the role of temperature in polar ocean density structure so as to reduce its opposition to the stratifying effect of the vertical salinity distribution. The shift towards stratification in the polar ocean 2.7 million years ago may have increased the quantity of carbon dioxide trapped in the abyss, amplifying the global cooling.     

Break-up of the Atlantic deep western boundary current into eddies at 8 degrees S

The existence in the ocean of deep western boundary currents, which connect the high-latitude regions where deep water is formed with upwelling regions as part of the global ocean circulation, was postulated more than 40 years ago. These ocean currents have been found adjacent to the continental slopes of all ocean basins, and have core depths between 1,500 and 4,000 m. In the Atlantic Ocean, the deep western boundary current is estimated to carry (10-40) x 10(6) m3 s(-1) of water, transporting North Atlantic Deep Water--from the overflow regions between Greenland and Scotland and from the Labrador Sea--into the South Atlantic and the Antarctic circumpolar current. Here we present direct velocity and water mass observations obtained in the period 2000 to 2003, as well as results from a numerical ocean circulation model, showing that the Atlantic deep western boundary current breaks up at 8 degrees S. Southward of this latitude, the transport of North Atlantic Deep Water into the South Atlantic Ocean is accomplished by migrating eddies, rather than by a continuous flow. Our model simulation indicates that the deep western boundary current breaks up into eddies at the present intensity of meridional overturning circulation. For weaker overturning, continuation as a stable, laminar boundary flow seems possible.     

Global warming preceded by increasing carbon dioxide concentrations during the last deglaciation

The covariation of carbon dioxide (CO(2)) concentration and temperature in Antarctic ice-core records suggests a close link between CO(2) and climate during the Pleistocene ice ages. The role and relative importance of CO(2) in producing these climate changes remains unclear, however, in part because the ice-core deuterium record reflects local rather than global temperature. Here we construct a record of global surface temperature from 80 proxy records and show that temperature is correlated with and generally lags CO(2) during the last (that is, the most recent) deglaciation. Differences between the respective temperature changes of the Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere parallel variations in the strength of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation recorded in marine sediments. These observations, together with transient global climate model simulations, support the conclusion that an antiphased hemispheric temperature response to ocean circulation changes superimposed on globally in-phase warming driven by increasing CO(2) concentrations is an explanation for much of the temperature change at the end of the most recent ice age.     

Eastern Pacific cooling and Atlantic overturning circulation during the last deglaciation

Surface ocean conditions in the equatorial Pacific Ocean could hold the clue to whether millennial-scale global climate change during glacial times was initiated through tropical ocean-atmosphere feedbacks or by changes in the Atlantic thermohaline circulation. North Atlantic cold periods during Heinrich events and millennial-scale cold events (stadials) have been linked with climatic changes in the tropical Atlantic Ocean and South America, as well as the Indian and East Asian monsoon systems, but not with tropical Pacific sea surface temperatures. Here we present a high-resolution record of sea surface temperatures in the eastern tropical Pacific derived from alkenone unsaturation measurements. Our data show a temperature drop of approximately 1 degrees C, synchronous (within dating uncertainties) with the shutdown of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation during Heinrich event 1, and a smaller temperature drop of approximately 0.5 degrees C synchronous with the smaller reduction in the overturning circulation during the Younger Dryas event. Both cold events coincide with maxima in surface ocean productivity as inferred from 230Th-normalized carbon burial fluxes, suggesting increased upwelling at the time. From the concurrence of equatorial Pacific cooling with the two North Atlantic cold periods during deglaciation, we conclude that these millennial-scale climate changes were probably driven by a reorganization of the oceans' thermohaline circulation, although possibly amplified by tropical ocean-atmosphere interaction as suggested before.