水平分辨率对大洋环流模式模拟性能的影响

通过分析不同水平分辨率海洋模式的模拟结果及其与观测资料的对比,研究了水平分辨率对大洋环流模式模拟性能的影响。在中国科学院大气物理研究所研制的第三代大洋环流模式(L30T63 OGCM)的基础上,提高该模式的水平分辨率,建立了2个版本的全球大洋环流模式。其一,纬向和经向水平分辨率分别为1.5°和1°的全球大洋环流模式(OGCM1);其二,经向水平分辨率为变网格的全球大洋环流模式(OGCM2),其纬向水平分辨率仍为1.5°。分别对L30T63 OGCM和建立的2个版本的大洋环流模式从静止积分100 a。采用相同的动力框架、物理过程、南北边界条件、初始条件以及强迫场对比分析L30T63 OGCM、OGCM1和OGCM2第100年的积分结果。分析结果表明,随着模式水平分辨率的提高,模式计算的整体动能和位能随之增大,模式对上层大洋环流特别是热带上层大洋环流的模拟有明显的改善。     

海洋动力系统数值模式体系及海浪-环流耦合理论

从系统科学的观点出发,把海洋运动按照时空尺度分解成小尺度(以海浪为代表)子系统、中尺度(以内波为代表)子系统、大尺度(以大洋波动和环流为代表)子系统,并把海洋和大气之间通过近海面海洋大气层进行相互作用的部分称为近海面海洋大气边界层子系统。考虑各子系统之间的相互作用,提出了从海洋动力系统观点出发发展海洋数值模式体系的科学思路。通过考虑海浪对环流的垂向混合作用,将海浪的运动混合作用解析表达为可以通过海浪数值模式直接计算的海浪谱形式,建立了海浪-环流耦合理论。这一理论不仅将普林斯顿环流模式全球上100米的模拟海温与Levitus资料之间的平均相关系数从0.58提高到了0.76,而且加深了我们对中国近海海洋环流系统的理解,同时对气候模式热带偏差这一共性问题有显著改善。该理论对海洋环境预报和全球气候变化预测具有重要意义。     

海洋垂直混合系数对大洋环流影响的敏感性研究

利用美国地球流体实验室的Modular Ocean Model（MOM4）模式构建了一组全球实际大洋环流实验,以检验海洋环流形势及温度结构对海洋垂直混合系数的敏感性,并仔细分析了各实验中温度方程中各项的变化,讨论了垂直混合系数改变对海洋环流形势影响的物理机制。实验结果表明,海洋垂直混合系数对海温的空间分布和海洋流场结构都有很大影响,这种影响在赤道温跃层附近表现得最为明显。这说明大洋环流对垂直混合强度的变化是相当敏感的。一般来说,在混合系数取值大的实验中大洋中上层温度的垂直和水平梯度都较小,相应的南北赤道流强度较强,赤道潜流和南北赤道逆流强度较弱,在混合系数取值小的实验中大洋中上层的温度梯度较大,此时南北赤道流强度较弱,赤道潜流和南北赤道逆流强度较强,赤道流系的各分支在范围上也有相应变化。     

热带太平洋地区HYCOM模式不同垂向坐标设置对比研究

基于挪威南森环境遥感中心改进的NERSC-HYCOM模式,对热带太平洋海域进行了多个不同垂向坐标设置的试验分析,探讨该海域不同垂向坐标设置对于模拟热带太平洋温度场和流场的影响,并设计了一个改进型方案.通过对比分析赤道海区海温、纬向流速的水平和垂直分布及其变化,得到以下主要结论:1)与密度相关的混合坐标模式对位密的选取是敏感的,NERSC-HYCOM模式应用于太平洋应选择适合太平洋的位密设置.2)具有较高垂向分辨率的单一z坐标或单一σ坐标模式能较好地模拟热带开阔大洋上层的温度场,但大洋边界处模拟效果稍差;单一σ坐标模式模拟的表层流场、双坐标σ-z模式以及上层z坐标分辨率不高的σ-z-iso混合坐标模式模拟的海温场和流场均不能令人满意.3)σ-z-iso混合坐标模式上层z坐标的分辨率对模拟效果影响较大,模拟热带太平洋海洋环流和海温应该采用较高上层z坐标分辨率的σ-z-iso混合坐标模式.     

海洋垂直混合系数对大洋环流影响的敏感性研究

利用美国地球流体实验室的Modular Ocean Model(MOM4)模式构建了一组全球实际大洋环流实验,以检验海洋环流形势及温度结构对海洋垂直混合系数的敏感性,并仔细分析了各实验中温度方程中各项的变化,讨论了垂直混合系数改变对海洋环流形势影响的物理机制。实验结果表明,海洋垂直混合系数对海温的空间分布和海洋流场结构都有很大影响,这种影响在赤道温跃层附近表现得最为明显。这说明大洋环流对垂直混合强度的变化是相当敏感的。一般来说,在混合系数取值大的实验中大洋中上层温度的垂直和水平梯度都较小,相应的南北赤道流强度较强,赤道潜流和南北赤道逆流强度较弱,在混合系数取值小的实验中大洋中上层的温度梯度较大,此时南北赤道流强度较弱,赤道潜流和南北赤道逆流强度较强,赤道流系的各分支在范围上也有相应变化。     

一个海洋环流模式对风应力响应的敏感性试验

为了检验一个准全球的海洋环流模式对风应力变化的响应,尤其是在热带太平洋冷舌区对风应力的响应,使用源于SODA(simple ocean data assimilation)再分析资料的风应力强迫该模式进行控制试验,在(10°S～10°N,180°～12°W)的区域减小风应力进行敏感性试验,并把试验结果与同时段的资料进行分析比较.结果表明,试验结果在总体趋势上大致相同,风应力减小时主要是对试验区表层有影响,可以改善模式对热带东太平洋冷舌的模拟,而对次表层温度和流场的刻画较弱,且影响范围不仅是在试验区.此外,该模式能模拟出海洋环流的基本气候态,但是对一些细节描述还不够准确.     

南海表层环流和热结构特征的数值模拟与影响因素分析

 采用普林斯顿海洋模式,在真实的地形数据、计算区域右边界上半部分设为开边界的条件下,对南中国海98°-126°E,3°S -26°N的范围进行了环流和温度结构的模拟。模拟从静止的海洋开始,以1月份的月平均温盐数据为初始场,在12个不同的月平均风场驱动下,模式稳定地模拟了4个模式年。从第3年开始进行数据分析。首先从数值模拟的角度给出了南海表层环流和热结构的时空演变过程,继而详细分析了气候和环境因素的影响。结果表明：冬季南海主要被一个大的气旋式环流占据,夏季主要呈大的反气旋式环流。春季和秋季是季风转换季节,南海环流在受到上一个季节影响的同时也向下一个季节的典型流态转换,并由多个涡旋组成。此外,气候和环境条件的设置,都会影响到南海的环流和热结构特征。     

南海北部陆架碳循环模式的建立——水动力模式部分

采用普林斯顿海洋模式,旨在建立南海碳循环模式所必须的水动力子模式.该模式在海表采用全球海洋大气综合数据集(The Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set,COADS)资料进行强迫,开边界采用一个全球海洋模式的结果进行强迫.模式结果与卫星高度计和潮汐站水位两方面的实测资料都进行了对比检验,结果表明,模式值与长达7年的高度计月平均水位序列在海盆区和陆架区的平均误差分别为1.8 cm和3.8 cm;与潮汐站水位的平均误差为4.0 cm.模式结果显示,南海北部陆架区海流有显著的季节特征:冬季,沿岸流南下,流轴贴近岸线;夏季,南海反气旋式大环流在陆架沿等深线流向东北方向,流轴接近陆架边缘.模式结果与实测资料比较的误差较小,且与前人研究所得的大面分布也比较一致,因此该模式能成为南海北部碳循环模式的关键性子模式.     

六层斜压有地形的全球海洋环流数值模拟 一

本研究的第一部分即模式设计部分．为研究大尺度海气相互作用，气候及气候变化，我们参考国外有关区域模式，设计和建立了一个有海底地形的六层斜压全球海洋环流模式．分辨率为５°经度×４°纬度，积分区域为７０°Ｓ和７０°Ｎ之间的全球海区，最大深度３７５０ｍ．模式方程为静力近似和Ｂｏｕｓｓｉｎｅｓｑ近似下的原始方程，模拟海流，温度和盐度．以年平均风应力，年平均海表热通量和盐通量作为强迫条件，从静止状态开始积分，时间足够长以后获得稳定的海流．温、盐分布．另一文将叙述模拟及试验结果．     

全球海洋预报与科学大数据

全球海洋预报是当前国内外海洋预报领域的前沿方向之一,与实施海洋强国战略、维护国家海洋权益,以及开发深远海资源等各类海洋活动日益走向深海大洋的迫切需求有着密切的关系.全球海洋预报的突出特点是使用并生成海量的数据,充分体现了大数据的基本特征.本文从论述大数据的起源、概念和本质开始,介绍了全球海洋预报的基本理论,进一步结合数据同化、模式数据和产品分发等3个方面具体阐述了全球海洋预报中使用的观测数据和生成的模式数据等大数据.最后展望了全球海洋预报以及海洋大数据未来发展中面临的挑战和亟需解决的关键科学问题.     

Break-up of the Atlantic deep western boundary current into eddies at 8 degrees S

The existence in the ocean of deep western boundary currents, which connect the high-latitude regions where deep water is formed with upwelling regions as part of the global ocean circulation, was postulated more than 40 years ago. These ocean currents have been found adjacent to the continental slopes of all ocean basins, and have core depths between 1,500 and 4,000 m. In the Atlantic Ocean, the deep western boundary current is estimated to carry (10-40) x 10(6) m3 s(-1) of water, transporting North Atlantic Deep Water--from the overflow regions between Greenland and Scotland and from the Labrador Sea--into the South Atlantic and the Antarctic circumpolar current. Here we present direct velocity and water mass observations obtained in the period 2000 to 2003, as well as results from a numerical ocean circulation model, showing that the Atlantic deep western boundary current breaks up at 8 degrees S. Southward of this latitude, the transport of North Atlantic Deep Water into the South Atlantic Ocean is accomplished by migrating eddies, rather than by a continuous flow. Our model simulation indicates that the deep western boundary current breaks up into eddies at the present intensity of meridional overturning circulation. For weaker overturning, continuation as a stable, laminar boundary flow seems possible.     

The Southern Ocean biogeochemical divide

Modelling studies have demonstrated that the nutrient and carbon cycles in the Southern Ocean play a central role in setting the air-sea balance of CO(2) and global biological production. Box model studies first pointed out that an increase in nutrient utilization in the high latitudes results in a strong decrease in the atmospheric carbon dioxide partial pressure (pCO2). This early research led to two important ideas: high latitude regions are more important in determining atmospheric pCO2 than low latitudes, despite their much smaller area, and nutrient utilization and atmospheric pCO2 are tightly linked. Subsequent general circulation model simulations show that the Southern Ocean is the most important high latitude region in controlling pre-industrial atmospheric CO(2) because it serves as a lid to a larger volume of the deep ocean. Other studies point out the crucial role of the Southern Ocean in the uptake and storage of anthropogenic carbon dioxide and in controlling global biological production. Here we probe the system to determine whether certain regions of the Southern Ocean are more critical than others for air-sea CO(2) balance and the biological export production, by increasing surface nutrient drawdown in an ocean general circulation model. We demonstrate that atmospheric CO(2) and global biological export production are controlled by different regions of the Southern Ocean. The air-sea balance of carbon dioxide is controlled mainly by the biological pump and circulation in the Antarctic deep-water formation region, whereas global export production is controlled mainly by the biological pump and circulation in the Subantarctic intermediate and mode water formation region. The existence of this biogeochemical divide separating the Antarctic from the Subantarctic suggests that it may be possible for climate change or human intervention to modify one of these without greatly altering the other.     

Improved estimates of global ocean circulation, heat transport and mixing from hydrographic data

Through its ability to transport large amounts of heat, fresh water and nutrients, the ocean is an essential regulator of climate. The pathways and mechanisms of this transport and its stability are critical issues in understanding the present state of climate and the possibilities of future changes. Recently, global high-quality hydrographic data have been gathered in the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE), to obtain an accurate picture of the present circulation. Here we combine the new data from high-resolution trans-oceanic sections and current meters with climatological wind fields, biogeochemical balances and improved a priori error estimates in an inverse model, to improve estimates of the global circulation and heat fluxes. Our solution resolves globally vertical mixing across surfaces of equal density, with coefficients in the range (3-12) x 10(-4) m2 s(-1). Net deep-water production rates amount to (15 +/- 12) x 10(6) m3 s(-1) in the North Atlantic Ocean and (21 +/- 6) x 10(6) m3 s(-1) in the Southern Ocean. Our estimates provide a new reference state for future climate studies with rigorous estimates of the uncertainties.     

海表面流场微波遥感研究进展及其关键技术问题分析

海表面流场是海洋学中十分重要的研究对象,本文综述了海表面流场微波遥感所涉及的海表面建模、计算电磁学、合成孔径雷达(synthetic aperture radar,SAR)海面成像及SAR信号等基础研究领域,梳理了海表面流场微波反演的研究进展,分析了目前已有反演方法的利弊并找出待研究的科学问题,逐一剖析这些问题并提出解决方法。针对海表面流场微波遥感中有待解决的在动态海表面建模中如何引入海表面流场因素、运动海面电磁散射特征的表征中如何选取参数和反演过程中需要注意的图像分辨率等问题,提出了研究策略,指明了海表面流场微波遥感的技术路线和研究方向,最后对海表面流反演工作进行了展望,探讨了高分辨率海流反演的下一步工作。     

Ocean nutrient ratios governed by plankton biogeography

The major nutrients nitrate and phosphate have one of the strongest correlations in the sea, with a slope similar to the average nitrogen (N) to phosphorus (P) content of plankton biomass (N/P = 16:1). The processes through which this global relationship emerges despite the wide range of N/P ratios at the organism level are not known. Here we use an ocean circulation model and observed nutrient distributions to show that the N/P ratio of biological nutrient removal varies across latitude in Southern Ocean surface waters, from 12:1 in the polar ocean to 20:1 in the sub-Antarctic zone. These variations are governed by regional differences in the species composition of the plankton community. The covariation of dissolved nitrate and phosphate is maintained by ocean circulation, which mixes the shallow subsurface nutrients between distinct biogeographic provinces. Climate-driven shifts in these marine biomes may alter the mean N/P ratio and the associated carbon export by Southern Ocean ecosystems.     

Polar ocean stratification in a cold climate

The low-latitude ocean is strongly stratified by the warmth of its surface water. As a result, the great volume of the deep ocean has easiest access to the atmosphere through the polar surface ocean. In the modern polar ocean during the winter, the vertical distribution of temperature promotes overturning, with colder water over warmer, while the salinity distribution typically promotes stratification, with fresher water over saltier. However, the sensitivity of seawater density to temperature is reduced as temperature approaches the freezing point, with potential consequences for global ocean circulation under cold climates. Here we present deep-sea records of biogenic opal accumulation and sedimentary nitrogen isotopic composition from the Subarctic North Pacific Ocean and the Southern Ocean. These records indicate that vertical stratification increased in both northern and southern high latitudes 2.7 million years ago, when Northern Hemisphere glaciation intensified in association with global cooling during the late Pliocene epoch. We propose that the cooling caused this increased stratification by weakening the role of temperature in polar ocean density structure so as to reduce its opposition to the stratifying effect of the vertical salinity distribution. The shift towards stratification in the polar ocean 2.7 million years ago may have increased the quantity of carbon dioxide trapped in the abyss, amplifying the global cooling.