Influence of structure and atom sites on Sn-based anode materials for lithium ion batteries: a first-principle study

To understand the influence of structure and atom sites on the electrochemical properties of Sn-based anode materials,the lithium intercalation–deintercalation mechanisms into SnNi2Cu and SnNiCu2phases were studied using the first-principle plane wave pseudo-potential method.Calculation results showed that both SnNi2Cu and SnNiCu2were unsuitable anode materials for lithium ion batteries.The Sn-based anode structure related to the number of interstitial sites,theoretical specific capacity,and volume expansion ratio.Different atom sites led to different forces at interstitial sites,resulting in variations in formation energy,density of states,and hybrid orbital types.In order to validate the calculated model,the SnNi2Cu alloy anode material was synthesized through a chemical reduction-codeposition approach.Experimental results proved that the theoretical design was reasonable.Consequently,when selecting Snbased alloy anodes,attention should be paid to maximizing the number of interstitial sites and distributing atoms reasonably to minimize forces at these sites and facilitate the intercalation and deintercalation of lithium ion.     

Tin Oxide and Carbon Composite （Sn6O4（OH）4/AG） as the Anode in a Lithium Ion Battery

A tin oxide and carbon composite （Sn6O4（OH）4/AG） with a Sn content of 0.15-0.30 was prepared by chemical deposition at normal pressures and temperatures. The structures of the artificial graphite （AG）, the Sn6O4（OH）4, and the Sn6O4（OH）4JAG were analyzed using X-ray diffraction. The electrochemical lithiation was investigated by measuring the galvanostatic charge and discharge ratio. The electrochemical capacities of the three materials during the first discharge were 310 mAh/g （AG）, 616 mAh/g （Sn6O4（OH）4/AG）, and 1090 mAh/g （Sn6O4（oa）4）. The discharge capacity of the Sn6O4（OH）4/AG was larger than the simple sum of the capacities provided by AG and Sn6O4（OH）4 with the same content. The cyclic performance of Sn6O4（OH）4/AG was also better than that of Sn6O4（OH）4 for voltages of 0 to 3 V. The results imply that the interaction between Sn and C in Sn6O4（OH）4/AG is very strong and effectively inhibits the volume expansion of the Sn.     

掺杂锡离子对纳米二氧化钛薄膜光催化性能的影响

采用溶胶一凝胶法在玻璃上制备了透明锐钛矿型纳米TiO2薄膜和金属锡离子掺杂的锐钛矿与金红石混晶型纳米TiO2薄膜,并利用X射线衍射(XRD)、原子力显微镜(AFM)、紫外一可见分光光度计对合成的薄膜进行表征。研究了掺杂锡离子对TiO2薄膜吸收光谱及光催化活性的影响,结果表明掺杂锡离子使得TiO2薄膜对入射光的吸收带边发生红移;适量掺杂锡离子能够显著的提高TiO2薄膜的光催化活性。并探讨了镀膜层数对薄膜光催化活性的影响,发现对于掺杂不同浓度锡离子的TiO2薄膜均有其对应的最佳膜层数。     

Facile hydrothermal and sol-gel synthesis of novel Sn-Co/C composite as superior anodes for Li-ion batteries

As an anode material in lithium ion battery, the Sn-Co/C composite electrode materials have been successfully synthesized by hydrothermal and solgel methods, respectively. The resultant composites were mainly composed of Snbased oxides, nanometer Sn-Co alloy and carbon. Carbon and Co, acting as buffer materials, can accommodate to the large volume change of active Sn during the discharge-charge process, thus improving the cycling stability. Although charge/discharge curves revealed the excellent cycle performance for samples synthesized by both methods, composites obtained by the sol-gel showed a better dispersion effect of nanoparticles on the carbon matrix and possessed much more improved stable capacity with 624.9 mAh g-1 over 100 cycles and that by hydrothermal method only exhibited ～299.3 mAh g-1. Therefore, the Sn-Co/C composites obtained by solgel synthesis method could be a perfect candidate for anode material of Liion storage battery.     

Growth dynamics of pentacene thin films

The recent demonstration of single-crystal organic optoelectronic devices has received widespread attention. But practical applications of such devices require the use of inexpensive organic films deposited on a wide variety of substrates. Unfortunately, the physical properties of these organic thin films do not compare favourably to those of single-crystal materials. Moreover, the basic physical principles governing organic thin-film growth and crystallization are not well understood. Here we report an in situ study of the evolution of pentacene thin films, utilizing the real-time imaging capabilities of photoelectron emission microscopy. By a combination of careful substrate preparation and surface energy control, we succeed in growing thin films with single-crystal grain sizes approaching 0.1 millimetre (a factor of 20-100 larger than previously achieved), which are large enough to fully contain a complete device. We find that organic thin-film growth closely mimics epitaxial growth of inorganic materials, and we expect that strategies and concepts developed for these inorganic systems will provide guidance for the further development and optimization of molecular thin-film devices.     

非晶硅锗薄膜太阳能电池研究

介绍了薄膜电池的制备技术及发展进程. 采用射频等离子体加强气相沉积法（PECVD）,制备了非晶锗硅薄膜,提出了制备优质非晶锗硅薄膜的条件和非晶锗硅薄膜的基本性质及其制备工艺中存在的问题和解决方案.     

Sensitivity gains in chemosensing by lasing action in organic polymers

Societal needs for greater security require dramatic improvements in the sensitivity of chemical and biological sensors. To meet this challenge, increasing emphasis in analytical science has been directed towards materials and devices having highly nonlinear characteristics; semiconducting organic polymers (SOPs), with their facile excited state (exciton) transport, are prime examples of amplifying materials. SOPs have also been recognized as promising lasing materials, although the susceptibility of these materials to optical damage has thus far limited applications. Here we report that attenuated lasing in optically pumped SOP thin films displays a sensitivity to vapours of explosives more than 30 times higher than is observed from spontaneous emission. Critical to this achievement was the development of a transducing polymer with high thin-film quantum yield, a high optical damage threshold in ambient atmosphere and a record low lasing threshold. Trace vapours of the explosives 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT) introduce non-radiative deactivation pathways that compete with stimulated emission. We demonstrate that the induced cessation of the lasing action, and associated sensitivity enhancement, is most pronounced when films are pumped at intensities near their lasing threshold. The combined gains from amplifying materials and lasing promise to deliver sensors that can detect explosives with unparalleled sensitivity.     

Review of silicon-based alloys for lithium-ion battery anodes

Silicon (Si) is widely considered to be the most attractive candidate anode material for use in next-generation high-energy-density lithium (Li)-ion batteries (LIBs) because it has a high theoretical gravimetric Li storage capacity, relatively low lithiation voltage, and abund-ant resources. Consequently, massive efforts have been exerted to improve its electrochemical performance. While some progress in this field has been achieved, a number of severe challenges, such as the element’s large volume change during cycling, low intrinsic electronic conduct-ivity, and poor rate capacity, have yet to be solved. Methods to solve these problems have been attempted via the development of nanosized Si materials. Unfortunately, reviews summarizing the work on Si-based alloys are scarce. Herein, the recent progress related to Si-based alloy an-ode materials is reviewed. The problems associated with Si anodes and the corresponding strategies used to address these problems are first de-scribed. Then, the available Si-based alloys are divided into Si/Li-active and inactive systems, and the characteristics of these systems are dis-cussed. Other special systems are also introduced. Finally, perspectives and future outlooks are provided to enable the wider application of Si-alloy anodes to commercial LIBs.     

超级电容器过渡金属氧化物电极材料研究进展

与传统电容器相比,超级电容器具有循环性能优异、大倍率充放电特性好、能快速充放电和环境友好等优点,目前在众多领域中都受到了研究者的关注.超级电容器电极材料主要包括3大类,即碳基电极材料、过渡金属氧化物电极材料及导电聚合物电极材料.鉴于超级电容器具有广阔的应用前景,综述了超级电容器过渡金属氧化物电极材料的研究现状,并对其今后可能的发展方向进行探讨.     

氧化钒薄膜的掺锆实验研究

以V2O5和Zr（NO3）4．5H2O为原料，采用无机溶胶-凝胶法制备了掺Zr^4＋的VOx（2≤X≤2．5）相变薄膜。通过对掺杂薄膜的物相组成、价态、相结构的XPS和XRD分析及电阻突变量级和电阻突变温度的测试，结果发现：所制备的掺杂薄膜其主要成分是VO2，所掺入的Zr与VOx完全互溶，但其中Zr的价态未发生改变。掺杂薄膜随Zr含量的增加其电阻突变温度下降．同时其电阻突变量级也随之降低。     

Embedding Co3O4 nanoparticles into graphene nanoscrolls as anode for lithium ion batteries with superior capacity and outstanding cycling stability

Co_3O_4 is a promising high-performance anode for lithium ion batteries(LIBs), but suffers from unsatisfied cyclability originating duo to low electrical conductivity and large volume expansion during charge and discharge process. Herein, we successfully constructed the Co_3O_4 nanoparticles embedded into graphene nanoscrolls(GNSs) as advanced anode for high-performance LIBs with large capacity and exceptional cyclability. The onedimensional(1 D) Co_3O_4/GNSs were synthesized via liquid nitrogen cold quenching of large-size graphene oxide nanosheets and sodium citrate(SC) modified Co_3O_4 nanoparticles, followed by freeze drying and annealing at400 °C for 2 h in nitrogen atmosphere. Benefiting from the interconnected porous network constructed by 1 D Co_3O_4/GNSs for fast electron transfer and rapid ion diffusion, and wrinkled graphene shell for significantly alleviating the huge volume expansion of Co_3O_4 during lithiation and delithiation. The resultant Co_3O_4/GNSs exhibited ultrahigh reversible capacity of 1200 mAh g~(-1) at 0.1 C, outperforming most reported Co_3O_4 anodes.Moreover, they showed high rate capability of 600 m Ah g-1 at 5 C, and outstanding cycling stability with a high capacity retention of 90% after 500 cycles. Therefore, this developed strategy could be extended as an universal and scalable approach for intergrating various metal oxide materials into GNSs for energy storage and conversion applications.     

A facile method to synthesize 3D structured Sn anode material with excellent electrochemical performance for lithium-ion batteries

Sn anode materials with high specific capacity are an appealing alternative to graphite for next-generation advanced lithium-ion batteries. However, poor electrochemical performance originating from fracture and pulverization due to the enormous volume changes during lithium alloying/dealloying hinders their commercial applications. Here, we propose the synthesis of a novel 3D structured Sn anode material by a facile method: heat treatment of nanosized SnO₂ spheres in a tube furnace with a flowing mixed atmosphere of C₂H₂/Ar at 400 °C. After the heat treatment, the nanosized SnO₂ spheres convert into pure Sn bulk material (~20 μm), which consists of Sn nanowires (~50 nm in diameter and several microns in length). This unique 3D structure with sufficient voids between the nanowires effectively mitigates the volume expansion of Sn bulk material and ensures good electrical contact between the anode material and conducting additives. As a consequence, the 3D structured Sn anode material exhibits a specific reversible capacity of ~600 mA h/g and no significant capacity degradation (compared with that of the 20th cycle) over 500 cycles at 0.2 C.     

SnO_2/Fe_2O_3复合膜界面电导率特性分析

等离子体化学气相淀积法 (PCVD法 )制备的复合膜 Sn O2 /Fe2 O3界面电导特性是由于非平衡反应生成的过渡层的结果 .其电导机理可用半导体薄膜理论来阐明 :当锡在 Fe2 O3中的浓度低时 ,由于准自由电子补偿机制起作用 ,导电率升高 ;当锡与铁在过渡层中浓度接近时 ,杂质散射和晶界电阻增大 ,电导率急剧减小     

可见光响应WO_3光催化材料的研究进展

光催化材料在治理环境污染问题特别是大气污染和水污染方面表现出良好的应用前景。综述了可见光响应的WO_3光催化材料近些年的研究进展,指出通过调整和优化制备方法可以获得不同形貌特征的WO_3粉体光催化材料,而制备的具有大比表面积和高结晶性的WO_3粉体往往表现出高的光催化活性;跟WO_3粉体相比,WO_3薄膜实现了其在衬底表面的负载,不存在分离回收及失活等缺点,具有可观的实际应用价值,但其光催化活性有待进一步提高;通过构建异质结或形成复合材料可以提高WO_3薄膜光催化活性,也可通过贵金属单质沉积调控WO_3薄膜能带结构进而增强光催化活性;贵金属合金团簇亦可大大提高WO_3光催化活性,这一新方法为改善WO_3光催化活性的研究提供了一个新思路,具有重要应用前景。     

氧化锌基薄膜的制备及其光学性质的研究现状

ZnO作为制造高效率短波长发光和激光器件的理想材料,在磁学和电学等方面已经取得了巨大的研究进展,但是在掺杂状态对调控ZnO薄膜的发光行为方面至今鲜有报道。介绍了ZnO薄膜材料的基本结构和特性,综述了ZnO基薄膜的制备技术及其优缺点。此外,借助紫外发光和可见发光这两种发光机制,探讨了Co、Sn单掺及Co、Sn共掺ZnO薄膜的可见光发光特性,同时指出掺杂元素和掺杂量对薄膜能带结构的影响。最后,对ZnO基薄膜材料的应用工作和今后的发展方向进行了展望。     

对向靶磁控溅射纳米氧化钒薄膜的热氧化处理

采用直流对向靶磁控溅射方法制备低价态纳米氧化钒薄膜,研究热氧化处理温度和时间对氧化钒薄膜的组分、结构和电阻温度特性的影响采用X射线光电子能谱（XPS）、X射线衍射（XRD）和原子力显微镜（AFM）对氧化钒薄膜的组分、结晶结构和微观形貌进行分析,利用热敏感系统对薄膜的电阻温度特性进行测量．结果表明,经300～360℃热处理后,氧化钒薄膜的组分逐渐由V2O3和VO向VO2转变,薄膜由非晶态变为单斜金红石结构,具有金属半导体相变性能;增加热处理温度后,颗粒尺寸由20nm增大为100nm,薄膜表面变得致密,阻碍氧与低价态氧化钒的进一步反应,薄膜内VO2组分舍量的改变量不大;增加热处理时间后,薄膜内VO2组分的含量明显增加,相变幅度超过2个数量级.     

TiO2-x(V2O5)纳米复合薄膜的光吸收

采用溶胶 -凝胶技术 ,以Ti(C4H9O) 4 和V2 O5粉末为原材料制备了纳米结构的TiO2 -x(V2 O5) (x为V2 O5的质量分数 ,分别为 10 % ,2 0 % ,30 % ,10 0 % )复合薄膜 .采用原子力显微镜观察薄膜的表面形貌 ;使用UV VIS NIR分光光度计测量了复合薄膜在紫外 -可见光波段的透射率和反射率光谱 ,研究其光吸收特性 .实验结果表明 :复合薄膜具有纳米颗粒结构 ;随着V2 O5用量的增加 ,复合薄膜在紫外光区的吸收逐渐增加 ,(αhv) 1/ 2 与hv存在线性关系 ,光学带隙由纯TiO2 的 3.36eV减小为x =30 %时的 2 .83eV ,光学带隙与x满足Eg(x) =Eg(0 ) [Eg(1)-Eg(0 ) -b]x bx2 关系式 ;复合薄膜光吸收边缘红移起因于V2 O5复合后薄膜中定域态宽度的增加 .     

高容量钠离子电池SnSbCo/rGO负极材料

采用共沉淀法、液氮冷淬工艺和热处理技术制备了高容量钠离子电池SnSbCo/rGO负极复合材料。通过XRD、SEM、TEM、恒流充放电和交流阻抗等测试分析技术对该负极材料进行表征和电化学性能测试。结果表明,在100 mA/g的电流密度下,经50次充放电循环后电极的可逆容量保持在567 mAh/g。同等条件下,纯SnSbCo的电极比容量为456mAh/g。SnSbCo/rGO负极复合材料的电化学性能的改善主要是由于rGO在提高复合材料导电性的同时,缓冲了SnSbCo合金颗粒由于团聚产生的体积膨胀效应。     

SnO2：F透明导电薄膜及其物理特性

本文中报道优质SnO_2:F透明导电薄膜的制备方法,通过对薄膜透射率和电导(方块电阻)的测量分析,研究薄膜特性与工艺条件的关系,探讨最佳工艺条件和薄膜形成规律。提出一种SnO_2:F 晶体缺陷结构模型,可以较好解释电导随 F掺杂浓度的变化结果。     

电化学沉积法制备氧化镍/镍电容器电极材料

在镀镍金属基底上,应用电化学方法阴极沉积氢氧化镍,经热处理得到氧化镍功能薄膜材料.用X-射线衍射(XRD)、傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)和热重分析(TG)等技术对氢氧化镍和氧化镍功能材料进行了分析和表征.循环伏安技术测试表明,本实验阴极电沉积制备的氧化镍薄膜材料的比电容达到55 F/g,能量密度和功率密度分别达到34 J/g和15 W/g.此外,该功能薄膜材料还显示出较高的机械强度和良好的循环寿命.