Parthenolide inhibits proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells through induction of G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest

Objective: This study is to determine the effect of the natural product parthenolide, a sesquiterpene lactone isolated from extracts of the herb Tanacetum parthenium, on the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Methods: Rat aortic VSMCs were isolated and cultured in vitro, and treated with different concentrations of parthenolide (10, 20 and 30 μmol/L). [³H]thymidine incorporation was used as an index of cell proliferation. Cell cycle progression and distribution were determined by flow cytometric analysis. Furthermore, the expression of several regulatory proteins relevant to VSMC proliferation including IκBα, cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2), p21, and p27 was examined to investigate the potential molecular mechanism. Results: Treatment with parthenolide significantly decreased the [³H]thymidine incorporation into DNA by 30%~56% relative to control values in a dose-dependent manner (P<0.05). Addition of parthenolide also increased cell population at G₀/G₁ phase by 19.2%~65.7% (P<0.05) and decreased cell population at S phase by 50.7%~84.8% (P<0.05), which is consistent with its stimulatory effects on p21 and p27. In addition, parthenolide also increased IκBα expression and reduced Cox-2 expression in a time-dependent manner. Conclusion: Our results show that parthenolide significantly inhibits the VSMC proliferation by inducing G₀/G₁ cell cycle arrest. IκBα and Cox-2 are likely involved in such inhibitory effect of parthenolide on VSMC proliferation. These findings warrant further investigation on potential therapeutic implications of parthenolide on VSMC proliferation in vivo.     

DLL3蛋白在人小细胞肺癌细胞中的功能及其机制

为探讨DLL3(human notch ligand delta-like 3)过表达对人小细胞肺癌细胞的影响及可能的作用机制,通过PCR方法扩增人DLL3基因全长序列,并克隆至慢病毒表达载体Lenti-EFS-FLAG-puro而构建人DLL3基因过表达慢病毒表达质粒,酶切及测序鉴定质粒正确。通过慢病毒包装及感染,构建DLL3稳定过表达的人小细胞肺癌细胞株,并通过Western blot验证DLL3蛋白的表达。采用CCK-8法检测DLL3过表达对人小细胞肺癌细胞的增殖的影响。采用平板克隆实验检测DLL3过表达对人小细胞肺癌细胞的克隆形成的影响。Western blot检测DLL3过表达对细胞周期相关蛋白Cyclin D1,Cyclin D3的表达水平的影响。结果表明:人DLL3过表达慢病毒表达质粒构建成功; CCK-8实验显示DLL3过表达促进人小细胞肺癌细胞的增殖。平板克隆实验显示DLL3过表达提高人小细胞肺癌细胞的克隆形成能力。Western blot结果表明DLL3过表达增加细胞周期蛋白Cyclin D1,Cyclin D3的表达水平。可见DLL3过表达对人小细胞肺癌细胞的增殖具有促进作用。     

Overexpression of PITPNM3 promotes hepatocellular carcinoma cell metastasis

A previous study indicated that C–C chemokine(C–C motif)ligand 18(CCL18)is capable of inducing tumor cell invasion and metastasis by interacting with receptor membrane-associated phosphatidylinositol transfer protein 3(PITPNM3)in breast cancer cells.The present study aims to investigate the correlation between the PITPNM3 expression and metastasis in hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot were performed to detect the expression pattern of PITPNM3 in patient samples and HCC cell lines.Wound-healing and transwell chamber assays were performed to assess the migration and invasiveness of HCC cells,and the activation of the signaling protein downstream of PITPNM3 was also detected by Western blot and immunofluorescence.The results revealed that PITPNM3 was upregulated in HCC tissue compared to matched normal liver tissue.Silencing the expression of PITPNM3 by specific siRNAs markedly attenuated the invasive and metastatic abilities of HCC cells,whereas the upregulation of PITPNM3 significantly increased HCC cell mobility.Furthermore,inhibiting the expression of PITPNM3 suppressed the activation of Pyk2,FAK,and Src,while overexpression of PITPNM3enhanced the phosphorylation of FAK and Src in HCC cells.Besides,suppression of Pyk2 can also impair the clustering of integrin.These results imply that PITPNM3 is a vital determinant of HCC migration and invasion.     

KLF4沉默与阿霉素诱导的DNA损伤协同抑制肝癌HepG2细胞的生长

探究KLF4沉默与经不同作用浓度阿霉素处理诱导的DNA损伤对肝癌HepG2细胞增殖凋亡的影响及其作用机制.应用RNA干扰技术,采用siRNA转染HepG2细胞以沉默KLF4基因.采用MTT法检测KLF4沉默前后对HepG2细胞增殖的影响,使用流式细胞术检测KLF4沉默前后对HepG2细胞周期变化影响,应用Western blot法检测转染前后HepG2细胞中KLF4蛋白及细胞周期相关蛋白表达变化.Western blot检测到高浓度的阿霉素促进KLF4的表达,并且低浓度的阿霉素可使得细胞停滞在G2/M期,高浓度的阿霉素则使部分细胞凋亡(19.31%).将KLF4沉默后,发现细胞生长变缓,低浓度的阿霉素处理后,细胞随时间增加而出现更多的细胞凋亡;高浓度的阿霉素处理后,细胞数明显减少,更多的细胞发生凋亡(28.89%),且在KLF4沉默前后均发现低浓度阿霉素促进p53与p21表达,高浓度阿霉素抑制其表达.阿霉素诱导的DNA损伤可提高KLF4的表达,KLF4依赖于DNA损伤激活的p53促进p21的表达,进而引起G1/S期细胞周期阻滞.沉默KLF4与阿霉素诱导的DNA损伤可协同抑制肝癌细胞的增殖、促进凋亡,其在肝癌细胞 HepG2中扮演十分重要的角色.     

重组绿豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂片段对肠癌细胞SW480迁移的影响

探讨重组胰蛋白酶抑制剂活性片段(LysGP33)的抗肠癌效应.大肠杆菌原核表达LysGP33活性片段,GST亲和层析柱对表达蛋白进行纯化.MTT比色和细胞划痕方法检测LysGP33活性片段对SW480细胞增殖和迁移的影响.结果表明:10 μmol/L LysGP33活性片段对SW480细胞的增殖活性无明显影响,但能够有效地抑制SW480细胞的迁移,并呈现时间依赖效应.绿豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂抑制了肠癌细胞的迁移,在抗肿瘤浸润和转移中具有一定的应用前景.     

沉默SEMA3A基因对胶质瘤细胞U251增殖和转移的影响

探讨了SEMA3A基因在恶性胶质瘤细胞U251迁移和侵袭能力中的作用, 及其用于胶质瘤临床治疗的可行性. 用特异识别SEMA3A基因的短发卡RNA(short hairpin RNA,shRNA)片段与真核表达载体pFH-GFP-L连接, 再与辅助质粒联用来包装慢病毒. 通过荧光显微镜观察感染胶质瘤细胞U251的感染效率. 通过实时定量PCR技术和Western-blot技术验证了U251细胞中SEMA3A基因的沉默效果. 通过MTT法、PI染色法和Transwell小室分别检测了U251细胞增殖、细胞周期和运动能力的变化. 结果表明, SEMA3A-shRNA慢病毒感染U251能有效下调SEMA3A基因的表达水平(P <0.01), 使U251细胞的增殖能力、迁移和侵袭能力明显降低(P <0.05), 细胞大量阻滞在G2/M期, 并促进了细胞凋亡(P <0.05).     

IRS1在藻蓝蛋白介导的H460细胞增殖和迁移调控中的作用

藻蓝蛋白来源于海洋藻类,是我国认可的食品着色剂和功能型食品．初期研究表明,藻蓝蛋白处理能抑制人类非小细胞肺癌系H460的体外增殖能力和迁移能力,使得其体外集落形成能力减弱．通过转录组学测序分析进一步探究具体作用机制,从藻蓝蛋白处理前后发生显著变化的基因中,筛选出了一个藻蓝蛋白处理后发生显著下调的基因,即胰岛素受体底物1（irs1）,并通过体外转染siRNA的方法抑制IRS1的表达,来研究其对非小细胞肺癌系H460的增殖和迁移能力的影响．采用MTT法检测细胞增殖,细胞划痕实验检测细胞迁移,克隆形成实验检测细胞集落形成能力,流式细胞术检测细胞周期分布．结果表明,下调IRS1的表达后,与对照组相比,细胞的生长速率降低,迁移能力、集落形成能力受到抑制,同时使细胞周期被阻滞到G1期．PI3K-AKT信号通路研究表明,藻蓝蛋白处理使得PI3K-AKT信号通路活性受到抑制,下调IRS1的表达使得PI3K-AKT信号通路部分蛋白表达也下调,通路活性受到一定程度抑制．本研究结果表明,藻蓝蛋白抑制非小细胞肺癌系H460体外活性功能的机制,可能与IRS1的表达和PI3K-AKT信号通路的活性有关,这为藻蓝蛋白的调控机制提供了有力的理论基础．      

Myofibrillogenesis regulator-1 promotes cell adhesion and migration in human hepatoma cells

Myofibrillogenesis regulator-1 (MR-1) is a gene overexpressed usually in many human cancers. However, the effects of MR-1 on cell proliferation, adhesion, migration and genome-wide gene regulation are still unclear. In this study, a human hepatoma cell line that highly overexpresses MR-1, BEL-7402/MR-1 cells was established. While the high expression of MR-1 did not promote cell proliferation, it significantly increased cell spreading, adhesion and migration compared with control cells. A total of 147 genes were regulated by MR-1 expression, 46 genes were down-regulated and 101 genes were up-regulated by MR-1 overexpression. Many of these genes were related to cell adhesion, cytoskeletal regulation, MAPK signaling, and cell cycle related pathways. Western blot analysis further confirmed the regulation of pathways associated with migration by MR-1. These results suggest that MR-1 is involved in the regulation of cancer cell adhesion, migration and related gene expression.     

皮蛋模拟胃肠道消化物对HepG2细胞的影响

皮蛋是中国传统食品,其水解物具有抗氧化、抗炎和抗癌等功效,具有良好的医学前景,但目前皮蛋发挥抗癌功效的途径及作用机制尚不清楚。探究了皮蛋模拟胃肠道消化物(preserved eggs simulated gastrointestinal digests,PESD)对人肝癌HepG2细胞增殖和细胞周期的影响。将皮蛋经体外模拟胃肠道消化处理后,进行细胞实验,用CCK-8法进行细胞增殖分析,研究PESD对HepG2细胞存活率的影响,采用碘化丙啶(propidium iodide, PI)染色标记的方法,通过流式细胞术测定PESD对HepG2细胞周期的影响,用western blot法测定细胞周期相关调控蛋白的表达。研究发现:PESD以剂量依赖性方式对HepG2细胞增殖进行抑制,IC₅₀为4.17mg/mL;PESD处理显著增加了S期细胞的占比(P<0.05),使HepG2细胞阻滞于S期;4mg/mL的PESD处理HepG2细胞24h后,细胞中cyclin A、cyclin E、ATM、chk2和CDC25A的蛋白表达水平上升(P<0.05),而CDK2蛋白表达水平下降(P<0.05)。研究认为,皮蛋模拟胃肠道消化物是以剂量依赖性的方式来抑制人肝癌HepG2细胞的增殖,主要是通过ATM-chk2-CDC25A信号通路,上调cyclin A和cyclin E蛋白的表达,下调CDK2蛋白的表达来实现人肝癌HepG2细胞阻滞于S期,影响人肝癌HepG2细胞周期进程,抑制癌细胞的增殖。研究结果旨在为皮蛋抗癌作用机制的阐明提供一定的理论基础。     

Effects ofPKCα antisense RNA on human breast cancer cell proliferation and expression ofcyclinD1 andCDK4

The role of PKCα in human breast cancer cell proliferation and expression ofcyclinD1 andCDK4 has been investigated using inhibition ofPKCα expression by its antisense RNA. WhenPKCα expression was inhibited the rate of cell proliferation decreased apparently and the levels ofcyclinD1 andCDK4 mRNA were lower than the control. The results showed thatPKCα, a key member of signal transduction system, played an important role in human breast cancer cell proliferation and had a close relationship with expression ofcyclinD1 andCDK4 which control start of cell cycle.     

新型姜黄素结构衍生物抗肝癌细胞增殖作用的研究

采用MTT法对姜黄素结构衍生物（CCM系列化合物）进行抗人肝癌细胞Bel-7402和SMMC-7721活性筛选;利用流式细胞技术和荧光显微镜检测SMMC-7721细胞凋亡及周期分布;采用Western-Blot方法检测SMMC-7721中蛋白caspase-3和剪切后p17的表达.结果表明,化合物CCM-5和CCM-14抗肿瘤活性较好,其对SMMC-7721细胞的凋亡作用呈剂量依赖性,且凋亡率与阴性对照组相比有显著差异（P<0.01）;化合物浓度增高时,G0/G1期细胞减少,S期以及G2/M期细胞增加,凋亡峰SubG1峰增大;两个化合物均可增强caspase-3的表达,随着浓度的提高,caspase-3的表达趋势减弱,而剪切形式p17亚基表达量逐渐提高.因此,姜黄素结构衍生物CCM-5和CCM-14能抑制人肝癌细胞SMMC-7721细胞的增殖,促进凋亡,其作用机制可能与化合物诱导caspase-3活性的增强有关.     

Caveolin-1 Re-Expression Reverses G_0/G_1 Arrest in Caveolin-1 Knockout Mesangial Cells

Flow cytometry,BrdU incorporation,and western blotting were used to investigate whether caveolin-1(Cav-1) is involved in cell cycle progression of renal glomerular mesangial cells.Wide type mesangial cells re-entered the cell cycle after 22 h incubation with 20% fetal bovine serum(FBS) and Cav-1 knockout cells remained in G0/G1 phase after 48 h,which indicated that Cav-1 knockout mesangial cells were G0/G1 arrest.The protein level of cyclin D1 significantly increased after incubation with 20% FBS for 6 h in wide type mesangial cells,and 12 h in Cav-1 knockout cells.It suggested that cyclin D1 upregulation was delayed in knockout mesangial cells.Cav-1 re-expression in Cav-1 knockout mesangial cells increased the ratio of S phase from 4.8% to 15.26%,and decreased the ratio of G0/G1 phase from 90.96% to 77.84%,which implied that Cav-1 re-expression can reverse cell cycle arrest.It concludes that Cav-1 may promote the proliferation of mesangial cells.     

Effects of sense and antisense centromere/kinetochore complex protein-B （CENP-B） in cell cycle regulation

This paper investigates the effects of sense and antisense centromere/kinetochore complex protein-B （CENP-B） in cell cycle regulation. Full-length cenpb cDNA was subcloned into pBI-EGFP eukaryotic expression vector in both sense and antisense orientation. HeLa-Tet-Off cells were transfected with sense or antisense cenpb vectors. Sense transfection of HeLa-Tet-Off cells resulted in the formation of a large centromere/kinetochore complex, and apoptosis of cells following several times of cell division. A stable antisense cenpb transfected cell line, named HACPB, was ob- tained. The centromere/kinetochore complex of HACPB cells became smaller than control HeLa-Tet-Off cells and scattered, and the expression of CENP-B was down-regulated. In addition, delayed cell cycle progression, inhibited malignant phenotype, restrained ability of tumor formation in nude mice, and delayed entry from G2fM phase into next G1 phase were observed in HACPB cells. Furthermore, the expression of cyclin-dependent kinases （CDKs）, cyclins, and CDK inhibitors （CKIs） were modulated during different phases of the cell cycle. CENP-B is an essential protein for the maintenance of the structure and function of centromere/kinetochore complex, and plays important roles in cell cycle regulation.     

In vitro assay of cytoskeleton nanomechanics as a tool for screening potential anticancer effects of natural plant extract, tubeimoside I on human hepatoma (HepG2) cells

Cytoskeleton nanomechanics characterizes cancer cell’s physical behaviors such as how it spread and invade. For anticancer drug, cytoskeleton nanomechanics may be a target to inhibit invasiveness and metastasis of cancer cells. Therefore, in vitro assay of cytoskeleton nanomechanics may be used to evaluate the effects of potential anticancer drug on various cancer types. Here, we investigated the effects of tubeimoside I (TBMS I) on human hepatoma (HepG2) cells by using optical magnetic twisting cytometry, a well-established technique for measuring nanomechanics of the Factin cytoskeleton. TBMS I is a natural compound extracted from a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, and is reported with antitumor effect. In this study, we demonstrated that the cytoskeleton stiffness (G) of HepG2 cells was affected by TBMS I. G′ exhibited a typical power law with respect to the loading frequency (f), i.e. G~f . The magnitude of G′ and the value of exponent (α) of the HepG2 cells decreased consistently with the increase of concentration for TBMS I exposure. In addition, the HepG2 cells responded to TBMS I much faster than the normal liver (L-02) cells. Such alteration of cytoskeleton nanomechanics induced by TBMS I was reported for the first time, which was further corroborated by assays of Factin cytoskeleton structure and cell migration. Taken together, these results suggest that in vitro assay of cytoskeleton nanomechanics may have a great potential as an additional tool in screening of anticancer drug candidates.     

c-myc oncogene protein synthesis is independent of the cell cycle in human and avian cells

Several lines of evidence suggest a role for the myc oncogene in cell proliferation. Most recently, mitogenic stimulation of quiescent lymphoid, fibroblast and epithelial cells has been demonstrated to lead to a sharp increase in c-myc RNA levels. To determine how c-myc expression is linked to the cell proliferative cycle, we have used centrifugal elutriation to enrich for populations of avian and human cells at different stages of the cell cycle. Centrifugal elutriation is a counterflow centrifugation method that separates cells on the basis of volume, a parameter correlating well with progression through the cell cycle. Using myc-specific anti-peptide antibodies, we show here that the synthesis, half-life and modification of c-myc proteins are constant throughout the cell cycle of normal and transformed cells.     

Histone H2AX-dependent GABA(A) receptor regulation of stem cell proliferation

Stem cell self-renewal implies proliferation under continued maintenance of multipotency. Small changes in numbers of stem cells may lead to large differences in differentiated cell numbers, resulting in significant physiological consequences. Proliferation is typically regulated in the G1 phase, which is associated with differentiation and cell cycle arrest. However, embryonic stem (ES) cells may lack a G1 checkpoint. Regulation of proliferation in the 'DNA damage' S/G2 cell cycle checkpoint pathway is known for its role in the maintenance of chromatin structural integrity. Here we show that autocrine/paracrine gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) signalling by means of GABA(A) receptors negatively controls ES cell and peripheral neural crest stem (NCS) cell proliferation, preimplantation embryonic growth and proliferation in the boundary-cap stem cell niche, resulting in an attenuation of neuronal progenies from this stem cell niche. Activation of GABA(A) receptors leads to hyperpolarization, increased cell volume and accumulation of stem cells in S phase, thereby causing a rapid decrease in cell proliferation. GABA(A) receptors signal through S-phase checkpoint kinases of the phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase-related kinase family and the histone variant H2AX. This signalling pathway critically regulates proliferation independently of differentiation, apoptosis and overt damage to DNA. These results indicate the presence of a fundamentally different mechanism of proliferation control in these stem cells, in comparison with most somatic cells, involving proteins in the DNA damage checkpoint pathway.     

HMBA对人成骨肉瘤MG-63细胞增殖和相关基因表达的影响

研究了环六亚甲基双乙酰胺对人成骨肉瘤MG-63细胞的增殖和相关基因表达的影响.实验结果表明HMBA可明显抑制MG-63细胞的增殖,细胞生长抑制率达50.69%,分裂指数抑制率达58.8%,增殖细胞核抗原的表达降低,细胞周期被阻滞在G0/G1期.免疫细胞化学染色结果显示,经HMBA处理之后,与增殖分化调控有关的癌基因c-myc、c-fos、c-erbB-2、mtp53的表达降低、抑癌基因p21WAF1/CIP1、p16、rb的表达升高.研究结果表明,HMBA能够有效抑制人成骨肉瘤MG-63细胞的增殖活动,其对细胞增殖的抑制作用与HMBA下调c-myc、c-fos、c-erbB-2、mtp53等癌基因以及上调p21WAF1/CIP1、p16、rb等抑癌基因的表达,从而调控细胞周期有重要关系.     

Effect ofP15 INK4b/MTS2 on the proliferation of human hepatoma cells SMMC-7721

The full length cDNA coding forP15 ^INK4b, which is a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, was cloned to plasmid PXJ41-neo (Eco R I /Xho I site) and the new constructed plasmid pXJp15 was obtained. pXJp15 was transferred into the human hepatoma SMMC-7721 cetls by lipofectine reagent. After G418 setection, a series of cetl lines stably expressing high levets ofP15 (named SHT) and the clone containing vector PXJ41-neo only (named SVXJ) were obtained by Northern and Western analysis. The results showed that the proliferation of SHT cells is inhibited compared with that of SVXJ cetls. Cell cycle analysis indicated that overexpressing ofP15 inhibited the growth of SHT cetls by decreasing progrssion of cetls from G1 to S and G2 to M phases. The levets ofc-Myc andc-Fos were obviously decreased in SHT cells compared with control cetls by Western blotting. The decreased expression of oncogene may be one of the molecular mechanisms of the effect ofP15 on the proliferation of in SHT cetls.