黄粉虫的生物学特性及养殖技术的研究

黄粉虫在福州自然室温下一年可繁殖2代,发育快的个体超过2代,发育慢的不足2代。在人工控制的温度、湿度、光照及食物等条件下试验结果表明:(1)卵、幼虫、蛹和成虫产卵前期的发育起点温度分别为10.46℃、9.98℃、9.62℃和9.58℃;有效积温分别为123.57、1964.88、135.05和105.72日度;温度与发育的关系的数理统计模式分别是成虫产卵和幼虫发育的最高临界温度为34℃;(2)卵、幼虫、蛹的发育和成虫产卵量的最住湿度分别为RH75％、90％、和90％;(3)在连续光照下,成虫寿命缩短,产卵量减少;(4)幼虫和成虫的饲料均以糠、(?)为主。添加适量青饲料者显著加速幼虫生长和提高或虫产卵量。在养殖中,除控制上述条件外,各虫态的分群饲养和成虫的隔离产卵也是重要措施,并须注意粉螨对卵的危害。     

环境条件对直流风洞风速测量结果的影响

为了研究风速仪器检定对环境测量仪器性能参数的要求,确定检定过程中环境条件的限制范围,通过动态测量和数据比对的方法,获得不同环境条件下风速测量结果的实验数据,定量分析了风速检定实验室的房间阻挡物、温度、湿度和气压等要素对测量结果的影响。结果表明,实验室内有阻挡物时的风速稳定性系数和测量误差均比无阻挡物时大1倍以上;实验室的温度、气压和湿度3个要素中,温度变量对风速测量结果影响最大,相对湿度的影响最小;在检定过程中,当实验室温度变化超过1℃、气压变化超过25hPa、相对湿度变化超过38%RH时,会对测量结果造成可估量影响。     

温度对西藏3种野生披碱草属牧草种子萌发的影响

文章选取西藏野生老芒麦(Elymus sibiricus)、披碱草(Elymusdahuricus)和垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans)牧草种子作为试验材料,在4种温度培养条件下进行了萌发试验。探讨了温度对西藏披碱草属牧草种子萌发的影响。结果表明,温度对西藏3种野生牧草种子萌发影响很大;垂穗披碱草和披碱草种子发芽率随昼夜温度的升高而升高;15℃/25℃为西藏野生老芒麦种子发芽率由高到低的温度拐点;披碱草种子最适宜萌发的温度为20℃/30℃;垂穗披碱草和老芒麦种子最适宜萌发温度为15℃/25℃。     

不同温湿度下白僵菌对红缘天牛幼虫致病力的研究

为了寻找白僵菌(Beauveria bassiana)对红缘天牛(Asias halodendri)的最佳作用条件,测定不同的温、湿度条件下,白僵菌作用于红缘天牛幼虫后,幼虫的死亡情况.结果表明:(1)31℃是白僵菌感染红缘天牛幼虫的最佳温度.该温度下,幼虫在5 d的校正死亡率高达77.78%,致死速率快,LT50仅为0.121 d,僵虫率为46.67%,显著高于其他各组,温度增高或降低,都会使致死速率和僵虫率降低;(2)相对湿度>90%时,白僵菌对红缘天牛幼虫的致死效果最好,此时的校正死亡率和僵虫率分别为100%和63.33%,致死速率也最快,LT50为1.017 d,相对湿度降低时,幼虫的校正死亡率和僵虫率显著降低.     

西藏冬虫夏草无性型5.8S rDNA,ITS间区系统发育分析

 采用相对较低的培养温度(5~12℃),从西藏那曲当年产风干冬虫夏草[Cordyceps sinensis(Berk.)Sacc.]分离得到菌株C21,综合其菌丝形态学特征及5.8S rDNA和ITS间区的系统发育分析结果,证实菌株C21为冬虫夏草菌的无性型,即中国被毛孢(Hirsutella sinensis).     

蔗扁蛾生物学及温度对发育的影响

蔗扁蛾Opogonasacchari(Bojer)是一种新入侵我国的食性复杂的观赏性植物的危险性害虫.在实验条件下观察了实验种群的生活史、发育历期、存活率、产卵量、寿命与温度的关系.结果表明温度明显影响发育.卵、幼虫、蛹和世代的发育起点分别为(11.2±3.54),(8.8±1.39),(10.97±1.40)和(11.1±1.8)℃.有效积温分别为75.4,729,206和876.5日度.在15,20,24,28,30和33℃,相对湿度75%条件下下卵历期13,7,4.3,4,5和5d.幼虫的存活率分别为38%,46%,37%,44%,40%和0,33℃下幼虫不能完成发育.幼虫发育期为(141.4±10.2),(63.4±2.4),(47.6±2.5),(32.9±1.9),(35.5±1.6)d.蛹的发育期为(44±3.7),(21.7±3.1),(15.1±2.1),(10.9±1.4)和(12.8±5.2)d.在上述温度下成虫平均寿命随温度升高而下降,雌成虫寿命为2.7～15.7d,雄成虫寿命为1.5～12.6d.     

高温高湿环境对家兔血液流变特性与生化指标的影响

为了探索室内热湿环境标准的理论依据,研究不同温度和湿度变化对家兔血液流变特性和生化指标的影响。将家兔随机分为4组,其中:Ⅰ组,10只家兔在温度为26℃、湿度为70%的房间;Ⅱ组,10只家兔在温度为26℃、湿度为90%的房间;Ⅲ组,10只家兔在温度为32℃、湿度为70%的房间;Ⅳ组,10只家兔在温度为32℃、湿度为90%的房间。饲养3 d后,用心脏穿刺法采集血液5 mL分别用于血液生化指标和血液流变学指标检测。研究结果表明:当温度适中时,湿度变化对家兔血液流变学特性和生化指标的影响不显著;在湿度相同时,温度变化对家兔血液流变学特性和生化指标的影响显著;高温高湿环境对血液流变学特性和生化指标的影响显著。     

贡嘎蝠蛾幼虫肠道菌群的分析

贡嘎蝠蛾(Hepialus gonggaensis)幼虫是名贵中药材冬虫夏草(Cordyceps sinensis)的优势寄主.研究贡嘎蝠蛾幼虫肠道菌群,对研究蝠蛾的营养生理,提高幼虫成活率,进而人工培殖冬虫夏草具有重要意义.实验以四川康定采集的贡嘎蝠蛾为实验材料,对贡嘎蝠蛾幼虫的肠道细菌进行了分离和鉴定.实验结果表明,贡嘎蝠蛾肠道细菌都属低温菌,最适生长温度15 ℃,在15 ℃培养2 d后才长出典型菌落.从肠道中分离纯化出12个不同菌群,其中优势菌群为葡萄球菌,菌群数量为2.05×109 mL-1,检出率100%,应为幼虫肠道中的常住菌群,其它菌群检出率均低于50%,可能为肠道中的过路菌群.生化鉴定大多数菌群的符合值都较低,这与蝠蛾生活于高海拔高寒地区,其肠道微生物与常见微生物菌群有较大差异一致.     

棉铃虫发育的温度效应及其防治

1967年～1968年在保加利亚西南部进行的实验室研究和田间调查,测定了温度对棉铃虫发育的影响及棉铃虫的防治效果。在这个地区,一年发生三代和不完整的四代,蛹期越冬,在实验室,日平均温度为20.66、27.94和35.2℃,相对湿度为76.4%、75.8%和75%时,卵期分别为8、5和3天;幼虫在日平均温度为20.09、27.06和35.2℃,相对湿度为76.2%、75.9%和75.6%时,完成发育的时间分别为41、24和18天。在田间,日平均温度为18.2℃时,幼虫期约为45～47天。在1968年,第一代幼虫于4月15～16日在番茄上发现,当时的日平均温度为16.4℃。     

温度对龟足胚胎和幼虫发育的影响

在室内海水盐度为27～28的条件下,观察了18,21,24,27,30,33,36 ℃等7个温度对龟足(Pollicipes mitella)胚胎发育时间、孵化率和幼虫生长、存活率和变态率的影响.实验结果表明:在18～36 ℃之间,龟足的胚胎均能正常发育并且孵化,其发育时间随温度的升高而缩短,18 ℃的发育时间最长为12 d,而30～36 ℃所需的发育时间最短,仅需5.5 d.实验结束时(20 d)温度对累积孵化率的影响不明显,但在胚胎发育过程中(14 d之前)低温(18,21 ℃)对累积孵化率的影响明显,其他温度(24～36 ℃)对胚胎孵化率的影响不显著.结合胚胎发育时间和孵化率两个指标,龟足胚胎发育的最适温度为24～33 ℃.根据存活率和变态率,龟足幼虫生长发育的温度上限和下限分别是36 ℃和18 ℃,在21～33 ℃之间,龟足幼虫可以不同程度地生长和变态,幼虫发育的最适温度范围是24～30 ℃.     

西藏虫草属真菌生物学特性研究及其无性型rRNA基因ITS间隔区系统发育分析

研究从新鲜冬虫夏草分离得到的菌株的形态学特征,并验证其对蝙蝠蛾幼虫的侵染能力。对菌株分化的两个亚型菌株进行了生物学特性研究,并对rRNA基因ITS片段进行了系统发育分析。结果表明：①菌株在18±4℃条件下培养两周后,产生乳白色突起,里面有淡黄色孢子,这种情况下的菌体在侵染蝙蝠蛾幼虫后,20天后长出了子实体;②菌株进一步分化成无性型的两个亚型菌株CC-1和CC-3,这两株菌在表观上差异不明显,但是其分生孢子形态上有显著差异。菌株CC-1的分生孢子为线型孢子,而CC-3的分生孢子却为镰刀型孢子,两菌株均存在有性生殖和无性生殖两种生殖方式;③对无性型两菌株CC-1和CC-3的rRNA基因ITS片段的系统发育分析表明,两株菌均与冬虫夏草非常相似。     

Genome research profile of two <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cordyceps sinensis</Emphasis> cDNA libraries

Cordyceps sinensis (CS) is well known as an ancient Chinese herb. It is used to expand bronchial smooth muscles, inhibit tumor growth and decrease blood pressure. Cordyceps sinensis is composed of two parts. One is the dead larvae body; the other is the stroma like withered grass. Up to now, few genome database articles about Cordyceps sinensis have been reported. In this study, two cDNA libraries were constructed using the worm part and grass part respectively for the first time. 12192 and 15456 clones fro...     

虫草头孢菌CS-866菌株发酵条件的研究

对虫草头孢菌CS-866菌株的菌丝体发酵条件进行了研究,其适宜的培养基消前pH为5.0~7.0,培养温度为26~28℃,接种量为3%~5%,最佳种龄为3 d,发酵周期4 d,培养基消前加0.3%毛豆油消沫,发酵过程中对通气量的要求较高.虫草头孢菌丝体所含氨基酸与天然冬虫夏草相近,红外吸收光谱也表明两者所含的各类化学成分极为相似.     

冬虫夏草人工培育初探

通过采用周期性变压固态发酵技术来探讨其在人工培育冬虫夏草工艺中的可行性。实验中通过正交对比实验确定了最佳实验条件 :固体培养基为大米或大米 +麸皮 ,固液比为1∶ 1～ 1.3,温度为 2 8℃ ,p H值 7.5～ 8,时间为 (15～ 2 0 ) d。周期变压条件为 :高压 0 .15MPa(表压 )时间 :10 min,低压 :0 .0 0 MPa(表压 )时间 :10 min,菌丝体的生长时间缩短了 (5～ 10 ) d,虫草多糖的得率明显的提高。     

Phylogenetic relationships of host insects of Cordyceps sinensis inferred from mitochondrial Cytochrome b sequences

This study used the sequence of the mitochondrial Cytochrome b(Cytb)to estimate phylogenetic relationships among host Hepialidae insects of Cordyceps sinensis.Genome DNA of host insect was extracted from the dead larva head part of 18 cordyceps populations and 2 species of Hepialus,and the Cytb fragment of host insect was amplified with PCR technique.The nucleotide sequence alignments and their homologous sequences of 24 species host Hepialidae insects of Cordyceps sinensis were obtained from GenBank and were used to construct phylogenetic trees based on neighbor-joining method.The results showed that genus Bipectilus diverged earlier than genus Hepialus and Hepialiscus.Hepialus host insects of Cordyceps sinensis have multitudinous species with different morphological characteristics and geographical distributions.The interspecific genetic differentiations are obvious in Hepialus.Thus,the genus Hepialus might be considered as polyphyletic origin.Cytb sequences have abundant variations among the host insects of Cordyceps sinensis on spe- cific and generic level.The divergence rate of Cytb sequences among the species in Hepialus ranged from 0.23% to 9.24%,except that Hepialus pratensis and Hepialus jinshaensis have the same sequence.Cytb sequence can be used for species identification of host insects of Cordyceps sinensis,but further confirmation in more host insect species is needed.To obtain the Cytb sequence of host insect by ampli- fying DNA extracted from the head part of dead larva in cordyceps turns out to be an effective and accurate approach,which will be useful for studies on phylogeny and genetic structure of host insects of cordyceps populations,especially for analyzing relationships between C. sinensis and its host insects.     

Phylogenetic relationships of host insects of Cordyceps sinensis inferred from mitochondrial Cytochrome b sequences

This study used the sequence of the mitochondrial Cytochrome b (Cytb) to estimate phylogenetic relationships among host Hepialidae insects of Cordyceps sinensis. Genome DNA of host insect was extracted from the dead larva head part of 18 cordyceps populations and 2 species of Hepialus, and the Cytb fragment of host insect was amplified with PCR technique. The nucleotide sequence alignments and their homologous sequences of 24 species host Hepialidae insects of Cordyceps sinensis were obtained from GenBank and were used to construct phylogenetic trees based on neighbor-joining method. The results showed that genus Bipectilus diverged earlier than genus Hepialus and Hepialiscus. Hepialus host insects of Cordyceps sinensis have multitudinous species with different morphological characteristics and geographical distributions. The interspecific genetic differentiations are obvious in Hepialus. Thus, the genus Hepialus might be considered as polyphyletic origin. Cytb sequences have abundant variations among the host insects of Cordyceps sinensis on specific and generic level. The divergence rate of Cytb sequences among the species in Hepialus ranged from 0.23% to 9.24%, except that Hepialus pratensis and Hepialus jinshaensis have the same sequence. Cytb sequence can be used for species identification of host insects of Cordyceps sinensis, but further confirmation in more host insect species is needed. To obtain the Cytb sequence of host insect by amplifying DNA extracted from the head part of dead larva in cordyceps turns out to be an effective and accurate approach, which will be useful for studies on phylogeny and genetic structure of host insects of cordyceps populations, especially for analyzing relationships between C. sinensis and its host insects.     

冬虫夏草菌丝体液体培养基的优化

采用正交分析方法对冬虫夏草菌丝体的液体培养基配方进行了优化,结果表明,冬虫夏草生长最适液体培养基配方为：葡萄糖1．25％,蔗糖1．25％,蛋白胨0．02％,酵母粉0．0625％,KH2PO4 0．025％,MgSO4·7H2O 0．0125％,VB10．0025％,pH自然;培养温度24℃,周期192h,其菌丝体生物量产率为19．5g／L,是前人菌丝体生物量产率的1．2～1．5倍．     

冬虫夏草体外溶出度研究

依据《药典》中的溶出度测定法进行冬虫夏草纳米粉胶囊、冬虫夏草粗粉胶囊及冬虫夏草药材的体外溶出实验.实验显示,冬虫夏草药材在10 min时溶出最多,冬虫夏草纳米粉胶囊及冬虫夏草粗粉胶囊都在40min时达到溶出最高点,而纳米粉溶出度高达100%.结果表明,装入胶囊的冬虫夏草粉比未装入胶囊的冬虫夏草药材,溶出度稳定,且冬虫夏草纳米粉溶出度最高.     

冬虫夏草无性型的分子鉴别

采用分子生物学手段,以ｒＤＮＡＩＴＳ区为分子指标,对冬虫夏草Ｃｏｒｄｙｃｅｐｓｓｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ的有性和无性阶段进行比较分析,从分子水平证明冬虫夏草的无性阶段是中国被子毛孢Ｈｉｒｓｕｔｅｌａｓｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ．