Simulation of Greenland ice sheet during the mid-Pliocene warm period

One of the key uncertainties in future sea-level projections is attributed to the Greenland ice sheet(GrIS).Studying the response of the GrIS to climate changes during the past warm periods is helpful for understanding future changes in the GrIS.In this study,using three global climate models(Community Atmosphere Model version3.1 and version 4.0 and Norwegian Earth System Model)and a three-dimensional ice sheet model,we investigate the climate and ice sheet changes over Greenland during the mid-Pliocene warm period(*3 Ma BP).The results show that the regionally averaged summer temperature over Greenland is 9.4–13.4°C higher during the mid-Pliocene period than during the pre-industrial era and the annual mean precipitation is 65.2–108.3 mm a-1greater.In response to this warm-wet climate,the GrIS shows a substantial decrease in size during the mid-Pliocene,with little ice existing along the eastern coast of Greenland.Compared to that simulated in the control run,the global sea level is approximately 7.8–8.1 m higher during the mid-Pliocene due to the decrease in the size of the GrIS.In addition,paleoclimate proxies also indicate that it is unlikely that a large-scale ice sheet exists over Greenland during the mid-Pliocene warm period.     

Monitoring dynamic changes of global land cover types:fluctuations of major lakes in China every 8 days during 2000–2010

Remote sensing images can be used to delineate variations in the area of lakes and to assess the influence of environmental changes and human activities.However,because lakes are dynamic,results obtained from individual images acquired on a single date are not representative and do not accurately reflect ongoing changes.In this study,we used 8-day moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer(MODIS)composite data from 2000 to2010 to map water surface changes over 629 lakes in China.We combined automatic extraction of training data and support vector machine classification to derive the spatial distribution of these large water bodies.The producer’s and user’s accuracies for MODIS images were91.06%and 89.81%,respectively,when compared with interpretation results from 30 m resolution Landsat images taken on similar days.Area changes,variability,inundation intensity,and rainy seasons of the 629 lakes were analyzed based on this multi-temporal lake database.The total area of the 629 lakes increased over the study period,primarily as a result of the expansion of lake areas on the Tibetan Plateau.There were 12 lakes with a maximum area[1,000 km2,and six of these decreased in area from 2000to 2010.The shrinkages of Poyang Lake and Dongting Lake were-54.76 and-25.08 km2/a,respectively.The area of lakes on Tibetan Plateau,in northern Xinjiang,northeastern Inner Mongolia,and northeastern China varied little,while lakes on the Yangtze Plain,in southern Inner Mongolia,and central Xinjiang fluctuated considerably.Inundation intensity increased for lakes on the Tibetan Plateau,in northern Xinjiang,Heilongjiang,and Jilin,while inundation extent decreased in central Xinjiang,southern Tibet,southern Inner Mongolia,Sichuan,and on the Yangtze Plain.This study is an attempt to develop high-frequency specific land cover maps to improve applicability of general land cover maps.The lake products serve as an important supplement to hydrologic data.The lake database enables the generation of new land surface process models,which could improve the precision of simulations,based on more accurate observations of dynamic lake systems.     

Theoretical study of spin-orbit coupling and zero-field splitting in the spin-forbidden two-state reaction between cobaltacyclopentadiene and isocyanate

The two-state reaction mechanism of CpCo(C_4H_4)with isocyanate on the triplet and singlet potential energy surfaces has been investigated at the B3LYP level.A study is described for the computation of spin-orbit coupling of triplet state of the minimal energy crossing point(CP)with their singlet states and of the zerofield splitting(ZFS)parameters of the triplet states,including the full one-and two-electron terms of the BreitPauli Hamiltonian.There are two key crossing points along this two-state reaction pathway.The first crossing point—CP2 exists near~1B.The reacting system will change its spin multiplicity from the triplet state to the singlet state near this crossing region.Although the spin-orbit coupling interaction and ZFS D-tensor of the CP2 region are very strong,the reaction system will occur the reverse intersystem crossing from T_1 to S_0.Therefore,its spin-flip efficiency may be lower.The second crossing point,CP3will again change its spin multiplicity from the singlet state to the triplet state in the Co-Cr bond activation pathway,leading to a decrease in the barrier height of~1TS(CF)from19.5 to 9.5 kcal/mol(1cal=4.182 J),and the efficiency of intersystem crossing from S_0 to T_1 is high because the larger spin-orbit coupling(SOC)matrix elements will result in the overpopulations of the three sublevels of T_1(3.30×10~(-1),3.32×10~(-1),and 3.38×10~(-1),respectively).     

Hesperomyces virescens （Fungi,Ascomycota, Laboulbeniales） attacking Harmonia axyridis （Coleoptera,Coccinellidae） in its native range

This study intended to find data on obligate ec- toparasitic Laboulbeniales （Fungi, Ascomycota） on Chinese Harmonia axyridis （Coleoptera, Coccinellidae）. After having screened over four thousand dried specimens of H. axyridis and close relatives, we present the first （historical） record of Chinese H. axyridis infected with Hesperomyces virescens. We suggest that H. t, irescens is a historically globally dis- tributed species and hypothesize that （native） infection was lost when H. a~a;ridis was introduced in North America.     

Label-free selective sensing of Pb2＋ lead（II） sensors based on the aggregation of a pyrene fluorescent probe

In the present work, we report a label-free fluo- rescence turn-on approach for the sensitive and selective sensing of Pb2＋. Pyrene with one positive charge was used as the fluorescent probe, and thrombin aptamer （TBA）, which was a G-rich oligonucleotide, was employed to form G-quadruplex with lead（II）. When TBA and Pb2＋ were mixed with lead（II） in an aqueous solution, it was folded into a stable G-quadruplex. Subsequently, a single-stranded nucleic acid-specific nuclease S1 was added. The G-quad- ruplex stabilized by Pb2＋ lead（II） had markedly a significant resistant ability to nuclease S1 digestion. However, in the absence of Pb2＋ lead（II）, no quadruplex or less stable quadruplex was formed and TBA was digested by nuclease S1 in 3 min under the optimized experimental conditions. Finally, pyrene probe was Pb2＋ lead（II）. Electrostatic mixed with oligonucleotide in interactions between oligonu- cleotide （a polyanion） and the probe induced the aggregation of the probe, which in turn produced strong emission of the strong pyrene excimer emission. The intensity of the induced excimer emission was directly proportional to the amount of Pb2＋ added. Our approach shows good selectivity and sen- sitivity for the detection of Pb2＋ with a limit of detection limit as low as 800 nmol/L.     

地表水环境中PAHs源解析的方法比较及应用

通过对比分析水环境领域多环芳烃(PAHs)的源解析方法综述了各种源解析方法的原理、 优缺点及具体适用范围, 并在此基础上, 分别从内陆河流湖泊及沿海区域两方面对国内外地表水环境中（包括上覆水及水底表层沉积物）PAHs的源解析方法的应用及解析结果进行分析比较. 结果表明, 内陆区域河流和湖泊上覆水及沉积物中的PAHs主要来源为矿物燃料及木材等高温燃烧源, 河口及近海海水和沉积物中的PAHs主要来源为燃烧源及石油源, 石油源对PAHs的贡献较内陆区域更明显.     

济南市PM_(2.5)来源的解析

采集济南市环境空气样品和污染源样品,分析其化学成分.采用化学质量平衡(Chemical Mass Balance,CMB)源解析技术,研究探讨济南市环境空气中PM2.5的来源.结果表明:对济南市有明显贡献的颗粒物源类是煤烟尘、机动车尾气尘、土壤尘、扬尘、建筑尘、钢铁尘、硫酸盐和硝酸盐等,并且城市区域尘大于外来尘的贡献,各源类PM2.5贡献值和分担率的季节变化较明显.     

Comparison of the accuracy of powder and single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques in determining organic crystal structure

This study demonstrates the accuracy of pow- der X-ray diffraction （PXRD） in determining the crystal structures of four organic molecules by comparing the structural information obtained from both single-crystal X-ray diffraction （SXRD） and PXRD techniques. Results showed that the PXRD technique had approximately the same precision as the SXRD technique. The majority of the relative deviations from PXRD-derived lattice parameters were within 4-0.2 % of the correct values （average of the SXRD data）, whereas the relative deviations in bond lengths and angles are within 4-1,0 %, All of the relative deviations were subjected to normal statistical distributions （# = 0） and coincided with the SXRD data. As an auxiliary implement of SXRD, PXRD is clearly an effective and powerful technique in establishing an accurate character- ization of organic molecules.     

光催化-超声波联合降解炼油厂含油废水动力学的研究

炼油厂含油废水具有COD值高和含油量高、易燃等特点,造成环境污染.本文探讨超声波-紫外线联合降解炼油厂含油废水的反应机理;并对反应动力学进行了研究,建立了动力学模型.其动力学方程为(-rA)=0.116CA,动力学参数为:Ea=56.1kJ/mol,k0=3.1.采用不同实际体系的实验数据对动力学模型进行了验证.结果表明,动力学模型的计算数据与实验数据能够较好的吻合.     

Phytoremediation of heavy metal polluted soils and water: Progresses and perspectives

Environmental pollution affects the quality ofpedosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, lithosphere and biosphere. Great efforts have been made in the last two decades to reduce pollution sources and remedy the polluted soil and water resources. Phytoremediation, being more cost-effective and fewer side effects than physical and chemical approaches, has gained increasing popularity in both academic and practical circles. More than 400 plant species have been identified to have potential for soil and water remediation. Among them, Thlaspi, Brassica, Sedum alfredii H., and Arabidopsis species have been mostly studied. It is also expected that recent advances in biotechnology will play a promising role in the development of new hyperaccumulators by transferring metal hyperaccumulating genes from low biomass wild species to the higher biomass producing cultivated species in the times to come. This paper attempted to provide a brief review on recent progresses in research and practical applications of phytoremediation for soil and water resources.     

Characterization of PM2.5/PM2.5-10 and source tracking in the juncture belt between urban and rural areas of Beijing

Coarse （PM2.5-10） and fine （PM2.5） atmospheric particulate samples were collected in summer and winter during 2005-2007 in the juncture belt between urban and rural areas of Beijing. Elements, ions, organic/elemental carbon （OC/EC） and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） were determined to obtain some latest information about the particulate pollution in the juncture belt of Beijing. Particulate matter levels at this site were high as compared with the levels at other sampling sites in Beijing. Pollution elements, secondary ions and PAHs were enriched in fine particles rather than in coarse particles. An obvious seasonal variation of the chemical composition of PM was observed. Source apportionment results showed that secondary components were the largest mass contributor of PM2.5, accounting for 28%; whereas soil-related sources were the largest contributor of PM2.5-10, explaining about 49% of the total mass. The abnormal levels of soil heavy metals at the electronic waste disassembly site in the upwind villages suggested the potential impact of such activities to the environment.     

赣东北地区下寒武统荷塘组页岩储层特征

通过显微薄片、扫描电镜及X 射线衍射等对赣东北下寒武统荷塘组44 块黑色泥页岩进行了实验分析,从
地球化学特征、岩石学特征、物性与储集空间特征等方面对泥页岩储层特征进行了研究。研究结果表明：研究区荷
塘组泥页岩厚22.1～735.0 m,单层厚度可达19.59～125.16 m;有机质含量在3.32%～11.40%,平均为5.75%;成熟度为
2.35%～4.90%,总体偏高,属于过成熟阶段;矿物成分主要以石英、黏土矿物、方解石、黄铁矿和白铁矿为主,脆性矿物
含量为18.95%～51.84%,平均含量为40.97%;微孔裂隙发育,形态多样。赣东北荷塘组与北美典型商业性页岩气产区
相比具有差异,主要表现在荷塘组页岩的有效厚度较大、TOC 含量和吸附气比例较高,其不利条件主要表现为埋藏较
深、成熟度过高等方面。     

巢湖合肥区底泥污染物分布评价与相关特征研究

测定了巢湖合肥区底泥有机质、总氮、总磷、铅、镉、铬、汞和砷的含量,并研究了垂直分布特征。用潜在危害指数法对底泥污染作了评价。对有机质与其他污染物之间的关系作了相关分析。其中有机质与总氮之间的线性相关方程为：y=0.0676x+0.0952,相关系数0.986,线性高度显著。     

南兴安岭晚中生代火山岩的岩石成因(II):Pb同位素制约

 对南兴安岭地区晚中生代火山岩的Pb同位素进行了分析,结合其主微量元素和Sr-Nd同位素地球化学特征,探讨了火山岩的岩石成因。满克头鄂博组低钾拉斑-钙碱性玄武安山岩表现出富集LILE、LREE和HFSE亏损元素地球化学特征以及稍高放射性成因Sr、Pb (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr=0.704 88～0.704 99; ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb=18.18～18.23)和弱相对亏损至弱富集的Nd同位素组成(ε_Nd((t)=-0.12～+0.68),其来源于俯冲沉积物参与改造富集地幔熔融源区。该组的英安岩-流纹岩较基性岩浆具有稍高放射性成因Sr、Pb (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr=0.705 22～0.707 09; ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb=18.16～18.33)和低Nd同位素组成 (ε_Nd(t))=-1.5～-0.4), 且在空间上与玄武岩共生,为玄武质岩浆结晶分异,并同化混染作用 (AFC)的产物。玛尼吐组英安岩具有与现代俯冲带adakite岩石相似的特征;在Sr-Nd-Pb同位素组成上,它们较同期或近期玄武安山岩更低Sr、Pb (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr=0.704 09~0.704 25;²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb=18.15~18.17)和高Nd同位素比值(ε_Nd((t))=+0.9~+2.1),为造山带下地壳镁铁质岩石的部分熔融产物。     

近3年南京霾天气特征及与气象要素的关系

本文利用2008-2010年南京站的逐日地面观测资料,分析了近3年南京霾天气特征及其与气象要素的关系。结果表明：南京的霾以轻微和轻度为主,一年四季均出现较多,其中冬季最强;一天中11时出现霾最多,05时出现最少;风速在1—4m／s时霾出现得最为集中,约占82．3％,出现霾时东到东南风的概率最大;霾出现时相对湿度在70％～80％之间的最多,较严重的霾天气的发生需要较大的相对湿度条件。API指数与霾天气的关系分析表明,非霾日的API指数主要集中在空气质量优秀和良好等级,霾日的API指数主要集中在良好和轻微污染等级,达到污染级别的霾日仅占总霾日的24％。     

Isotopic evolution of the terminal Neoproterozoic and early Cambrian carbon cycle on the northern Yangtze Platform, South China

Profound geotectonic, climatic and biological changes occur during the terminal Neoproterozoic and its transition into the early Cambrian. These are reflected in temporal variations of the chemical and isotopic composition of seawater. We are studying a sequence of sedimentary rocks at the Shatan section, northern Yangtze Platform, Sichuan Province of China. This succession comprises, in ascending stratigraphic order, predominantly calcareous sediments of the Sinian upper Dengying Formation and black shales of the lower Cambrian Guojiaba Formation (time equivalent of Niutitang Fm.). Paleoenvironmental setting represents shallow-water shelf deposits. The objective of our study is to provide temporal records for the isotopic compositions of organic and carbonate carbon throughout this time interval. Organic carbon isotope values display a range between -35.8‰ and -30.1‰ with clear stratigraphic variations. Carbonate carbon isotope data vary between -3.5‰ and +0.5‰. These secular variations are interpreted to reflect perturbations of the global carbon cycle, specifically changes in the fractional burial of organic carbon. However, local conditions have further affected the isotopic signals.     

叠合盆地古老深层碳酸盐岩油气成藏过程和特征——以四川叠合盆地震旦系灯影组为例

四川叠合盆地震旦系(埃迪卡拉系)灯影组是目前中国最古老的油气产层,勘探历史超过50年。其有效烃源岩主要是下寒武统筇竹寺组,储集层主要为灯影组微生物白云岩与受桐湾运动影响形成的风化壳储集层,直接盖层为筇竹寺组泥岩;生储盖组合从层位上来讲主要是上(新)生下(老)储顶盖型,从空间分布来讲主要是旁生侧储顶盖型。其油气成藏过程为"四中心"(生烃中心、生气中心、储气中心和保气中心)耦合,生烃中心生成的油气运移至古构造形成古油藏(生气中心),古油藏内石油深埋裂解形成古气藏(储气中心),受盆地内晚期快速隆升和盆缘造山带影响,灯影组古气藏内的天然气沿灯影组顶不整合面再次发生长距离运移调整成藏或破坏,形成现今天然气藏(保气中心)。灯影组天然气成藏或破坏有5种模式,即高石梯型、威远型、通南巴型、焦石坝型和丁山-林滩场型。四川叠合盆地震旦系灯影组的长期勘探和深入研究揭示出叠合盆地古老深层碳酸盐岩油气成藏特征是:(1)烃源岩生物类型低等化和有机质高演化;(2)储集层成岩强度大、演化时间长,趋于致密化,上覆负荷作用可能导致深层储集层质量变差;(3)油气成藏过程具烃态(固、液、气)转变和多阶段性,油气分布具有突出的差异性和多因素联控;(4)油气形成和保存的关键因素是烃源充足、保存条件佳和构造稳定。     

Significant isostatic imbalance near the seismic gap between the M8.0 Wenchuan and M7.0 Lushan earthquakes

A gravity network with 302 observation points has been established in the western Sichuan Foreland Basin （SFB） to explore Bouguer gravity anomalies （BGAs）. Our observational results reveal that the BGAs are negative as a whole, with a maximum value of -220 mGal （10^-5m s^-2） at the northwest region of the study area. The real Moho depths beneath the SFB revealed by BGA data change smoothly from 39.5 km in the southeast to 43.7 km in the northwest of the monitoring region. However, the isostatic ones deduced from Airy isostatic model and topographical data vary approximately 39.5-42.0 km. The maximum differences of 2.7 km between the real and isostatic Moho depths are found near the seismic gap between the M8.0 Wenchuan and M7.0 Lushan earthquakes, where the crust is in the greatest isostatic imbalance of the monitoring region. Analysis of the isostatic state indicates that the deep dynamic environment near the seismic gap between these two earthquakes indicates an M ≥ 7.0 earthquake in the future. This study indicates that we can use isostasy as a potential approach to study the dynamic process of crustal material movement and to analyze regional potential seismic risks.     

基于解码失真分析的最优前向纠错码码率分配策略

研究了H．263 视频在Rayleigh衰减无线信道中传输的信源／信道码率分配策略，目标是确定出前向纠错码(FEC)的最优编码速率，减小视频解码失真．对二阶Markov无线信道模型中符号级RS(n，k)编码残余分组出错率进行了分析，提出了一种估算解码失真的解析方法，并根据失真结果探讨了一种最优FEC编码速率策略．实验结果表明，残余分组出错率和解码失真的分析是合理的，最优FEC码率分配策略提高了无线视频传输质量．