小盐芥(Thellungiella salsuginea)CBF1基因的克隆

CBFs （ CRT/DRE-binding factor ）是结合DNA顺式元件CCGAC的转录因子．拟南芥中CBFs由一个小的基因家族编码,包括3个成员：CBF1、CBF2和CBF3,它们在植物抗逆性调控中起重要作用．为了获得高度耐盐耐旱的转基因植物,我们以盐生植物小盐芥为材料,依据拟南芥中CBF1的序列信息设计引物,扩增出小盐芥中CBF1的部分序列,然后使用SMART^TM RACE等方法,从小盐芥中克隆到全长的CBF1 cDNA序列,进而重组到植物表达载体中,为植物抗逆基因工程提供了有用基因．     

Overexpression of phospholipase <Emphasis Type="Italic">D</Emphasis>α gene enhances drought and salt tolerance of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Populus tomentosa</Emphasis>

The cDNA of AtPLDa （Arabidopsis thaliana Phospholipase Da） gene was introduced into P. tomentosa （Populus tomentosa） under the control of the Cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter. Southern and Northern blot analyses suggested that the AtPLDa gene has been transferred into the P. tomentosa genome. No obvious morphological or developmental difference was observed between the transgenic and wild-type （WT） plants. Drought and salt tolerance and gene expression of seedlings of several transgenic lines and WT plants （control） were studied. The results showed that the rhizogenesis rate and the average root-length of transgenic lines were significantly higher than WT plants after mannitol and NaCI treatment under the same growth conditions. Northern blot analysis indicated that the higher the PLDa expression in the transgenic plants, the more tolerant the transgenic plants are to drought and salt treatment. Meanwhile, another group of these transgenic lines and WT plants （control） were treated with PEG6000 and NaCI separately. The contents of chlorophylls and the activities of some anti- oxidant enzymes （superoxide dismutase, guaiacol peroxidase and catalase） as well as malondialdehyde and relative electrical conductivity were analyzed. Altogether, our results demonstrated that overexpression of the PLDa gene can enhance the drought and salt tolerance in transgenic P. tomentosa plants.     

苦荞CCT基因家族生物信息学及表达分析

CCT转录因子在调控植物花期、生长发育及抗非生物胁迫等方面发挥着重要的功能。本研究以拟南芥AtCCT基因家族为参考序列,利用本地BLAST并结合保守结构域等生物信息学工具,筛选出苦荞FtCCT基因家族成员,并对其理化性质、染色体分布、基因结构、系统进化及表达水平进行分析。结果显示:从苦荞中共鉴定出35个FtCCT基因,含1-8个内含子;编码蛋白有117-753个氨基酸残基,等电点为4.96-9.51,均为亲水性蛋白。染色体定位分析表明,这些基因在8条染色体上均有分布。苦荞FtCCT基因家族含有10个保守基序和5个保守结构域,且都含有CCT保守结构域。系统进化分析表明,苦荞的FtCCT基因家族与拟南芥一样可分为3个亚家族,其中CMF亚家族的成员最多。35个FtCCT基因在苦荞根、茎、叶和花中的表达水平具有差异性,在叶和花中具有高表达量的成员较多,只有少数的成员在根和茎中高表达。本研究为进一步解析CCT基因调控苦荞花期及生长发育奠定基础。     

Functional characterization and mapping of two MADS box genes from peach （Prunus persica）

Previously an AGAMOUS gene homologue PpMADS4 and a FRUITFULL gene homologue PpMADS6 were isolated from peach （Prunus persica）, and both genes were shown to express in the developing floral and fruits. To gain insight into their function, the two genes were constitutively expressed in Arabidopsis thaliana and their effects on plant growth and floral organ development were studied in this work. The transgenic plants all displayed early flowering and conversion of inflorescence to floral meristem. However, the two genes had different effects on the floral organ structures in A. thaliana. The transgenic plants overexpressing PpMADS4 displayed homeotic conversion of floral organs, and particularly the perianth abscission was inhibited. The plants overexpressing PpMADS6 showed early flowering, produced higher number of carpels, petals, and stamens than nontransgenic plants, and pod shatter was prevented; significantly, the transgenic plants yielded more than one siliques from a single flower. A SSR molecular marker was developed for PpMADS4, and it was then assigned into the G5 linkage group of Prunus sp. Both PpMADS4 and PpMADS6 genes were located at the same region in the G5 linkage group. Our results showed the potential application of these two MADS box genes for crop and fruit tree improvement.     

QTL analysis of the rice seedling cold tolerance in a double haploid population derived from anther culture of a hybrid betweenindica andjaponica rice

A doubled haploid population, derived from anther culture of F₁ hybrid between a typicalindica cv. and ajaponica cv. has been used to investigate the seedling cold tolerance (SCT) in growth cabinet. By dynamically analyzing every day’s survival percentages of the parents and DH lines under 7-d cold plus 9-d normal temperature condition, the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for SCT have been mapped based on a molecular linkage map constructed from this population. The results show that two parents had significant differences in SCT and the segregation of SCT in DH lines was basically a continuous distribution with most serious injury on the 6th d of the cold treatment. A total of 4 QTLs for SCT have been identified on chromosomes 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively. The additive effects of qSCT-1, qSCT-2 and qSCT-3 have been contributed by thejaponica cv JX17, but that of qSCT-4 has been contributed by theindica cv ZYQ8. The mechanism of SCT seems complicated since the above 4 QTLs detected at different stages during the treatment. Further study on the genotypes for these SCT QTLs in the DH lines shows transgressive segregation. It is demonstrated that the lines with stronger SCT over JXI7 have 3–4 loci for SCT. Integration of these QTLs into an appropriate variety may lead to a successful rice breeding program for cold tolerance.     

烟蚜茧蜂规模扩繁冬寄主筛选研究

为筛选出烟蚜茧蜂（Aphidius gifuensis Ashmead）规模扩繁中的最佳繁蚜冬寄主,比较了自然条件下7种不同冬寄主上烟蚜的种群数量变化,烟蚜茧蜂对各寄主上烟蚜的防控效果及僵蚜羽化率.结果表明：烟蚜在7种寄主上种群数量的自然增长从大到小依次表现为烤烟K326、芥菜、芥菜型油菜、甘蓝型油菜、萝卜、红菜薹、白菜;芥菜上烟蚜茧蜂的寄生率为70.56%,显著高于其他寄主;7种冬寄主上僵蚜羽化率均高于70%,其中芥菜最高,为97.33%,萝卜最低,为72.87%,二者差异具有统计学意义.烟蚜茧蜂均能寄生7种冬寄主植物上所饲养的烟蚜且僵蚜羽化率相对较高,但总体而言芥菜上烟蚜的种群数量增长较快,烟蚜茧蜂的寄生率和僵蚜羽化率均最高,可利用芥菜来替代烟草作为冬季繁蚜寄主,也可在春烟种植前对芥菜田释放烟蚜茧蜂使其在田间建立自然种群.     

菠菜乙醇酸氧化酶基因家族的鉴定及表达分析

在菠菜全基因组中鉴定了菠菜(Spinacia oleracea L.)乙醇酸氧化酶(GLO)家族成员,并对其理化性质、亚细胞定位、基因结构、保守基序、同源关系及基因表达进行了分析,发现菠菜中存在5个SoGLOs蛋白,通过进化树分析,菠菜GLO蛋白与甜菜GLO蛋白亲缘关系较近.通过基因结构分析发现该家族基因由9～11个外显子构成.实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(qRT-PCR)结果表明:硝态氮仅能短期诱导SoGLOs的表达,而铵态氮可以持续抑制SoGLOs的表达,从而影响菠菜草酸的含量.在胁迫处理后,SoGLOs的表达均有明显变化,SoGLO1,SoGLO3和SoGLO5对盐胁迫的响应最明显,SoGLOs可能在菠菜的抗盐、耐高温、耐寒、抗旱以及抗氧化过程中起作用.植物激素的喷施普遍使SoGLOs的表达在短时间内增加,这可能引起菠菜体内草酸的快速积累.     

基于SSR的广西同色兜兰和带叶兜兰遗传多样性分析

评估四季开花型同色兜兰（Paphiopedilum concolor）和春季开花型带叶兜兰（P.hirsutissimum）的遗传多样性和种群结构,探究不同开花习性兜兰属物种间的遗传分化,为兜兰的可持续利用和野生资源保护提供理论依据。本研究利用10个多态性EST-SSR位点对12个同色兜兰和带叶兜兰种群的231个个体分型,开展遗传多样性、瓶颈效应、系统发育、遗传结构、遗传分化、距离隔离和环境隔离分析。结果表明,同色兜兰种群的大多数遗传多样性指标都显著（P<0.05）低于带叶兜兰;分子方差分析（AMOVA）结果显示,两者来自种群间的变异都较少,且带叶兜兰来自个体内的遗传变异高于同色兜兰。在同色兜兰的两个种群中检测到显著（P<0.05）瓶颈效应,而在带叶兜兰全部种群中均未检测到。群体水平的非加权平均（UPGMA）树和个体水平的邻接（NJ）树均显示同色兜兰和带叶兜兰间系统发育关系相对较近,并各自聚为一支。主坐标分析（PCoA）和Structure分析结果均支持系统发育分析结果。此外,遗传分化系数（F_ST）证实两个物种间的种群分化已达到较高水平。狭窄的自然分布和过去的种群瓶颈可能导致了同色兜兰的部分遗传多样性丧失。地理隔离是驱动同色兜兰和带叶兜兰种群遗传分化的主要因素,而环境隔离的作用较小。     

基于ISSR数据探讨节茎曲柄藓(Campylopus umbellatus(Arn.) Paris)遗传多样性和居群遗传结构

选用简单序列重复区间扩增多态性(ISSR)分子标记,对分布于浙江清凉峰国家级自然保护区顺溪坞和凉源、浙江台州临海天台山、浙江舟山嵊泗列岛、江苏苏州天平山、广西上思十万大山、台湾宜兰县马告生态公园和云南西双版纳纳板河流域国家自然保护区8个自然居群的40份节茎曲柄藓(Campylopus umbellatus(Arn.) Par.)的遗传多样性进行了研究.应用筛选出的12条引物,共扩增出172条清晰、重复性高的条带.使用POPGENE 3.2分析发现:其中158条条带的多态性位点百分率(PPB)为91.86%,根井正利基因多样性指数(H)为0.292 2,香农-维纳多样性指数(I)为0.445 9,说明节茎曲柄藓居群遗传多样性水平较高.8个居群的遗传分化系数(G_(st))为0.634 6,居群间的基因流(N_m)为0.287 9,63.33%的遗传变异存在于居群间,36.67%的遗传变异存在于居群内,说明节茎曲柄藓居群间的遗传分化明显.基于ISSR数据的聚类分析表明:以遗传距离65为分组阈值,8个居群可被分为6组,节茎曲柄藓居群间的遗传分化主要由地理因素造成,居群内的遗传分化可能与生境的异质性有关.     

Scanning for sisnatures of geosraphically restricted selection based on population genomics analysis

Natural selection, as the driving force of human evolution, has direct impact on population differentiation. However, it is still unclear to what extent the genetic differentiation has been caused by natural selection. To explore this question, we performed a genome-wide scan with single nucleotide polymorphism （SNP） data from the International HapMap Project. Single locus FsTanalysis was applied to assess the frequency difference among populations in autosomes. Based on the empirical distribution of FsT, we identified 12669 SNPs correlating to population differentiation and 1853 candidate genes subjected to geographic restricted natural selection. Further interpretation of gene ontogeny revealed 121 categories of biological process with the enrichments of candidate genes. Our results suggest that natural selection may play an important role in human population differentiation. In addition, our analysis provides new clues as well as research methods for our understanding of population differentiation and natural selection.     

基于线粒体Cytb基因序列的褐石斑鱼种群遗传多样性分析

为评估种质资源状况被世界自然保护联盟(International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN)评定为易危物种的褐石斑鱼(Epinephelus bruneus)野生种群的遗传多样性和遗传分化水平，采用PCR方法测定褐石斑鱼西太平洋海区的中国海南岛(HN)、福建厦门(XM)和韩国济州岛(HG)3个地理群体的线粒体细胞色素b(Cytb)基因的部分序列，并对其基因序列遗传变异、谱系结构和群体扩张历史特征进行分析。结果显示，褐石斑鱼3个地理种群(88个个体)共检测出18个多态位点，共有7种单倍型；各地理群体遗传多样性水平较低，而且单倍型在群体间分布不均，韩国群体遗传多样性最高，中国海南和厦门群体遗传多样性较低。地理距离最远的韩国群体和中国海南群体遗传分化最高(F_ST=0.177 5),地理距离最近的中国海南群体和厦门群体的遗传分化最低(F_ST=0.013 4)。Mantel检验结果显示，3个褐石斑鱼群体间遗传距离和地理距离间存在显著相关，距离隔离(Isolation by Distance, IBD)...     

Transformation of japonica rice with<Emphasis Type="Italic">RHL</Emphasis> gene and salt tolerance of the transgenic rice plant

Overexpression of the yeastHAL2 gene increases salt tolerance of yeast and plant. RiceHAL2-like (RHL) gene was introduced into ajaponica rice cultivar HJ19 withAgrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. Transgenic plants in R₀ generation were selected on the principle of GUS-positive,RHL gene PCR-positive and normal growth. Hygromycin-resistant plants of some transgenic lines in R₁ generation increased salt tolerance during the seedling and booting stage, being less damaged in the cytomembrane and stronger in leaf tissue viability under salt stress during booting period. Southern analysis of transgenic lines tolerant to salt in R₁ generation showed that theRHL gene expression cassette had been successfully integrated into rice genome. Moreover, gene engineering breeding methodology and really salt-tolerant rice cultivar were discussed.     

H-ATPase in the plasma membrane of Arabidopsis pollen cells is involved in extracellular calmodulin-promoted pollen germination

In this paper, the role of the plasma membrane (PM) H⁺-ATPase in extracellular calmodulin (CaM)-promoted pollen germination and in tube growth of Arabidopsis thaliana was investigated. Pollen germination, pollen tube growth rate, free cytosolic Ca²⁺ concentration ([Ca²⁺]_cyt) and Ca²⁺ channel activity in the PM of pollen cells were measured. In response to fusicoccin or CaM treatment, in vitro pollen germination and pollen tube growth rate, [Ca²⁺]_cyt and activity of a hyperpolarization-activated Ca²⁺-permeable channel increased. Sodium vanadate inhibited the promotion of these parameters by extracellular CaM. The results suggest that H⁺-ATPase may be involved in extracellular CaM-regulated pollen germination and in tube growth by modulation of the hyperpolarization-activated Ca²⁺ channel in the PM of A. thaliana pollen cells.     

菠菜SoNAC转录因子家族的全基因组鉴定与分析

采用生物信息学分析方法,从菠菜基因组中筛选鉴定了57个菠菜NAC转录因子,并对其基因结构、编码蛋白和系统进化进行了分析;通过荧光定量聚合酶链式反应qRT-PCR分析,研究了高温和盐处理后菠菜叶片中NAC基因的表达模式.研究结果显示:菠菜NAC转录因子可以被归入2组17个亚组,GroupⅠ包含10个亚组,GroupⅡ包含...     

Molecular cloning, chromosomal mapping and expression analysis of disease resistance gene homologues in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Resistance-like sequences have been amplified from first strand cDNA and genomic DNA of rice by PCR using oligonucleotide primers designed from sequence motifs conserved between resistance genes of tobacco andArabidopsis thaliana. 3 PCR clones, designatedOsr1, Osr2 andOsr3 which were 98% identical in nucleotide sequence level, have been found to be significantly homologous to known plant resistance genes and all contained the conserved motifs of NBS-LRR type resistance genes, such as P-loop, kinase2a, kinase3a and transmembrane domain.Southern hybridization revealed that rice resistance gene hornologueswere organized as a cluster in the genome. RFLP mapping using a DH population derived from anindica/japonka cross (Zhaiyeqing 8/Jingxi 17) and an RFLP linkage map assigned two copies ofOsrl and one copy ofOsr3 to the distal position of chromosome 12 where a blast resistance QTL has been mapped previously. Northern blot analysis showed thatOsrl gene was constitutively transcribed in rice leaves, shoots and roots. Further study concerning isolation of full-length cDNAs would be conducive to elucidating the functions of these genes.     

基于SSR分子标记的广西极小种群野生植物长叶苏铁遗传多样性分析

了解广西区内的国家一级重点保护植物长叶苏铁（Cycas dolichophylla K.D.Hill）的遗传多样性和变异特征对广西长叶苏铁的保护和管理有着重要意义。本研究利用筛选出的6对稳定性好的SSR引物对分别来自广西百色市田阳县梅茶镇（PL）、德保县那甲镇（NL）和德保县城关镇（QH）的3个长叶苏铁种群的遗传多样性和变异特征进行分析。结果表明：6对引物中,高度多态性引物（GZST055、GZST065、GZST088）和低度多态性引物（GZST002、GZST013、GZST019）各占50%。广西长叶苏铁3个种群的平均观测等位基因为2.833,平均有效等位基因为2.005,平均Shannon信息指数为0.657,平均观测杂合度为0.259,平均期望杂合度为0.359。群体的遗传分化系数为0.049,说明群体间遗传分化小,且群体内遗传变异占所有遗传变异的97%,3个种群的基因交流频繁且遗传背景相互混杂。总体来看,广西长叶苏铁遗传多样性水平较低,而德保县那甲镇（NL）种群的遗传多样性相对最高,应将该种群作为重点保护单元进行保护。本研究还对广西长叶苏铁资源保护工作提出了建议和对策。     

Ubi1 intron-mediated enhancement of the expression of Bt cry1Ah gene in transgenic maize （Zea mays L.）

The cry1Ah gene was one of novel insecticidal genes cloned from Bacillus thuringiensis isolate BT8. Two plant expression vectors containing cry1Ah gene were constructed. The first intron of maize ubiqutinl gene was inserted between the maize Ubiquitin promoter and cry1Ah gene in one of the plant expressing vectors （pUUOAH）. The two vectors were introduced into maize immature embryonic calli by microprojectile bombardment, and the reproductively plants were acquired. PCR and Southern blot analysis showed that foreign genes had been integrated into maize genome and inherited to the next generation stably. The ELISA assay to T1 and T2 generation plants showed that the expression of CrylAh protein in the construct containing the ubil intron （pUUOAH） was 20% higher than that of the intronless construct （pUOAH）. Bioassay results showed that the transgenic maize harboring cry1Ah gene had high resistance to the Asian corn borers and the insecticidal activity of the transgenic maize containing the ubil intron was higher than that of the intronless construct. These results indicated that the maize ubil intron can enhance the expression of the Bt cry1Ah gene in transgenic maize efficiently