马铃薯升华干燥过程中的仿真研究

目的 为了了解马铃薯升华干燥效果和马铃薯的升华干燥时间,优化冻干过程,减少冻干能耗,采用COMSOL Multiphysics软件对马铃薯切片进行模拟。方法 综合利用传热学、传质学和有关学科知识,建立马铃薯切片在升华干燥过程中的物理模型和数学模型,模拟马铃薯片的升华干燥过程。结果 冰质量与初始时刻冰质量之比随着干燥时间增加逐渐减少,脱水速率随着干燥时间增加逐渐减小。考虑模拟忽略了蒸汽从切片四周流出的实际情况,导致冰质量与初始时刻冰质量之比实际值小于模拟值,脱水速率实际值高于模拟值。实际上升华干燥能除去马铃薯切片85%以上甚至90%以上的水分,干燥效果较好。随着马铃薯切片厚度的增加,马铃薯切片的升华干燥时间逐渐增大。马铃薯升华干燥时所处的冻干仓温度越高,升华干燥完成时所用的时间越少。冻干仓压力越大,马铃薯升华干燥时间越长。隔板温度越大,马铃薯的升华干燥时间越短。结论 在对马铃薯进行冻干时,应尽量增加冻干仓温度,降低冻干仓压力,增加隔板温度,减小马铃薯厚度,以降低马铃薯在冷冻干燥过程中的能耗。     

胡萝卜冷冻干燥的实验研究

通过对胡萝卜的中心与外层部分进行冷冻干燥实验的研究,比较了胡萝卜在冻干过程中的传质、传热性能;建立了胡萝卜在升华阶段的冻干模型。对由本模型计算得出的模型参数和升华干燥时间与实验结果进行对比讨论。     

食品冻结干燥过程的计算机模拟

探讨了在一定的简化前提下，利用计算机模拟牛肉的冻结干燥过程，利用数值计算求解牛肉的冻干时间，取得了比较满意的结果     

苹果冷冻干燥过程的优化及最佳工艺条件的确定

对苹果进行了冷冻干燥实验,确定了苹果片冻干工艺条件,计算了冻结时间,建立了苹果片冻干的传热传质模型,由模型计算出不同厚度物料的理论干燥时间,并与实验值进行了比较．探讨了冻结速率、物料温度、干燥室及捕水器温度、压强对冷冻干燥过程及制品质量的影响．苹果冷冻干燥的适宜工艺参数为冻结温度-35℃,冻结时间1h,升华干燥时干燥仓压强70-90Pa,解吸干燥时干燥仓压强20-30Pa,解吸干燥时物料温度50-60℃．     

兔角膜真空冷冻干燥工艺及冻干角膜活性检测

利用真空冷冻干燥法对家兔角膜进行冻干贮藏·给出了真空冷冻干燥角膜工艺,主要是对角膜进行四步法冷平衡,两步法速率降温,采用变幅值、变周期循环压力法实现干燥室内压力的调节·对按该工艺冻干的兔角膜进行物理法检测,均符合检测标准;进行台盼蓝、茜素红联合染色法检测,内皮细胞呈六角形镶嵌排列;进行透射电镜、扫描电镜检测,细胞微观结构完好·检测结果表明冻干角膜具有活性,按照此工艺能够冻干出适合贮藏、再植的活性角膜·对真空冷冻干燥法贮藏的兔角膜进行了移植实验,手术成功,术后植片透明·实验结果表明冻干法保存的角膜可以用于角膜移植·     

冷冻干燥在磁粉表面处理中的应用

冷冻干燥是制备超细磁粉的一种先进技术,它可使磁粉的分散性能得到明显改善。实验说明:干燥初期采用红外灯供热对加快升华速率十分有效;原料浆液越稀越有利于冷冻干燥。本文对粉末冻干过程中容易出现的崩解现象及冻干机理进行了深入的研究与探讨,提出了描述磁粉冻干过程中各种参数变化规律的数学模型。     

蜂王浆微波冷冻干燥特性的实验研究

对蜂王浆进行了微波冷冻干燥的实验研究,获得蜂王浆冻干过程中温度的变化规律和相应的干燥特性曲线;研究了样品厚度、电场强度和真空度对干燥过程的影响．实验结果表明,微波冷冻干燥具有干燥时间短,干燥质量高的优点,可在干燥行业中推广使用．     

常压吸附流化冷冻干燥影响因素的实验研究

建立了一套常压吸附流化冷冻干燥装置，选用粒状马铃薯等作为冻干物料，硅胶为吸附剂，对物料的冻干规律进行了实验研究，考察了流化床温度、物料尺寸、吸附剂粒径、风速、物料种类及形状和吸附剂加入方式等不同因素对干燥过程的影响。通过适当提高床温、减小物料尺寸和采用粒径较小的吸附剂等，均可以提高干燥速率。在床温略高于物料共晶点温度时，常压冷冻干燥过程仍可以进行．     

冷冻干燥草菇有效导热系数的测定

本文尝试以线热源探针法测定冻干草菇的有效导热系数随冻干压力的变化关系；并与基于实际冻干过程的拟稳态测定结果进行了比较；两种方法所得的结果相接近。基于上述测定结果，又计算了草菇冻干过程的升华阶段时间，均与实验结果吻合。文中还对两种测定方法的特点进行了比较，认为线热源探针法简便快捷，能较准确地测定冻干食品的有效导热系数，为深入研究冻干热质传递过程创造了条件。     

胡萝卜冷冻干燥过程的优化及最佳工艺条件的确立

对胡萝卜进行了冷冻干燥实验，确定了胡萝卜条冻干工艺条件，计算了冻结终点温度、冻结时间、物料厚度，建立了胡萝卜爷冻干的传热传质模型，由模型计算出理论干燥时间，并与实验值进行了比较．探讨了冻结速率、升华温度、干燥室及捕水器温度、压强对干燥时间的影响．胡萝卜条冷冻干燥的适宜工艺参数为冻结时间1h，物料厚度15mm，干燥室真空度60Pa，捕水器压强45Pa，温度-50～-40℃，总干燥时间5h．     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.