西藏冰湖溃决频次与径流峰值流量相关性分析

冰湖溃决事件频繁发生,严重阻碍西藏自治区区域社会经济发展,影响社会稳定。随着气候变暖,冰川减薄后退,冰川径流量增大,冰湖溃决风险上升。基于西藏自治区东南地区的嘎隆拉冰川径流观测资料,分析了2017—2019年消融期间5—9月冰川径流变化特征,探讨了西藏1931—2020年冰湖溃决事件发生的频次与径流峰值流量的关系。结果表明：在1931—2020年,西藏地区共发生冰湖溃决事件32次,集中在5—9月发生;在旬变化上,极大值频次呈单峰结构,在7月上旬频次最高;冰湖溃决频次与径流峰值流量显著相关,相关系数为0.673,随着径流增大,冰湖溃决发生的频次逐渐增大。在气候变暖的背景下,冰川融化引发的冰湖溃决灾害应引起重视,要加强冰川消融径流观测及冰湖水位的监测,进行冰湖溃决洪水预报。     

西藏念青唐古拉山东段冰湖的时空分布特征及其影响因素探讨

冰湖是研究气候变化的重要指标之一,了解冰湖分布和变化的特征,对认识冰湖与气候之间关系和研究冰湖溃决泥石流灾害有着重要意义。本文拟利用1976年、1988年、2001年和2013年四个期次冰川、冰湖的遥感解译结果进行分析,得出1976年至2013年念青唐古拉山东段冰川与冰湖发育分布特征,对念青唐古拉山区东段冰川消融以及气候垂直变化具有一定的指示作用,同时为冰湖溃决泥石流灾害的预测预警提供依据。     

1990—2020年那曲地区冰湖变化研究

基于Landsat遥感影像,采用目视解译的方法提取了青藏高原内部那曲地区冰湖和冰川1990、2000、2010及2020年4期边界数据,并分析近30年来该地区冰湖变化的特征与原因．结果表明:那曲地区现有冰湖255个,总面积（27.829±4.62） km2,冰湖主要集中在东南部,其次是西南部;1990—2020年,研究区新增冰湖72个,面积增长6.14 km2;冰湖扩张趋势明显,具体表现为低海拔地区（≤4 700 m）原有冰湖快速扩张,较高海拔地区（>5 100~5 700 m）新增冰湖集中出现;气温与降水是冰湖变化的关键因素,由于降水与气温分布及变化存在时空差异,冰湖变化呈现“南快北慢,逐期加快”的特征;冰湖与冰川的位置关系也会影响冰湖变化,离冰川位置越近,对冰湖发育越有利,同时与冰湖接触的冰川退缩速率相较于其余冰川有更大的退缩速率,但冰川与冰湖面积变化速率并无明显相关性．      

新疆冰湖溃决灾害风险评价与预警研究

受全球气候变暖及人类活动的影响,冰湖溃决灾害已成为当前新疆地区经济可持续发展中的突出问题之一。利用1977(MSS)～2015年Landsat影像、2015年的Google Earth高精度影像和DEM等数据解译获取新疆冰湖的时空分布信息,并选取导致冰湖溃决的主要影响因子,运用MATLAB和SPSS等软件,利用西北地区已有冰湖数据作为训练样本拟合评价方程,建立了新疆冰湖溃决风险评价模型和基于BP神经网络算法的预警模型。结果表明:(1)1977年以来新疆三大山系中冰湖的数量和面积不断增加,冰湖数量上增加了62.0%,冰湖面积增长率为0.98 km~2·a~(-1),但增长率呈现逐年减小的趋势;(2)对分布在新疆范围内的17个典型冰湖溃决风险评价的结果显示:有5个冰湖为高危风险、5个冰湖为中等风险、7个冰湖为低等风险,新疆大约29%的冰湖需要进行实时监测。     

基于RAMMS的冰湖溃决型泥石流演进模拟及危害性

冰湖溃决型泥石流作为目前西藏境内最主要的地质灾害之一,对下游工程的建设与运营造成潜在威胁。以西藏洛隆县冻错曲冰湖为例,基于现场调查、遥感解译、特征值计算和数值模拟方法,对冻错曲冰湖泥石流孕灾条件、动力学特征及溃决演进过程进行研究,分析其对下游工程建设的影响。采用无量纲堵塞指数(dimensionless blockage index, DBI)方法对冻错曲冰湖堰塞体稳定性进行评价,结果表明该堰塞体位于非稳定区与稳定区之间,存在发生溃决的风险。基于三维动态模拟软件RAMMS的Voellmy-Salm单相流模型,模拟分析了冻错曲冰湖泥石流在2种溃决模式下的演进过程。模拟结果显示：冻错曲冰湖泥石流溃决演进过程可归纳为初始溃决、加速运动、减速运动、沟口停淤4个阶段;2种溃决模式下冰湖溃决影响范围都经过拟建工程位置,潜在威胁区泥石流平均深度分别为4.87 m和8.26 m;在瞬时全部溃决场景下,冰湖溃决泥石流在拟建工程处最大流速为5.74 m/s,最大流量为2 843.38 m³/s。研究成果有助于评价冰湖溃决型泥石流的危害性,并为工程防治设计提供参考。     

警惕青藏高原上的冰湖溃决洪水灾害

全球气候变暖直接导致冰川消融退缩，由此产生的冰川融水不仅会引起海平面上升、水资源变化等环境问题，而且会导致大量冰湖的形成和扩张，从而加剧冰湖溃决洪水等冰川灾害的发生频率和影响程度。     

冰湖溃决模式对下游洪水过程的影响

作为西藏地区冰川灾害之一的冰湖溃决洪水,具有范围广、持续时间长、危害大并经常伴随有泥石流等特点。以西藏年楚河流域的典型危险性冰湖——黄湖及其下游区域为研究对象,经过实地调查,获得了相关的水文气象特性和地形、地貌等特征信息。基于数字高程模型(DEM)的地形数据和矩形网格,采用二维溃坝洪水演进数值模型,进行了模型的率定和不同溃决模式下的洪水演进模拟。结果表明:上游近溃口河道,不同溃决模式对洪峰流量、洪水最大水深和洪水最大流速影响较大;中下游河道,不同溃决模式对其影响相对较小。上游近溃口河道,小溃口工况的洪峰流量大于大溃口工况的洪峰流量,逐渐溃决工况的洪峰流量小于瞬时溃决工况的洪峰流量;中下游河道,小溃口逐渐溃坝的洪峰流量最大。一旦洪水发生,最大淹没面积约为88.30km2,溃决洪水到达江孜的时间约为33h,江孜处的洪峰流量约为1 777m3/s,大于江孜地区暴雨洪水万年一遇洪峰流量1 000m3/s。根据预测结果做好预警工作,能一定程度上减小灾害损失。     

渗透变形导致冰湖溃决机理的初步分析——以印达普错为例

目前对冰湖溃决机理的研究主要集中在冰崩、冰滑坡导致等几个方面，但在某些冰湖溃决过程中，渗透变形作用是主导因素。文章初步分析了渗透变形作用导致冰湖溃决的机制，并且以印达普错为例，通过对终碛垄颗粒分析以及利用基于GEO—SLOPE的SEEP／W分析模块对终碛垄堤坝进行分析，提出并且验证了渗透变形作用在某些冰湖溃决机制中的主导作用。     

基于高通量测序技术的西藏冰湖真核浮游植物群落组成特征分析

通过18S rRNA基因V4可变区对西藏廓琼岗日冰川流域3种不同类型冰湖的表层和底层水体进行测序分析，研究冰湖水体真核浮游植物多样性.冰湖中用于注释的序列数碱基占比>97%，表明测得的数据准确可靠.分析结果表明：1）冰湖浮游植物以绿藻门和隐藻门为优势类群，绝对优势种为绿藻门的Chlamydomonadaceae＿sp.(0.127)、Chlorophyta(0.112);2）廓琼岗日冰湖水体整体呈碱性，浊度高且范围广，水温偏低，营养盐和叶绿素a水平偏低，湖泊整体处于贫营养状态；3）同一冰湖不同点位和不同类型冰湖的浮游植物优势种和群落具有显著差异，冰川融水补给源和太阳辐射的空间差异可能是导致这种差异的重要因素；4）冰湖浮游植物优势种和群落与青藏高原大型湖泊具有较大差异，较国外高寒小型湖泊具有一定的相似性，表明浮游植物的整体分布及优势种变化在高寒山区小型湖泊水体变化较为一致.研究为调查和认识高海拔冰湖浮游植物群落结构和分布特征提供方法探索和基础信息，为高海拔冰湖水生态环境研究和保护提供依据.     

新疆冰湖溃决灾害风险评价与预警

受全球气候变暖及人类活动的影响,冰湖溃决灾害已成为当前新疆地区经济可持续发展中的突出问题之一。利用1977(MSS)～2015年Landsat影像、2015年的Google Earth高精度影像和DEM等数据解译获取新疆冰湖的时空分布信息,并选取导致冰湖溃决的主要影响因子,运用MATLAB和SPSS等软件,利用西北地区已有冰湖数据作为训练样本拟合评价方程,建立了新疆冰湖溃决风险评价模型和基于BP神经网络算法的预警模型。结果表明:(1)1977年以来新疆三大山系中冰湖的数量和面积不断增加,冰湖数量上增加了62.0%,冰湖面积增长率为0.98 km~2·a~(-1),但增长率呈现逐年减小的趋势;(2)对分布在新疆范围内的17个典型冰湖溃决风险评价的结果显示:有5个冰湖为高危风险、5个冰湖为中等风险、7个冰湖为低等风险,新疆大约29%的冰湖需要进行实时监测。     

Glacial distribution and mass balance in the Yarlung Zangbo River and its influence on lakes

Glaciers in the Yarlung Zangbo River witness severe glacial retreat nowadays, which gives important influence on lake processes in the region. We have studied glacial distribution, glacial mass balance and found large deficit in glacial mass and its impact in the region. Our study also integrated the variation in glacial-fed lakes of the Nam Co and Ranwu Lake, and presented an initial assessment of the impact of glacial mass balance on lakes. The study has shown a significant contribution of glacial melting to recent lake expansion and lake level rising.     

Late Pleistocene glaciation of the Changbai Mountains in northeastern China

The Changbai Mountains （2749 m a.s.l.） in northeastern China are one of the typical mountain regions with glaciation since late Pleistocene as evidenced by well-preserved erosive and accumulative landforms at elevations above 2000 m a.s.l, formed by glaciers around the crater lake, Tianchi Lake. Cirque glaciers developed on both the inner and outer sides of the volcanic cone. Well-preserved cirques, glacial trough valleys, glacial threholds, polished surfaces of the glacial erratics and the moraine ridges indicate that several glaciation processes took place during the last glacial period in this region. Resuits of optically stimulated luminescence （OSL） dating on the moraine sediments, and the K/Ar, thermal ionization mass spectrometry （TIMS）, electronic spinning resonance （ESR） dating on the volcanic rocks suggest two periods of glacier advances. One is named the Black Wind Mouth glacier advance taking place on the west and north slopes of the volcanic cone at an elevation of 2000-2100 m a.s.l., which is dated to about 20 ka, being the result of the Last Glacial Maximum （LGM）. The other is named the Meteorological Station glacier advance at the elevation of 2400-2600 m a.s.l., dated to 11 ka during the late glacial period, and is tentatively correlated to the Younger Dryas stage. The scope of the former glacier advance is larger than that of the latter. Regional comparisons showed that the glacial sequences in the Changbai Mountains are similar to other glaciated areas in eastern Asia during the later part of the last glacial cycle.     

青藏高原湖泊湖面变迁及影响因素

 湖泊对气候波动有敏感记录。以地理信息系统（GIS）和遥感（RS）技术为基础,从20世纪70年代、90年代、2000年前后和2010年前后4期Landsat遥感影像中,提取青藏高原所有湖泊边界信息,建立青藏高原湖泊空间数据库,并收集了青藏高原47个气象台站的年平均气温和年降雨量资料（1961-2010）,研究青藏高原湖泊湖面变迁及其影响因素。结果表明,1973-2010年,青藏高原湖泊个数和总面积呈显著增加的趋势;青藏高原湖泊湖面变迁主要受气温升高、降雨量增加和蒸发量减少的影响;此外,影响青藏高原湖泊湖面动态变化的因素还有冰川分布、人类活动、湖盆形状、补给和排泄区等。     

冰碛湖库容数学模型的计算方法

全球气候的变暖致使冰湖溃决灾害频繁发生,严重威胁高原地区人民生命财产安全,随之对于冰湖溃决的研究也愈发深入,冰湖库容量作为冰湖研究基础参数,对冰湖危险性评价、冰湖溃决洪峰流量以及模拟洪水演进具有不可代替的作用。计算冰湖库容的方法主要有实地测量和冰碛湖库容计算公式,由于冰碛湖多位于高山极高山地区,对每个冰湖进行实地测量难以实现,传统冰湖库容的计算方法是基于大量冰湖参数与冰湖库容的统计关系,建立冰碛湖库容经验公式,虽然其拟合优度相对较高,但其相关性只能衡量冰碛湖面积和冰碛湖库容在统计规律上的一致性,对于精确计算冰碛湖库容仍有难以完成。本文通过文献资料整理、结合实地考察对湖盆形态模拟分析,将典型冰碛湖湖盆分为三段,通过模拟建立数学模型,以冰湖面积为约束条件,抽象成数学中的曲面立体模型,分别计算其形态体积,由此推算出计算冰湖体积的表达式V=0.0717w²l (w-冰碛湖湖宽;l-冰碛湖整体长度),并利用该模型验证了公式的有效精确性,为我国喜马拉雅山地区冰碛湖库容计算提供理论参考。     

High-altitude salt lake elevation changes and glacial ablation in Central Tibet, 2000-2010

This research quantifies lake level variations in the Siling Co, Co’e and Bangor Co salt lakes in Central Tibet from 1976 to 2010, and most notably for the 2000-2010 periods. In particular, the effects of different water replenishment modes on the lakes have been analyzed. Here we have provided new evidences for climate warming and accelerated glacial ablation on the Central Tibetan Plateau from 2000 to 2010. Based on fieldwork involving Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) surveying and Remote Sensing (RS) interpretations of the lake area, we have drawn the following conclusions. (1) From 1976 to 2010, the process of lake level variation in Siling Co can be divided into two stages. From 1976 to 2000, the lake level rose 4.3 m in a steady fashion (from 4530 to 4534.3 m); the rise rate was 0.18 m/a. From 2000 to 2010, the lake level rapidly rose 8.2 m (from 4534.3 to 4542.5 m), with a dramatically higher rise rate of 0.82 m/a. Compared with the rapidly increasing lake level of Siling Co from 2000 to 2010, the fluctuations observed at Co’e and Bangor Co were smooth and inconspicuous. (2) From 1976 to 2009, the lake area of Siling Co experienced a steady-rapid-steady expansion pattern. The lake area of Siling Co increased 656.64 km2 in the 34 years to 2010, a proportional growth of 39.4%. This was particularly significant in the 2000-2010 period, when the lake area of Siling Co increased by 549.77 km2, a proportional growth of 30.6%. (3) According to correlation analysis, the rise in regional temperatures, which has led to the ablation of glaciers, is the main reason for the rapid rise in Siling Co lake levels in the 10 years to 2010. During this period, Siling Co rose approximately 8 m as the direct result of glacial melting. An increase in precipitation in the Siling Co catchment area is the secondary factor. This contrasts with Bangor Co, where the dominant factor in lake level change is the long-term increase in precipitation; here, the increasing temperature is the secondary factor.     

A high-resolution environmental change record since 19 cal ka BP in Pumoyum Co,southern Tibet

A 380-cm-long sediment core was acquired from the deep water area of Pumoyum Co, southern Tibet. Twenty-five plant residue samples were selected, and organic carbon stable isotopes were obtained using the AMS ¹⁴C chronological method. The ¹⁴C age and carbon reservoir effect were calibrated with surface sedimentation rate measurements using ²¹⁰Pb dating. Results showed that the core sediment deposited over 19 cal ka BP. Based on a multi-proxy analysis of TOC and IC contents, grain size and pollen assemblage data, the palaeoclimatic evolution of Pumoyum Co was reconstructed since the last glacial. Pumoyum Co was a shallow lake prior to 16.2 cal ka BP; although the glacier around the lake began to melt due to increasing temperatures, climate was still cold and dry. In the interval of 16.2–11.8 cal ka BP, the sedimentary environment fluctuated drastically and frequently. Two cold-events occurred at 14.2 and 11.8 cal ka BP, and these may correspond to the Older Dryas and the Younger Dryas events, respectively. After 11.8 cal ka BP, Pumoyun Co developed into the deep lake as it is now. The lake water temperature was relatively lower at that time because of influx of cold water from glacial meltwater entering the lake. As a result, the multi-proxy indicators showed no sign of warm conditions. Comparisons between the sedimentary record of Pumoyum Co with that of other lakes of the same age in southern Tibet indicate a warmer climate following the last deglaciation influenced the southeastern Tibetan Plateau. These results imply that the southwest Asian monsoon gradually became stronger since the deglaciation during its expansion to the inner plateau. The glacial-supplied water of the lake responded sensitively to cold-events. The entire southern Tibet region was dominantly influenced climatically by the southwest Asian monsoon during the Holocene.     

Glacial fluctuations and its impacts on lakes in the southern Tibetan Plateau

ost of the glacial mass on the Tibetan Plateau and the surrounding regions is in the mid- and low-latitudes. Ac-cording to China’s latest glacier inventory, there are about 36793 existing glaciers with a total area of roughly 49873.44 km² on the Tibetan Plateau, accounting for about 79.5% of the total glaciers and 84% of the total glacial area in China. Glaciers on the Tibetan Plateau can be categorized into three types: marine-type glaciers (or temperate glaciers); sub-continental glaciers (or sub-polar glaciers); and continental glaciers (i.e. polar glaciers).......