植物查尔酮异构酶分子生物学研究进展（综述）

查尔酮异构酶（CHI）是控制类黄酮物质合成关键酶之一,它与植物的花色形成以及抗虫、抗病生理密切相关。概述了CHI的生物化学功能、催化反应机理、结构类型和CHI在植物基因工程方面应用的研究进展,对CHI的研究及其应用前景进行了展望。     

A new family of RhoGEFs activates the Rop molecular switch in plants

In plants, the small GTP-binding proteins called Rops work as signalling switches that control growth, development and plant responses to various environmental stimuli. Rop proteins (Rho of plants, Rac-like and AtRac in Arabidopsis thaliana) belong to the Rho family of Ras-related GTP-binding proteins that turn on signalling pathways by switching from a GDP-bound inactive to a GTP-bound active conformation. Activation depends on guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) that catalyse the otherwise slow GDP dissociation for subsequent GTP binding. Although numerous RhoGEFs exist in animals and yeasts, no Rop-specific GEFs have yet been identified in plants and so Rop activation has remained elusive. Here we describe a new family of RhoGEF proteins that are exclusive to plants. We define a unique domain within these RopGEFs, termed PRONE (plant-specific Rop nucleotide exchanger), which is exclusively active towards members of the Rop subfamily. It increases nucleotide dissociation from Rop more than a thousand-fold and forms a tight complex with nucleotide-free Rop. RopGEFs may represent the missing link in signal transduction from receptor kinases to Rops and their identification has implications for the evolution of the Rho molecular switch.     

多基因双T-DNA植物表达载体的构建及拟南芥转化

多基因植物表达载体用于植物遗传转化是培育具有多种优良品质作物的有效策略. 双T-DNA系统是实现筛选完成后选择标记基因删除的一种简便可行的方式. 为培育高度抗逆或去除标记基因的农作物，构建了多基因双T-DNA植物表达载体2T-bbgdD，其中含有一个抗除草剂基因bar, 3个抗逆相关基因(DREB1A, Na+依赖性Pi转运体基因（d5）, betA)和一个报告基因gfp. 利用农杆菌介导法将该载体转入拟南芥，获得了多基因共转化及去除标记基因的转基因拟南芥. 可将此植物表达载体进一步用于作物的遗传转化.     

石斛碱生物合成途径及萜类化合物CYP450酶的研究进展

为了对石斛碱生物合成途径进一步解析,对石斛碱生物合成途径研究进展、5 种药用萜类生物 合成的 CYP450 酶功能、CYP450 酶研究手段三个方面进行文献综述。 通过综述石斛碱生物合成研究进展, 提出 CYP450 酶在石斛碱合成途径中羟基化中间体的作用;总结对药用萜类青蒿酸、丹参酮、鼠尾草酸、人参 皂苷、甘草甜素等合成途径中 CYP450 酶的功能研究与鉴定,发现 CYP450 酶在萜类化合物中的主要功能为 羟基化、酮基化等氧化功能;总结 CYP450 酶的研究手段:一方面基因的筛选可以通过数据库检索或植物组 织、多因子诱导表达差异筛选,另一方面基因的表达和功能鉴定通过基因工程的多种手段,转入原核或真核 宿主细胞中表达出酶蛋白,然后加入底物鉴定其催化活性。 最后,展望下一步石斛碱生物合成 CYP450 酶的 挖掘,认为可以通过已有的转录组中筛选出差异 CYP450 酶基因并进行蛋白表达,然后通过上游酶催化或从 植物中分离纯化的方式获得底物,从酶蛋白与底物的催化挖掘与石斛碱合成相关 CYP450 酶类。     

植物糖基化磷脂酰肌醇锚定蛋白LORELEI家族研究进展

植物LORELEI （LRE）蛋白家族是植物糖基化磷脂酰肌醇锚定蛋白（GPI-AP）亚家族的一种,在拟南芥中有4个成员,分别为LRE,LRE-like GPI-AP 1（LLG1）,LLG2和LLG3。这些成员在植物体内的表达位置和功能不同。LRE主要在雌配子体的助细胞、卵细胞和中央细胞表达,在助细胞中表达量最高,另外在受精卵与胚乳中也有部分表达。LRE主要参与高等植物的双受精作用,介导花粉管接受并调控胚胎的早期发育。LLG1在植物各组织器官中都有表达,在营养器官（根和叶）中表达水平最高,主要调控植物生长发育（如根与根毛生长）、盐逆境应答,以及免疫应答过程。LLG2和LLG3主要在成熟花粉粒和花粉管中表达,调控花粉管生长与爆裂,释放精子完成双受精作用。该文综述了植物LRE家族成员组成、蛋白质特征,及其在植物生长发育与逆境应答过程中的作用。     

Rubisco without the Calvin cycle improves the carbon efficiency of developing green seeds

Efficient storage of carbon in seeds is crucial to plant fitness and to agricultural productivity. Oil is a major reserve material in most seeds, and these oils provide the largest source of renewable reduced carbon chains available from nature. However, the conversion of carbohydrate to oil through glycolysis results in the loss of one-third of the carbon as CO2. Here we show that, in developing embryos of Brassica napus L. (oilseed rape), Rubisco (ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase) acts without the Calvin cycle and in a previously undescribed metabolic context to increase the efficiency of carbon use during the formation of oil. In comparison with glycolysis, the metabolic conversion we describe provides 20% more acetyl-CoA for fatty-acid synthesis and results in 40% less loss of carbon as CO2. Our conclusions are based on measurements of mass balance, enzyme activity and stable isotope labelling, as well as an analysis of elementary flux modes.     

UV-B预处理对拟南芥uvr8-2突变体响应干旱胁迫的影响

以拟南芥uvr8-2突变体植株为材料,研究UV-B预处理对植株响应干旱胁迫的影响以及植物激素在此过程中的作用.实验结果表明:从形态观察到生理指标,UV-B预处理显著提高了拟南芥uvr8-2突变体的干旱适应性,与野生型Ler的结果一致;UV-B预处理显著提高了拟南芥uvr8-2突变体抗氧化酶SOD、POD、CAT活性,抗氧化酶基因POD和CAT的表达量,以及植物激素ABA、JA、SA的质量分数,降低了细胞膜受损程度.由此推测:UV-B预处理诱导uvr8-2植株的干旱适应性中存在一条不依赖于UVR8的信号转导途径,即通过增加植物逆境响应激素ABA、JA和SA的质量分数,调控抗氧化酶基因CAT和POD表达和增强抗氧化酶活性,从而缓解干旱胁迫下拟南芥的叶片萎焉、相对含水量下降等现象.     

拟南芥BLI基因调控植物衰老的研究

BLISTER(BLI)蛋白是多种应激反应的调节因子,可以促进植物对环境的适应性. BLI蛋白通过抑制IRE1蛋白以维持植物的正常生长,缺失BLI蛋白的拟南芥植株出现多种发育缺陷表型. 文章以拟南芥bli突变体为实验材料,通过细胞生物学及遗传学方法检测其衰老相关表征,发现bli突变体植株早期出现叶片黄化、叶绿素含量下降、离子渗透率升高等一系列衰老表型;与此同时,bli突变体体内衰老相关基因表达上调,光合作用相关基因表达下调,表明BLI蛋白参与植物衰老过程;外源施加ROS导致野生型Col-0植株中BLI基因表达量减少; GUS显色结果表明BLI在植株各组织器官中均有表达,为进一步解析BLI调控衰老的分子网络提供了思路.     

紫心甘薯转录因子bHLH的基因克隆及功能研究

通过对紫心甘薯中bHLH类转录因子的基因进行分子克隆，对其结构、表达模式及功能进行研究，明确了其结构特征和生物学功能.通过采用RACE克隆方法，获得了编码bHLH基因且长度分别为2 516 bp和2 304 bp的cDNA全序列.基于DNA序列的分子进化树分析结果表明:两者分别属于植物bHLH1和bHLH2基因家族的成员，分别将其命名为IbbHLH1(GenBank登录号:KC708871)和IbbHLH2 (GenBank登录号:JF508437);IbbHLH1和IbbHLH2蛋白均定位于细胞核; 在3个甘薯品种(系)的块根中，IbbHLH2基因与花色素苷合成途径中的酶基因(CHS、CHI、F3H、DFR、ANS和3GT)的表达量变化趋势相一致，初步推测转录因子IbbHLH2可能参与了紫心甘薯花色素苷合成途径一系列酶基因的表达与调控.     

拟南芥AtHHR3响应热胁迫应答的初步分析

拟南芥基因AtHHR3编码一个RING结构域的E3连接酶,通过生物信息学分析发现其可能参与植物热胁迫相关的应答.为了探索其具体的功能,构建了AtHHR3互补株系,并在DNA水平和转录水平分别鉴定了AtHHR3互补株系,用RT-PCR技术分析了AtHHR3在热处理条件下基因表达的变化情况.在热胁迫下分析了野生型、突变体athhr3、回复株系幼苗存活以及种子萌发的表型变化情况,发现突变体athhr3表现出对热胁迫的耐受性,并检测了热胁迫下不同株系的HSF、HSP等热相关基因的转录水平的变化,初步的研究表明拟南芥基因AtHHR3负调控植物对热胁迫的耐受性.     

人工酶与定向进化的前沿与挑战

 定向进化是在实验室环境中，在分子水平上模拟进化过程，得到具有期望特征的蛋白质的方法，目前已成为蛋白质设计改造的重要方法。定向进化不仅可以用于天然蛋白质的改造，也可以通过改造现有的酶，使其具有新的催化活性，从而构建人工酶。本文重点介绍工业生物催化、纳米酶设计和光催化3个方向的前沿成果，并讨论人工酶与定向进化领域存在的挑战和问题。     

AhBG1转基因拟南芥的ABA敏感性和抗旱性研究

为探究花生基因AhBG1对拟南芥ABA敏感性和抗旱性的影响,以过表达AhBG1拟南芥为材料,检测其ABA敏感性及脱水处理下ABA质量分数、叶片失水率、干旱存活率及ABA稳态相关基因表达变化.结果表明:AhBG1是编码花生β-葡萄糖苷酶的家族成员,定位于细胞质;与野生型相比,AhBG1过表达拟南芥植株在干旱条件下体内AB...     

Analysis of the genome sequence of the flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana

The flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana is an important model system for identifying genes and determining their functions. Here we report the analysis of the genomic sequence of Arabidopsis. The sequenced regions cover 115.4 megabases of the 125-megabase genome and extend into centromeric regions. The evolution of Arabidopsis involved a whole-genome duplication, followed by subsequent gene loss and extensive local gene duplications, giving rise to a dynamic genome enriched by lateral gene transfer from a cyanobacterial-like ancestor of the plastid. The genome contains 25,498 genes encoding proteins from 11,000 families, similar to the functional diversity of Drosophila and Caenorhabditis elegans--the other sequenced multicellular eukaryotes. Arabidopsis has many families of new proteins but also lacks several common protein families, indicating that the sets of common proteins have undergone differential expansion and contraction in the three multicellular eukaryotes. This is the first complete genome sequence of a plant and provides the foundations for more comprehensive comparison of conserved processes in all eukaryotes, identifying a wide range of plant-specific gene functions and establishing rapid systematic ways to identify genes for crop improvement.     

Metabolic priming by a secreted fungal effector

Maize smut caused by the fungus Ustilago maydis is a widespread disease characterized by the development of large plant tumours. U. maydis is a biotrophic pathogen that requires living plant tissue for its development and establishes an intimate interaction zone between fungal hyphae and the plant plasma membrane. U. maydis actively suppresses plant defence responses by secreted protein effectors. Its effector repertoire comprises at least 386 genes mostly encoding proteins of unknown function and expressed exclusively during the biotrophic stage. The U. maydis secretome also contains about 150 proteins with probable roles in fungal nutrition, fungal cell wall modification and host penetration as well as proteins unlikely to act in the fungal-host interface like a chorismate mutase. Chorismate mutases are key enzymes of the shikimate pathway and catalyse the conversion of chorismate to prephenate, the precursor for tyrosine and phenylalanine synthesis. Root-knot nematodes inject a secreted chorismate mutase into plant cells likely to affect development. Here we show that the chorismate mutase Cmu1 secreted by U. maydis is a virulence factor. The enzyme is taken up by plant cells, can spread to neighbouring cells and changes the metabolic status of these cells through metabolic priming. Secreted chorismate mutases are found in many plant-associated microbes and might serve as general tools for host manipulation.     

Primary Structural Characterization of Phospholipid Hydroperoxide Glutathione Peroxidase

IntroductionBoth physico-chemical properties and functions ofproteins are based on their primary structure.Theoretical analysis of the primary structure ofproteins will give the structural characteristics ofthe same kind of proteins and provide ideas forfurther experimental research. More than 2 0native or deduced phospholipid hydroperoxideglutathione peroxidase (PHGPX) proteins werefound;three of which were cloned from rice,momordica and radishes in our laboratory[1 ,2 ] .There is a need to…     

基因枪法获得可育抗除草剂转基因小麦

用基因枪法对两个春小麦品种进行了遗传转化，获得１９株独立转化的，抗除草剂Ｂａｓｔａ的小麦植株，其中１５株自交可育，ＰＣＲ和ＤＮＡ印迹检测证实了该基因在转化植株中的表达，转基因及其表达已遗传到子三代，在已检测的７个转基因后代中，有４个植株其抗除草剂性状以单位点，显性性状的孟德尔方式遗传。     

棉花DELLA蛋白GhGAl4a基因在拟南芥中功能初步分析

为了探究棉花DELLA蛋白基因GhGAI4a在拟南芥中的功能,构建植物表达载体pBP35S：GhGAI4a和pBP35S：Ghgai4a,利用农杆菌介导的花滴法将其转入Col野生型拟南芥。结果显示,2个载体各自获得6个独立的转基因拟南芥纯合株系。分别统计48—96h种子萌发率,测量生长7d后幼苗的主根长度,与非转基因植株相比,过量表达GhGAI4a、Ghgai4a对拟南芥种子萌发及主根生长具有明显的抑制作用。1μmol／LGA处理转基因植株,GhGAI4a转基因植株主根长和萌发率均增大,而Ghgai4a转基因植株主根长度和萌发率均无显著变化。     

Adaptation of photoperiodic control pathways produces short-day flowering in rice

The photoperiodic control of flowering is one of the important developmental processes of plants because it is directly related to successful reproduction. Although the molecular genetic analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana, a long-day (LD) plant, has provided models to explain the control of flowering time in this species, very little is known about its molecular mechanisms for short-day (SD) plants. Here we show how the photoperiodic control of flowering is regulated in rice, a SD plant. Overexpression of OsGI, an orthologue of the Arabidopsis GIGANTEA (GI) gene in transgenic rice, caused late flowering under both SD and LD conditions. Expression of the rice orthologue of the Arabidopsis CONSTANS (CO) gene was increased in the transgenic rice, whereas expression of the rice orthologue of FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) was suppressed. Our results indicate that three key regulatory genes for the photoperiodic control of flowering are conserved between Arabidopsis, a LD plant, and rice, a SD plant, but regulation of the FT gene by CO was reversed, resulting in the suppression of flowering in rice under LD conditions.