对甲苯磺酸/SiO2催化合成乙酸正丁酯的研究

用对甲苯磺酸／SiO2催化乙酸与正丁醇酯化反应合成了乙酸正丁酯，对反应条件进行了研究，实验结果表明对甲苯磺酸／SiO2催化剂对乙酸和正丁醇的酯化反应有良好的催化活性，反应的最佳条件为：乙酸与正丁醇的摩尔比为1.0:2.0，催化剂的用量的反应物料总质量的2.5%，带水剂环乙烷为10ml，反应时间为2.0h，此时的酯化率可达98.1%，而在同样的条件下，不加催化剂时的酯化率仅为23.7%。     

微波辐射催化合成乙酸正丁酯的研究

研究了用活性炭固载对甲苯磺酸作催化剂，在一定功率微波的连续辐射下乙酸和正丁醇的酯化反应。探索了在微波辐射条件下合适的反应条件。结果表明：该催化剂具有较高的催化活性和选择性，反应速度明显加快，反应时间仅25min，乙酸的酯化率达到98．1％。     

聚苯乙烯支撑酯的α-磺酰氧基化反应研究

用线型聚苯乙烯负载二醋酸碘与对甲苯磺酸反应制得了聚苯乙烯负载羟基对甲苯磺酰氧基碘；该负载型高碘试剂作用于酯合成了α-对甲苯磺酰氧基酯，在此反应中显示出较好的反应活性，并且可循环使用，对环境友好．     

SO2-4/TiO2-SnO2/ZSM-5催化合成乙酸丁酯

以乙酸和正丁醇的酯化为探针反应，考察了ＳＯ２－４／ＴｉＯ２－ＳｎＯ２／ＺＳＭ－５催化剂的催化性能．实验结果表明：ＺＳＭ－５分子筛上负载钛锡双组元氧化物，比起负载单组元ＴｉＯ２，在相同的负载液浓度下，催化活性提高了１４％，且焙烧温度和Ｔｉ∶Ｓｎ（原子比）对催化活性亦有较大的影响．在回流温度下，催化剂投入量为乙酸加入量的３．２ｗｔ％，反应２ｈ，酯化率达９６．４％．     

钯-铜-稀土催化一氧化碳和苯乙烯交替共聚反应

利用乙酸钯、乙酸钕和对甲苯磺酸铜组成的催化体系催化一氧化碳和苯乙烯共聚，合成聚1-氧代-2-苯基丙撑（STCO）．用红外光谱、元素分析和X射线光电子能谱对共聚物进行表征、结果表明，产物为一氧化碳和苯乙烯的交替共聚物．同时研究了催化体系的配比、2，2’-联吡啶和对甲苯磺酸铜的用量以及不同的稀土盐和单体对体系催化活性的影响．此外，对催化剂的复配进行了对比实验．实验结果表明，以钯为主催化剂，并加入适量稀土盐与对甲苯磺酸铜，同时优化催化体系各组分的配比，可以有效地提高催化活性，降低STCO的成本．     

对甲苯磺酸催化合成乙酸异戊酯

研究了以冰乙酸和异戊醇为原料，采用对甲苯磺酸作催化荆合成乙酸异戊酯。当异戊醇：冰乙酸：催化剂的摩尔比为1．5：1：0．003，不用带水荆，在132—138℃下回流0．5h，产率可达96．2％。     

以负载型杂多蓝为催化剂合成乙酸丁酯的研究

对以负载型杂多蓝为催化剂的乙酸与正丁醇的液相酯化反应进行了研究。考察了影响酯化反应的因素。结果表明：以负载型杂多蓝为催化剂,酯化反应转化率接近１００％,收率可达９８．９％,选择性为９８．９％,重复使用１０次催化效果仍好,该催化剂还有反应条件温和、反应时间短、对设备无腐蚀、无三废排放等优点。     

SO4^2—／TiO2／SnO2／ZSM—5催化合成乙酸丁酯

以乙酸和正丁醇的酯化为探针反应,考察了ＳＯ４＾２－ＴｉＯ２－ＳｎＯ２／ＺＳＭ－５催化剂的催化性能。实验结果表明：ＺＳＭ－５分子筛上负载钛锡双组元氧化物,比起负载单组元ＴｉＯ２,在相同的负载液浓度下,催化活性提高了１４％,且焙烧温度和Ｔｉ：Ｓｎ（原子比）对催化活性亦有较大的影响。在回流温度下,催化剂投入量为乙酸加入量的３．２ｗｔ％,反应２ｈ,酯化率达９６．４％。     

固体超强酸—阳离子树脂负载Al2Cl3催化合成乙酸乙酯

制备了固体超强酸－阳离子树脂负载ＡｌＣｌ３催化剂。探讨了催化乙酸与乙醇脂化反应的最佳工艺条件；催化剂乙本能和量为２８ｇ／ｍｏｌ，酸醇摩尔比为１：１．２￣１：１．５，反应温度７８℃，反应时间５．０ｈ，催化剂与反应物易分离和再生，连续催化活性基本保持不变。     

用SO_4(2-)/FeZnZSM催化剂液相合成乙酸丁酯

用浸渍法混合负载铁、锌、硫酸，研制出一种ＳＯ４２－／ＦｅＺｎＺＳＭ分子筛催化剂，用正交试验法分别探讨了负载浓度、焙烧温度、酸醇摩尔比以及催化剂用量对催化活性的影响，用ＩＣＰ、ＸＲＤ、ＤＴＡ、ＴＧ、ＳＳＡ、ＮＨ３－ＴＰＤ等技术对催化剂的物化性能进行了表征．结果表明：研制出的ＳＯ４２－／ＦｅＺｎＺＳＭ催化剂对酯化反应具有良好的催化活性，选择性达１００％．在１２２℃，酸醇摩尔比为１∶１．０８时，反应３小时后，乙酸的转化率达９７．６３％．因催化剂制备成本低，催化剂热稳定性好，机械强度高，可望有开发应用价值．     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.