活性炭固载磷酸催化下合成苹果酯

以活性炭固载H3PO4为催化剂,用乙酰乙酸乙酯与乙二醇为反应物直接缩合,制备了环缩羰基型香料-苹果酯.连续七次使用该催化剂,产率仅降低8%左右,平均产率可达72%.     

硅胶固载钛酸酯的制备及其对酯化反应的催化研究

以四氯化钛和不同物质的量比的2-乙基己醇反应,然后与硅胶作用制备了硅胶固载化催化剂.合成条件用正交试验进行了优化.结果表明:最适宜反应条件为钛醇物质的量比为1∶3;反应温度120℃;反应时间2h;理论固载量为20%.测定了固载钛酸酯的钛含量,并用IR对固载催化剂进行了初步表征.以不同物质的量比固载催化剂进行了苯甲酸和2-乙基己醇酯化反应的催化研究,同时与未固载钛酸酯进行了对比,发现固载催化剂活性明显降低,其中以钛与醇物质的量比1∶2制得的固载催化剂效果较好.经5次催化剂重复使用试验,表明硅胶固载催化剂具有很好的稳定性,重复使用性能良好.     

微波辐射下固体酸催化合成异烟酸乙酯

在微波辐射下,以异烟酸和乙醇为原料,以活性炭固载对甲苯磺酸作催化剂,合成了异烟酸乙酯.最佳工艺条件:醇酸物质的量比为8∶ 1,催化剂用量为 1.0 g,微波辐射时间为 10 min,微波辐射功率为 200 W,酯化产率达 97.18%.另外通过实验发现,微波辐射下,反应速率及产率都明显高于常规加热方式.     

超声辐射下水介质中KF-Al_2O_3催化合成2-呋喃亚甲基氰乙酸乙酯

超声波辐射下以水为溶剂,氧化铝固载氟化钾催化合成了2-呋喃亚甲基氰乙酸乙酯.最佳反应条件:n(呋喃甲醛)∶n(氰乙酸乙酯)= 1∶1,催化剂用量为1.0 g,反应温度35 ℃时反应5 min,产率可达97.8%.     

硫化锌固载四(4-羧基苯基)锰卟啉催化性能研究

将四(4-羧基苯基)锰卟啉[Mn TCPP]固载到硫化锌[ZnS]上制备了固载锰卟啉催化剂[Mn TCPP/ZnS],用UV-Vis、FT-IR和TG技术对其进行了表征,并用此固载催化剂催化氧气氧化环己烷。结果表明:在最适宜反应温度和压力(160℃和0.8 MPa)条件下,硫化锌固载四(4-羧基苯基)锰卟啉可以有效重复使用4次,其环己烷转化率42.6%,酮醇产率18.6%,催化剂转化数6.0×105,比未固载的Mn TCPP具有更好的催化活性和重复使用性能。     

微波辅助法合成3,4-二氢嘧啶-2(1H)-酮衍生物

路易斯酸固载蒙脱土催化,微波辅助条件下以芳香醛、乙酰乙酸乙酯及脲为原料,通过Biginelli反应合成3,4-二氢嘧啶-2(1H)-酮衍生物。使用单因素法考察催化剂、溶剂对产率的影响,正交试验法优化反应温度、时间及原料摩尔比。实验结果表明:在反应温度90℃,微波时间10min,芳香醛、乙酰乙酸乙酯和脲的摩尔比为1.2∶1∶1,催化剂为氯化铜固载蒙脱土,催化剂用量为10%(醛摩尔比)的最优条件下,产率最高可达95.7%,催化剂重复使用3次后产率仍可达84.0%。产物通过红外、核磁、熔点进行表征。与现有合成方法相比,微波辅助法具有收率高、用时短等优点,具有潜在的应用前景。     

活性炭固载固体酸催化合成对硝基苯甲酸乙酯

研究了用颗粒状活性炭固载对甲苯磺酸作催化剂合成对硝基苯甲酸乙酯。实验结果显示 ,催化剂用量为0.8g,n(醇 ) :n(酸 )=6 :1 ,反应温度为82～87℃下回流90min时 ,酯化产率可达98.7 %以上     

酸性沸石催化葡萄糖制备5-羟甲基糠醛研究

以酸性沸石为催化剂,催化葡萄糖脱水制备5-羟甲基糠醛(5-HMF).沸石催化剂采用固载磷钨酸(PW)和脱铝两种方法制备,固载PW方法用3种类型沸石:HY、MCM-41和HMOR,脱铝方法用HY型沸石,共制得产物PW/MCM-41、PW/HMOR、PW/HY、HY-D0.2和HY-D1.0,考察沸石结构、反应温度、葡萄糖与水质量比、催化剂与葡萄糖质量比对制备5-HMF的影响.结果表明,沸石固载PW后5-HMF的产率均有所提高,其中,以Y型沸石(HY)固载PW后(PW/HY)作为催化剂时5-HMF产率最高,为27.9％;HY特殊的结构对提高5-HMF的产率具有重要的作用.另外,提高反应温度有利于加快5-HMF的生成;葡萄糖与水质量比为3.0∶100时5-HMF产率最高,反应2.5h时达到30.4％,说明适当的葡萄糖与水质量比有利于5-HMF的制备.     

TiSiW12O40／TiO2催化合成乙酸乙酯

首次报道了在固载杂多酸盐TiSiW12O40/TiO2为多相催化剂,通过乙酸和乙醇为原料合成乙酸乙酯,并探讨了诸多因素对产率的影响。实验表明：TiSiW12O40/TiO2具有良好的催化活性,醇酸物质的量为1.30：1,催化剂用量为反应物料总量的1.0%,反应时间为1.0h,反应温度84-90℃,产率可达69.38%。     

树脂固载磷钨酸催化合成苯甲醛正己硫醇缩醛

为了提高合成香料苯甲醛正己硫醇缩醛的产率,使用大孔阳离子交换树脂和磷钨酸制得离子交换树脂固载磷钨酸催化剂,催化合成了苯甲醛正己硫醇缩醛,考察了影响收率的因素.结果表明催化合成的优化条件为,n(苯甲醛)∶n(正己硫醇)∶m(催化剂)∶V(二氯甲烷)=1mol∶2.2mol∶20g∶350mL,43℃回流下进行,反应时间5.0～5.5h,收率可达86%以上.以离子交换树脂固载磷钨酸为催化剂对苯甲醛和正己硫醇缩醛反应具有较高的催化活性,且稳定性较佳,可重复使用.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-