肉桂酸乙酯的合成研究

报道了以固载杂多酸盐TiSiW12O40/TiO2催化剂，对以肉桂酸和乙醇为原料合成肉桂酸乙酯的反应条件进行了研究。实验结果表明；TiSiW12O40/TiO2具有良好的催化活性，最佳反应条件为；醇酸物质的量比为9：1,催化剂的用量为反应物料总量的2.0%，反应时间3.0h，上述条件下，肉桂酸乙酯的产率为58.7%。     

TiSiW12O40／TiO2催化合成苯甲酸丙酯

首次报道了以固载杂多酸盐TiSiW12O40/TiO2为多相催化剂，对以苯甲酸和丙醇为原料合成苯甲酸丙酯的反应条件进行了研究。实验表明：TiSiW12O40/TiO2是合成苯甲酸丙酯的良好催化剂，最佳反应条件为：醇酸摩尔比为4：1，催化剂用量为反应物料总量的1.5%，反应时间为2.5h。上述条件下，苯甲酸丙酯的产率可达70.5%。     

TiSiW12O40/TiO2催化合成氯乙酸正丁酯

首次以固载杂多酸盐TiSiW12O40/TiO2为多相催化剂，通过氯乙酸和正丁酸反应合成了氯乙酸正丁酯，并探讨了诸因素对产率的影响。实验表明：TiSiW12O40/TiO2具有良好的催化活性，醇酸物质的量比为1．4：1，催化剂用量为反应物料总量的2．0％，反应时间0．5h，反应温度130－139℃，产率可达66．51％。     

TiSiW_(12)O_(40)/TiO_2催化合成对羟基苯甲酸乙酯

首次以TiSiW12O40/TiO2为催化剂合成了对羟基本甲酸乙酯。结果表明：TiSiW12O40/TiO2具有良好的催化活性,醇酸摩尔比为4：1,催化剂的用量为反应液总量的2．0％,酯化反应时间为2．0h,反应温度为84～86℃,对羟基苯甲酸乙酯的产率可达87．5％。     

TiSiW12O40／TiO2催化合成葡萄糖五丙酸酯

报道了新型催化剂TiSiW12O40／TiO2催化酯化合成葡萄糖五丙酸酯的糖酸比、催化剂用量、反应时间、反应温度诸因素对产率的影响。实验表明：TiSiW12O40／TiO2是合成葡萄糖五丙酸脂的良好催化剂。最佳反应条件为：糖酸摩尔比1：6．催化剂的用量为反应液的2．0％．酯化反应时间为2.0h,反应温度95℃～105℃．反应产率可达84．5％。     

苯甲酸丙酯的合成研究

报道了以固载杂多酸盐TiSiW12O40/TiO2为催化剂，对以苯甲酸和丙醇为原料合成苯甲酸丙酯的反应条件进行了研究，实验结果表明，TiSiW12O40/TiO2具有良好的催化活性，最佳反应条件为：醇酸物质的量比为4：1，催化剂的用量为反应物料总量的1．5％，反应时间2．5h，上述条件下，苯甲酸丙酯的产率为70．5％。     

TiSiW12O40/TiO2催化合成苹果酯-B

报道了以TiSiW12O40/TiO2为催化剂,通过乙酰乙酸乙酯和1,2-丙二醇反应合成了苹果酯-B,探讨TiSiW12O40/TiO2对缩酮反应的催化活性,较系统地研究了原料量比、催化剂用量、反应时间等因素对产品收率的影响.实验表明:TiSiW12O40/TiO2是合成苹果酯-B的良好催化剂,在乙酰乙酸乙酯与1,2-丙二醇物质的量比为1:2,催化剂为反应物料总质量的1.13%,石油醚为带水剂,反应时间2.0 h的优化条件下,苹果酯-B的收率可达93.4%.     

TiSiW12O40/TiO2催化合成丙酸正丁酯

首次以固载杂多酸盐TiSiW12O40/TiO2为多相催化剂,通过丙酸和正丁醇反应合成了丙酸正丁酯,并探讨了诸因素对酯化率的影响,实验表明,TiSiW12O40/TiO2具有良好的催化活性,醇酸物质的量比为1．3：1,催化剂用量为反应物料总量的1．5％,反应时间1．0h,反应温度116－128度,酯化率可达71％。     

丁酸系列酯的合成研究

报道了以固栽杂多酸盐TiSiW12O40／TiO2为催化剂,对以乙醇、丙醇、丁醇、正戊醇、异戊醇和正丁酸为原料合成丁酸酯的反应条件进行了研究。实验结果表明。TiSiW12O40／TiO2具有良好的催化活性,最佳反应条件为：醇酸物质的量比为1．3;1,催化剂的用量为反应物料总量的2．0％。反应时间1．5h,上述条件下,丁酸乙酯的产率为75．6％,丁酸丙酯的产率为81．2％,丁酸丁酯的产率为84．7％,丁酸正戊酯的产率为85．1％．丁酸异戊酯的产率为83．1％。     

TiSiW12O40/TiO2催化合成肉桂酸甲酯

采用高压微波辐射技术，以固载杂多酸盐TiSiW12O40／TiO2为多相催化剂，通过甲醇和肉桂酸反应合成肉桂酸甲酯。实验结果表明，TiSiW12O40／TiO2是合成肉桂酸甲酯的良好催化剂，最佳反应条件为：n(醇)：n(酸)=5：1，催化剂用量为反应物料总质量的2．0％，微波功率729W，辐射时间3min．产品平均收率97．4％。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the