铜陵江段豚类资源与保护措施的研究

铜陵江段是长江下游唯一常年能发现白暨豹Lipotes uexillifer,且为长江江豚Neophocaena phcaenoides asaeorien-talis种群数量最集中，密度最大的江段，利用铜陵白暨豚养护场现有的条件，建立铜陵淡水豚自然保护区，在半自然水域中开展豚类人工饲养是保护白暨豚和长江江豚的有效途径。     

长江江豚保护生物学研究进展

近年来研究表明长江江豚(Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis)是江豚(Neophocaena phocaenoides)的一个亚种,其种群数量明显减少,栖息地正在丧失。我国已有长江江豚30年饲养实践经验,建立长江豚类自然保护区,同时开展长江江豚饲养下的行为学与繁殖学研究,是保护本种积极有效的措施。     

长江江豚“阿宝”的故事

正"阿宝"是一头长江江豚。2004年,阿宝从天鹅洲保护区来到中国科学院水生生物研究所白鱀豚馆,2011年它又回到了天鹅洲保护区。2015年,我们这些曾经与它在豚馆朝夕相处的朋友们和它在保护区再一次相聚。我们惊喜地发现,阿宝已经成为了四代同堂的大家长,见证了长江江豚人工饲养繁殖和迁地保护工作的不断尝试和巨大进步。这么多年,阿宝一直牵动着研究人员的心,寄托着护豚人的希望和努力。可以说,     

安徽铜陵淡水豚自然保护区淡水豚受胁迫因素及保护对策探讨

分析了影响铜陵淡水豚自然保护区淡水豚生存的胁迫因素：渔业资源变化，有害渔具的伤害和结构变化，航运业的影响，水利工程的影响，水体污染等。提出在实现就地和迁地保护白巴豚和长江江豚时应采取如下措施：应加强保护区管理执法力度，尤其要强化核心区管理；提高渔民自身经济发展能力，恢复渔业资源；做好水生生态影响评价控制工业和生活污水的排放；注意政府各管理部门的协调一致；开展半自然和人工饲养下的繁殖实验；同时应加大科技投入、提高保护和科技人员素质、唤醒公众的保护意识。     

建立铜陵淡水豚自然保护区考察研究

报道了铜陵江段白鱀豚 (Lipotesvexillifer )和长江江豚 (Neophocaenaphocaenoidesasiaeorientalis)资源现状及影响豚类生存制约因子 ,提出建立铜陵淡水豚自然保护区 ,加强栖息地保护 ,具有良好的生态效益和社会效益。     

长江江豚坝状堪忧

20世纪70年代末,我国开始系统地开展白鳍豚的研究及保护工作,与此同时,长江江豚(以下简称江豚)也随之受到关注。当时有关专家认为,威胁白鳍豚生存的几个主要因素,即酷捕滥捞、航运及水利设施建设、水体污染等,同时也威胁着江豚,由此导致了白鳍豚和江豚种群数量的急剧下降,并直接威胁到种群的兴衰存亡。当时就有专家预测,在不久的将来,江豚极有可能面临同当时白鳍豚一样的濒危处境。因此,江豚的保护问题必须得到高度重视,要尽早、尽快地开展相关研究和保护工作。     

白鱀豚和江豚肌肉中某些有毒物质和重金属元素的初步分析

白鱀豚(Lipotes Vexillifer)和江豚(Neophocaena asiaeorientalis)均为水生哺乳动物,生活在长江中。白(?)豚食鱼,江豚以鱼类和其它水生动物为食。由于工业废水中有毒物质对长江的污染,水质中有毒物质通过食物链在白(?)豚、江豚体内积累。对白(?)豚和江豚肌肉中残留毒物的检测,可以反映长江相应江段水质的污染情况及其对此两种动物的影响;对白(?)豚和江豚肌肉中一些重金属元素的测定,可以探讨这些元素在这两种动物肌肉中的分布和积累情况。     

“水中国宝”难觅踪迹

1998年12月中旬开展的长江再寻白鱀豚活动,发现长江白鱀豚和江豚数量锐减形势严峻,整个监测活动仅观测到白鱀豚7头,为上一年的三分之一。专家惊叹,这一仅在中国长江生存,当今被列为世界极度濒危的物种,已远远不及物种延续的最低要求,其最终改变不了消亡的命运。为此,呼吁加大对这种濒危动物的保护力度,减少污染和其它人为破坏。     

半自然条件下群体江豚的养护与行为观察

长江江豚目前数量不足 2 0 0 0头 ,由于长江生态环境的日趋恶化 ,其种群数量仍在进一步下降之中 ,拯救工作因此更为迫切。本文报道了 1 992年至 1 996年在我场半自然状况的夹江中生活的江豚群体的饲养和伤病防治工作以及生态行为观察结果。     

江豚会步白(既鱼)豚后尘吗?

长江江豚这一自古就被渔民们称为“河神”的物种,现在长江中也已不足2000头。由于人类的活动,白暨豚已不足百头并濒于灭绝。那么在不远的将来,白暨豚的今天是否会成为江豚的明天呢? 长江江豚在哭泣落日的余辉将江面照得鳞光闪闪,一大群淡水豚在江中翻跃嬉闹,不时溅起朵朵金色的浪花。其中大豚白色,小豚黑色,它们就是被渔民称为“长江女神”的白暨豚和“河神”的江豚。因为每一次白暨豚和江豚的欢闹嬉戏便会“引起”第二天的狂风     

南京～湖口段长江江豚的种群数量和分布特点

长江南京～湖口间４２１ｋｍ长的江段有江豚约６９７头,其中以华阳至湖口一带密度最高．江豚的分布为聚集分布．此外,江豚还具有很强的趋岸性,８８．８％的江豚出现在离岸５００ｍ的范围内．长江江豚的数量近年来有所下降．以本文中的平均密度粗略估计江阴至武汉段长江江豚的种群数量为１４８１头,比张先锋等（１９９３）报道的该江段江豚的数量低１７１头．     

Genetic diversity in the Yangtze finless porpoise by RAPD analysis

To estimate the genetic diversity in the Yangtze finless porpoise ( Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis), the randomly amplified polymorphie DNA technique was applied to examine ten animals captured from the Yangtze River. Out of 20 arbitrary primers used in the experiment, seventeen produced clearly reproducible bands. Calculated by Nei‘s formula d = 1-NAB/NT, the genetic distances ranged from O. 0986 to O. 5634. Compared with other cetacean populations, this genetic distance is quite low.Such a low genetic diversity suggests that this population may be suffering from reduced genetic variation,and be very fragile. More studies are needed for understanding the basis for this apparent low genetic diversity and to help protect this endangered, unique population.     

Parentage determination of an isolated Yangtze finless porpoise population Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis in the Yangtze Tian-e-Zhou Baiji National Natural Reserve based on molecular data

Reproductive behaviors are poorly known for the Yangtze finless porpoise Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis. In this study, the parentage of an isolated Yangtze finless porpoise population inhabiting the Yangtze Tian-e-Zhou Baiji National Natural Reserve is determined by analysis of microsatellite loci and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region sequences, and the porpoise's reproductive behaviors are studied. Overall 4 full parentage assignments and additional 3 single parentage assignments were determined for the population of 23 individuals. The analysis shows that their estimated reproductive cycle is shorter than that reported previously and there probably exists an overlapping between gestation and lactation period. The study also shows that the female does not show fidelity to a particular male for breeding and vice versa, the oldest males did not monopolize mating and the dominance rank could not be so strict for the porpoise society. Moreover, the porpoise's mating pattern and relatedness among candidate parents are discussed here. These results provide important information for making guidelines of management and conservation for this protected population.     

Population status, threats and conservation of the Yangtze finless porpoise

The Yangtze finless porpoise （Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis） is currently limited to the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River from Yichang to Shanghai, China, and the adjoining Poyang and Dongting Lakes. Its population size has decreased remarkably during the last several decades due to the heavy impact of human activities, including overfishing of prey species, water development projects that cause attendant habitat loss and degradation, water pollution, and accidental deaths caused by harmful fishing gear and collisions with motorized vessels. It was estimated that the number of remaining individuals was down to approximately 1800 in 2006, a number that is decreasing at a rate as high as 5% per year. Three conservation measures - in situ and ex situ conservation and captive breeding have been applied to the protection of this unique porpoise since the early 1990s. Seven natural and two ＂semi-natural＂ reserves have so far been established. Since 1996, a small group of finless porpoises has been successfully reared in a facility at the Institute of Hydrobiology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences; three babies were born in captivity on July 5, 2005, June 2, 2007 and July 5, 2008. These are the first freshwater cetaceans ever born in captivity in the world. Several groups of these porpoises caught in the main stream of the Yangtze River, or rescued, have been introduced into the Tian＇e-Zhou Semi-natural Reserve since 1990. These efforts have proven that, not only can these animals survive in the area, they are also to reproduce naturally and successfully. More than 30 calves had been born in the reserve since then, with one to three born each year. Taking deaths and transfers into account, there were approximately 30 individuals living in the reserve as of the end of 2007. Among eight mature females captured in April 2008, five were confirmed pregnant. This effort represents the first successful attempt at off-site protection of a cetacean species in the world, and establishes a solid base for conservation of the Yangtze finless porpoise. A lesson must be drawn from the tragedy of Chinese River Dolphin （Lipotes vexillifer）, which has already been declared likely extinct. Strong, effective and appropriate protective measures must be carried out quickly to prevent the Yangtze finless porpoise from becoming a second Chinese River Dolphin, and save the biodiversity of the Yangtze River as a whole.     

北部湾海域的江豚

从北部湾海域获得11只江豚标本,测量了其外部形态的26个生物学参数,包括体质量、体长、体围、背部棘状小结节等.对内脏及胃含物称重,并详细鉴定食物种类,结果显示:江豚食谱广,以鱼为主,食物组成与该海域的鱼类区系相似.测量了背、腹部前、中、后6个位置的脂肪层厚度,并根据背部棘状小结节的分布,判定为南方亚种Neophocaena phocaenoides.除了大小尺度不同,江豚幼体与成体间在外部形态和内部器官的分化上差别不大.     

江豚(Neophocaena phocaenoides)的静脉系统

研究了江豚的前腔静脉、后腔静脉和鳍肢血管．后腔静脉只有１根;后腔静脉在与肝静脉连接处无括约肌构造,肝门静脉的分枝上也没有括约肌;无明显肱动脉,大多数中等动脉无同名静脉伴行,而皮下体表层多条小静脉与１条小动脉伴行,形成热交换器的装置．江豚的循环系统中有适应水生生活,不善于潜水的结构特征．