烧结铁矿中FeO含量对其在富氢高炉中还原行为的影响

Japan started the national project “COURSE 50” for CO₂ reduction in the 2000s. This project aimed to establish novel technologies to reduce CO₂ emissions with partially utilization of hydrogen in blast furnace-based ironmaking by 30% by around 2030 and use it for practical applications by 2050. The idea is that instead of coke, hydrogen is used as the reducing agent, leading to lower fossil fuel consumption in the process. It has been reported that the reduction behavior of hematite, magnetite, calcium ferrite, and slag in the sinter is different, and it is also considerably influenced by the sinter morphology. This study aimed to investigate the reduction behavior of sinters in hydrogen enriched blast furnace with different mineral morphologies in CO–CO₂–H₂ mixed gas. As an experimental sample, two sinter samples with significantly different hematite and magnetite ratios were prepared to compare their reduction behaviors. The reduction of wustite to iron was carried out at 1000, 900, and 800°C in a CO–CO₂–H₂ atmosphere for the mineral morphology-controlled sinter, and the following findings were obtained. The reduction rate of smaller amount of FeO led to faster increase of the reduction rate curve at the initial stage of reduction. Macro-observations of reduced samples showed that the reaction proceeded from the outer periphery of the sample toward the inside, and a reaction interface was observed where reduced iron and wustite coexisted. Micro-observations revealed three layers, namely, wustite single phase in the center zone of the sample, iron single phase in the outer periphery zone of the sample, and iron oxide-derived wustite FeO and iron, or calcium ferrite-derived wustite 'FeO' and iron in the reaction interface zone. A two-interface unreacted core model was successfully applied for the kinetic analysis of the reduction reaction, and obtained temperature dependent expressions of the chemical reaction coefficients from each mineral phases.     

Mg和La对Ca–Ti 处理钢中夹杂物演变和组织的影响

The evolution of inclusions and the formation of acicular ferrite (AF) in Ca–Ti treated steel was systematically investigated after Mg and La addition. The inclusions in the molten steel were Ca–Al–O, Ca–Al–Mg–O, and La–Mg–Ca–Al–O after Ca, Mg, and La addition, respectively. The type of oxide inclusion in the final quenched samples was the same as that in the molten steel. However, unlike those in molten steel, the inclusions were Ca–Al–Ti–O + MnS, Ca–Mg–Al–Ti–O + MnS, and La–Ca–Mg–Al–Ti–O + MnS in Mg-free, Mg-containing, and La-containing samples, respectively. The inclusions distributed dispersedly in the La-containing sample. In addition, the average size of the inclusions in the La-containing sample was the smallest, while the number density of inclusions was the highest. The size of effective inclusions (nucleus of AF formation) was mainly in the range of 1–3 μm. In addition, the content of ferrite side plates (FSP) decreased, while the percentage of AF increased by 16.2% due to the increase in the number of effective inclusions in the La-containing sample in this study.     

摩擦焊接碳钢（EN24）和镍基高温合金（IN718）的显微组织和力学性能

Continuous-drive rotary friction welding was performed to join cylindrical specimens of carbon steel (EN24) and nickel-based superalloy (IN718), and the microstructures of three distinct weld zones—the weld interface (WI)/thermo-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ), the heat-affected zone (HAZ), and the base metal—were examined. The joint was observed to be free of defects but featured uneven flash formation. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis showed substantial changes in high-angle grain boundaries, low-angle grain boundaries, and twin boundaries in the TMAZ and HAZ. Moreover, significant refinement in grain size (2–5 μm) was observed at the WI/TMAZ with reference to the base metal. The possible causes of these are discussed. The microhardness profile across the welded joint shows variation in hardness. The changes in hardness are ascribed to grain refinement, phase transformation, and the dissolution of strengthening precipitates. The tensile test results reveal that a joint efficiency of 100% can be achieved using this method.     

汽车暴露面板带有表面条状缺陷的夹杂物分布特征分析:一种定量电解方法

The specific distribution characteristics of inclusions along with the sliver defect were analyzed in detail to explain the formation mechanism of the sliver defect on the automobile exposed panel surface. A quantitative electrolysis method was used to compare and evaluate the three-dimensional morphology, size, composition, quantity, and distribution of inclusions in the defect and non-defect zone of automobile exposed panel. The Al₂O₃ inclusions were observed to be aggregated or chain-like shape along with the sliver defect of about 3–10 μm. The aggregation sections of the Al₂O₃ inclusions are distributed discretely along the rolling direction, with a spacing of 3–7 mm, a length of 6–7 mm, and a width of about 3 mm. The inclusion area part is 0.04%–0.16% with an average value of 0.08%, the inclusion number density is 40 mm?2 and the inclusion average spacing is 25.13 μm. The inclusion spacing is approximately 40–160 μm, with an average value of 68.76 μm in chain-like inclusion parts. The average area fraction and number density of inclusions in the non-defect region were reduced to about 0.002% and 1–2 mm?2, respectively, with the inclusion spacing of 400 μm and the size of Al₂O₃ being 1–3 μm.     

在酸性溶液中加压氧化三价砷离子和二价铁离子

The co-oxidation of As(III) and Fe(II) in acidic solutions by pressured oxygen was studied under an oxygen pressure between 0.5 and 2.0 MPa at a temperature of 150°C. It was confirmed that without Fe(II) ions, As(III) ions in the solutions are virtually non-oxidizable by pressured oxygen even at a temperature as high as 200°C and an oxygen pressure up to 2.0 MPa. Fe(II) ions in the solutions did have a catalysis effect on the oxidation of As(III), possibly attributable to the production of such strong oxidants as hydroxyl free radicals (OH·) and Fe(IV) in the oxidation process of Fe(II). The effects of such factors as the initial molar ratio of Fe(II)/As(III), initial pH value of the solution, oxygen pressure, and the addition of radical scavengers on the oxidation efficiencies of As(III) and Fe(II) were studied. It was found that the oxidation of As(III) was limited in the co-oxidation process due to the accumulation of the As(III) oxidation product, As(V), in the solutions.     

活化天然矿石选择性还原二氧化碳为无定形碳

Natural magnetite formed by the isomorphism substitutions of transition metals, including Fe, Ti, Co, etc., was activated by mechanical grinding followed by H₂ reduction. The temperature-programmed reduction of hydrogen (H₂-TPR) and temperature-programmed surface reaction of carbon dioxide (CO₂-TPSR) were carried out to investigate the processes of oxygen loss and CO₂ reduction. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The results showed that the stability of spinel phases and oxygen-deficient degree significantly increased after natural magnetite was mechanically milled and reduced in H₂ atmosphere. Meanwhile, the activity and selectivity of CO₂ reduction into carbon were enhanced. The deposited carbon on the activated natural magnetite was confirmed as amorphous. The amount of carbon after CO₂ reduction at 300°C for 90 min over the activated natural magnetite was 2.87wt% higher than that over the natural magnetite.     

含钛高炉炉渣微波合成碳化钛及其介电性能测定

The preparation of functional material titanium carbide by the carbothermal reduction of Ti-bearing blast furnace slag with microwave heating is an effective method for valuable metals recovery; it can alleviate the environmental pressure caused by slag stocking. The dynamic dielectric parameters of Ti-bearing blast furnace slag/pulverized coal mixture under high-temperature heating are measured by the cylindrical resonant cavity perturbation method. Combining the transient dipole and large π bond delocalization polarization phenomena, the interaction mechanism of the microwave macroscopic non-thermal effect on the titanium carbide synthesis reaction was revealed. The material thickness range during microwave heating was optimized by the joint analysis of penetration depth and reflection loss, which is of great significance to the design of the microwave reactor for the carbothermal reduction of Ti-bearing blast furnace slag.     

采用超声组装与滚压工艺制备铝–碳纳米管复合材料

This study introduced a novel fabrication of aluminum–carbon nanotube (CNT) composites by employing bulk acoustic waves and accumulative roll bonding (ARB). In this method, CNT particles were aligned using ultrasonic standing wave in an aqueous media, and the arrayed particles were precipitated on the aluminum plate substrate. Then, the plates rolled on each other through the ARB process with four passes. Optical and scanning electron micrographs demonstrated the effective aligning of CNTs on the aluminum substrate with a negligible deviation of arrayed CNTs through the ARB process. The X-ray diffraction pattern of the developed composites showed no peaks for carbon and aluminum carbide. In addition, tensile tests showed that the longitudinal strength of the specimens processed with aligned CNTs was significantly greater than that of the specimens with common randomly dispersed particles. The proposed technique is beneficial for the fabrication of Al–CNT composites with directional mechanical strength.     

卢卡奇"总体性的辩证法"再思考--读《历史与阶级意识》

本文主要依据卢卡奇的《历史与阶级意识》这一经典文本．从卢卡奇、马克思和黑格尔三者之间的关系出发，提出“总体性的辩证法”由以产生的思想渊源和历史背景，并探讨“总体性”范畴的具体含义。文章认为“总体性”首先是一种具体的总体性，即：部分在总体之中，又存留其个体性．总体具有高于部分的地位．部分只能在与总体的联系中才有意义。其次，“总体性的辩证法”是主体和客体相互作用写统一的辩证法．它仅限于社会历史领域，是研究社会历史中主、客体运动的概念。最后，分析论述了“总体性的渴求”与无产阶级的阶级意识之间的关系．指出“．电体性的辩证法”是卢卡奇为了消解实证主义的马克思主义哲学理论．重新恢复了马克思主义哲学的批判价值功能．从而实现了马克思主义哲学在本世纪初的一次重要转向．     

写在《实验动物管理条例》发布实施三十周年

《实验动物管理条例》（以下简称条例）是我国第一部关于实验动物管理工作的行政法规）《条例》实施30年来,在实验动物工作规范化、法制化管理,保障实验动物和动物实验的质量,推动我国科技发展和民生保障等方面发挥了重要作用。但随着科技进步、社会经济发展和立法工作的深入,实验动物科学研究和管理工作中出现了诸多新情况和新问题,《条例》在实验动物管理工作中的作用已不能完全适应科技创新、经济与社会发展的需要。因此,修订《条例》并将其上升到法律层面,对规范实验动物管理工作,保证实验动物质量,保障实验动物福利,维护公共卫生安全,支撑科技创新,以及促进国际科技合作与交流具有非常重要的意义。     

东营凹陷古近系储层超压成因及其成藏意义

利用实测地层压力资料,系统研究了东营凹陷古近系碎屑岩储层超压成因及其与油气成藏的关系,并总结了超压油气藏的分布模式。超压传递（包括超压接触传递和超压连通传递）、欠压实、原油裂解是东营凹陷古近系碎屑岩储层超压的主要成因机制。超压接触传递能够使与烃源岩接触的储层形成强超压高产油气藏,该类油气藏主要分布在北部陡坡带、中央隆起带周缘以及洼陷中央的沙三、沙四段和孔店组;超压连通传递使深层超压流体进入浅层,形成中超压高产油气藏,该类油气藏集中分布在中央隆起带的沙一、沙二段和南部缓坡带的沙三、沙四段;欠压实发生在沙四段、孔店组的膏盐岩层段,不利于油气成藏;原油裂解发生在埋深超过4000m的地层,与油气成藏没有必然的联系。     

长宁地区富有机质页岩脆性及与裂缝发育关系

页岩的脆性控制着裂缝的形成和演化,对页岩气层的体积改造和页岩气的增产极为关键。以川南长宁地区龙马溪组页岩为例,通过岩石矿物、地球化学和岩石力学等实验对龙一₁亚段的矿物组分、有机地球化学、孔隙-裂缝结构以及力学性质进行测试,分析不同脆性矿物、有机质以及埋深的页岩脆性特征及其与裂缝发育的关系。结果表明,龙一₁亚段脆性最高者为富有机质硅质页岩岩相,石英、长石和黄铁矿等脆性矿物的总含量大于50%,它们能够调节岩石断块的剪切滑移,所积累的能量大于完成岩石整体剪切破坏过程所需的能量;有机质及其在成熟过程中所产生的有机孔隙与微裂缝可促进裂缝的拓展、贯通以及连接,有机碳含量越高,裂缝系统越发育;随着埋深增加,页岩的脆性下降,岩石破裂模式由复杂的劈裂型向单一的剪切型转变;龙一₁¹、龙一₁²小层脆性矿物和有机碳含量最高,脆性指数分别达到了61.31%和60.70%,为压裂甜点层段。     

普通话朗读中的停延

学习普通话的重要环节是在语流中模仿普通话的节律。停延作为节律的基础,确定了语流中的音步组合,进而关系到协同发音、连续变调等一系列语音现泉。停延的研究对于普通话的朗读教学具有重要的现实意义。该文以《普通话水平测试实施纲要》提供的60篇短文为语料,对于文中的停顿做出了定量、定性的分析：普通话的音步组合层的平均长度为5—7个音节,影响各篇短文音步组合层长度的主要因素是文体风格。该文根据60篇短文的语音资料,提出了设置句中无标点停顿的语义原则、语法原则、语用原则。根据语义原则,只能在有助于语义表达的地方停顿。根据语法原则,只能在构成语法结构的地方停顿。如果在某种情况下构成了非语法停顿,那是为了满足节律的需要。根据语用原则,人们通过对语境的分析,以停顿为手段,实现表情达意的最佳效果和节奏的匀称感。文中以大量例句,对各种语法结构中的语音停顿现泉进行比较说明,做出了令人信服的阐释。     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

生活垃圾分类回收处理对周边土壤中铅、锰重金属污染的影响

为了研究生活垃圾分类回收处理对周边土壤中铅、锰重金属污染的影响,选用我国北方某市生活垃圾中转站及其附近1 km范围内的土壤作为研究样本,在中转站外设立一个垃圾回收对照区。给出土壤p H和土壤有机质测定方法,介绍了铅、锰含量测定过程。通过单因子污染指数和内美罗综合污染指数对土壤中铅、锰的污染情况进行衡量,分析了研究区域生活垃圾物理组成。为了使得到的结果更加准确,对铅、锰的分布特征及其和土壤理化性质间的关系进行分析,确定土壤对铅、锰重金属污染的影响程度。给出不同采样区表层0~20 cm土壤中重金属铅、锰的污染情况和污染指数评价结果。分析了土壤中重金属铅、锰化学形态分布情况。结果表明,土壤p H与有机质含量对生活垃圾分类回收中转站周边土壤中锰含量基本没有影响,可忽略;生活垃圾分类回收能够降低周边环境风险。     

中国、印度和阿拉伯国家应用负数的历史的比较

人类对负数的认识和应用是数系扩充的重大步骤,负数的产生和应用不仅推广了算术的范围,而且为代数学的发展拓宽了道路.中国是世界上最早应用负数的国家,在《算数书》中就出现了负数概念及其加、减法运算,而在《九章算术》的方程章中则明确给出了正负数概念的定义和正负数的加减法则.印度人对负数的应用最早见于婆罗摩笈多的著作,他不仅给出了正负数的加减法则,还建立了正负数的乘除法则.一般认为,阿拉伯人不使用负数,但这似乎不符合东方人对数的概念的发展的认识规律.在20世纪50年代,有学者发现10世纪的艾布·瓦发在他的一种算术手抄本中应用了负数.本文对中国、印度和阿拉伯国家应用负数的历史进行比较分析,指出三者都是在"负债"、"不足"等意义下引入负数概念的,但在应用上却沿着不同的途径发展.文章还对阿拉伯人较少应用负数的原因进行了分析.     

独立通风笼盒系统内传热传质分析

目的 为了有效控制独立通风笼盒系统(individual ventilated cages, IVC)内环境的舒适性,保证笼盒内实验动物的生存和健康,对笼盒内的温度、湿度及氨浓度进行测试,并对笼盒内传热传质机理进行分析,同时为实验动物生存环境(密闭建筑空间、设备)控制提供参考。方法 小鼠75只,按数量递增顺序随机分为5组,饲养于同一架IVC设备内,分别对笼盒内的温度、湿度和氨浓度进行连续7 d的测试。结果 随着饲养天数的增加,笼盒内和房间内的温度差变化基本一致,相对湿度差和氨浓度差逐渐增大;同时笼盒内、外的氨浓度差同动物数量和时间均相关,有显著差异(P<0.05),即动物只数越多,时间越长,氨浓度差越大。结论 IVC笼盒内温度受设施内温度的影响较大;相对湿度主要与送风空气相对湿度和换气次数有关;氨浓度与换气次数和动物只数有关。     

中国按蚊属昆虫名录修订（双翅目：蚊科）

按蚊属昆虫包括疟疾和丝虫病的传播媒介,具有特别的医学重要性。本文根据近10年来的研究及国内外按蚊属的研究文献和专著,订正了中国按蚊属名录,共2亚属62种。新的名录中增加了许氏按蚊（Anopheles（Anopheles）xui）和哈里森按蚊（Anopheles（Cellia）harrisoni）2种,删除了瓦容按蚊（Anopheles（Cellia）varuna）,把阔麟按蚊（An.ramsayi）更名为伪詹氏按蚊（An.pseudojamesi）;并暂保留存疑种斯氏按蚊（Anopheles（Cellia）stephensi）,确认库态按蚊复合体（Culicifacies Complex）在中国存在种A和种B。新的名录及其分布地的记载可以为蚊虫分类和防治提供基础参考信息。