西安市长乐公园土壤重金属含量的测定及污染评价

用HNO3-HF-HClO4联合消煮法处理西安市长乐公园土壤样品,根据测定其中Pb,Zn,Cu,Cr,Cd等重金属的含量,得出其平均值均高于中国土壤环境背景值.相关性分析显示,Pb,Zn,Cu 3种元素之间具有较高的相关性.用单因子指数法、内梅罗污染指数法评价了西安市长乐公园土壤重金属污染程度,得出公园土壤中5种重金属处于中等污染水平.     

粤北某矿区地表土壤重金属污染的分布研究

为了查清粤北某大型铅锌矿区周边地表土壤重金属的污染情况,对该地的冶炼、采矿和选矿区周边三处地表土壤,13个样点和39个样品中的Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd 4种主要重金属的分布进行了系统的检测与分析.结果表明:冶炼厂周边主要是Pb、Cd两种重金属超标,分别为国家土壤环境质量二级标准的1.72和15.3倍;采矿区周边重金属污染较严重,Pb、Cu、Cd 3种重金属依次为国家土壤环境质量二级标准的3.90、1.17和17.17倍;而选矿区周边农田的土壤重金属含量均在国家土壤环境质量二级标准内.     

碳酸盐岩地区不同种植方式下黄壤重金属含量特征及评价

以贵州开阳县不同种植方式下的黄壤为供试样品,对其重金属含量特征及污染水平进行探究。结果表明:不同种植方式下,单作土壤在种植前和收获后为酸性,而连作和间作在两个时期为中性;土壤重金属Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn和Pb的含量变化规律基本一致,均呈现种植前高于收获后;土壤pH与土壤重金属Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn的变异程度均不大,而Pb在连作种植前与间作收获后的变异程度较大;相关性分析显示,Cd与Cu、Pb之间、Cu和Zn、Pb之间均具有较高的同源性;综合污染指数(P_综)表现为单作(种植前)间作(收获后)连作(种植前)单作(收获后)间作(种植前)连作(收获后),分别为14.20、13.67、13.62、11.38、9.89和8.04,均高于3.0,属于重度污染等级,土壤受污染相当严重,其中单作和连作在收获后污染程度较种植前有不同程度的下降,而间作则呈上升趋势。在所选定的污染评价因子中,Cd的贡献率极高,为土壤污染的主要影响因子,其次是Cr.     

秦岭铅锌矿冶炼厂区周边土壤重金属分布特征研究

目的为了解铅锌过程中重金属对周边土壤的污染情况。方法对秦岭凤县铅锌矿冶炼厂周边8个区域土壤中Zn、Pb、Cd、Cu等4种主要重金属的分布规律进行了初步研究,分析了冶炼厂周边环境现状,提出了对策建议。结果研究表明冶炼厂周边土壤重金属污染严重,绝大部分区域重金属含量已超过对照点测定值和国家土壤环境质量二级标准,最高超标倍数依次为Zn10倍、Pb6．5倍、Cd6．2倍、Cu4．0倍。结论厂区常年主导下风向土壤中重金属含量高于上风向土壤中;冶炼厂周边土壤环境中重金属污染以Zn为主,其次为Pb和Cd,Cu污染较小。     

内蒙古不同产地甘草和土壤中重金属含量与评价

为研究内蒙古道地甘草产地土壤和甘草根重金属的含量特征和污染状况,选取鄂尔多斯杭锦旗、赤峰翁牛特旗和锡林郭勒盟正蓝旗三个产地,采集两个土层土壤(0—20cm,20—40cm),对重金属As、Hg、Cd、Pb和Cu的含量及相关性进行了分析.结果表明:三个产地土壤中As、Hg、Cd、Pb和Cu的含量均显著低于国家土壤环境质量一级标准;除鄂尔多斯土壤重金属As,赤峰土壤重金属As和Cu以及锡林郭勒盟土壤重金属Cd、Pb和Cu的含量高于内蒙古土壤背景值外,其他指标均显著低于内蒙古土壤背景值.用单项污染指数法、内梅罗综合污染指数法和潜在生态评价指数法评价产地土壤重金属的污染状况,结果表明三个产地土壤都是清洁的.土壤中As、Hg和Cu相互之间,均呈极显著负相关,可能这三种重金属之间存在着一种平衡和制约的关系;甘草根中As、Cd和Pb相互之间均呈极显著正相关;而土壤中重金属Pb与甘草根中重金属As、Cd和Pb呈极显著正相关,这也许能够为预防甘草重金属超标提供依据.另外,产地所采甘草根中五种重金属含量均显著低于药用植物及制剂外经贸绿色行业标准.     

雪鸡坪-春都铜矿区土壤重金属污染评价

以香格里拉县雪鸡坪-春都铜矿区土壤为研究对象,分析长期采矿活动对表层土壤重金属含量的影响.通过对矿区土壤的重金属(Cd,Hg,As,Cu,Cr,Zn,Pb)含量进行测定,以国家土壤环境质量3级标准和云南省土壤背景值为评价标准,采用内梅罗综合指数法分析矿区土壤的重金属污染现状,运用Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法进行潜在生态风险评估.结果表明:矿区长期开采活动导致Hg,As,Pb,Zn,Cu这5种重金属含量高于云南省土壤背景值,Hg,As,Pb,Zn,Cu,Cd这6种重金属含量高于全国土壤背景值;Cu的单因子污染指数值最高,污染水平超标,为该矿区土壤的主要污染元素;综合土壤环境指数为1.14,土壤受到轻度污染;矿区Hg元素具有强的生态危害,Cu元素具有中等生态危害,其余元素为轻微生态危害,综合生态危害指数为226.22,整体上该矿区的生态风险属于中等水平.     

基于标准化方法的峰峰煤矿塌陷区农田表层土壤重金属污染评价研究

为进一步评估煤矿塌陷对农田土壤环境的影响,文章系统采集测试了煤矿塌陷区农田表层土壤39件,运用标准化方法对重金属元素As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn进行了污染评价研究。结果表明峰峰煤炭塌陷区农田表层土壤重金属元素均值均高于全国土壤环境背景均值。表层土壤重金属元素污染组合特征为:元素Pb、Cr、As和Ni为一族;元素Hg、Cd、Zn、Cu为一族。表层土壤明显受到了重金属元素Cd、Cu、Hg、Pb和Zn的污染。重金属元素Hg的污染程度以轻度为主,中度为辅;重金属元素As、Cd、Cu和Zn为点状轻度污染。     

黄河三角洲农田土壤-作物系统重金属污染风险评估

重金属严重影响着农业用地土壤环境质量以及农产品安全,已引起国内外广泛关注. 本研究以我国重要的粮 食产区黄河三角洲典型农田为对象,评估了农田土壤-作物系统中重金属的污染风险. 研究结果表明,黄河三角洲农田 土壤中重金属 Cr、Cu和 Pb的质量分数具有显著性差异(P<0.05), Cr的质量分数(47.20mg·kg-1)最高, Cu(26.00 mg·kg-1)次之,而 Pb(13.90mg·kg-1)最低,各重金属分布存在中等的空间异质性. 根据单因子污染指数和内梅罗综合 污染指数,黄河三角洲农田土壤总体上处于清洁水平,重金属污染风险较低,但不同作物区具有显著性差异(P<0.05). 小麦田和水稻田土壤 Cr、Cu的质量分数显著高于藕池和玉米田,小麦田和水稻田土壤 Pb的质量分数与藕池差异不显 著,但显著高于玉米田.3种重金属元素在各主要农作物的地上部分均呈现一定程度的富集,且 Cu的富集程度最高,Pb 的富集程度最低;不同作物对重金属元素的富集程度不同,对 Cr的富集程度由高到低呈现为玉米、藕叶、水稻、小麦,对 Cu的富集程度由高到低呈现为玉米、水稻、藕叶、小麦,而对 Pb的富集程度由高到低呈现为水稻、玉米、小麦、藕叶.      

草海湖底沉积物重金属垂直分布特征及污染状况评价

选取贵州省威宁县草海湖底沉积物为研究对象,对Pb、Cr、Zn、Cu、As 5种重金属的含量进行测定。采用单因子指数法和潜在生态风险指数法对各重金属污染状况进行分析评价,定量确定了草海湖底沉积物中主要的污染因子和潜在生态风险程度。结果表明:5种重金属中,Zn和Pb的含量均高于中国土壤环境背景值和贵州省土壤环境背景值,其中Zn含量最大,其次是Pb、Cr、Cu、As;各重金属在不同深度上有不同的变化规律;草海湖主要的重金属污染因子为Zn、Pb,湖底沉积物重金属的综合污染指数为8. 88,属于中度污染,潜在生态危害程度低。     

陈腐垃圾的重金属污染特征及其潜在风险评价

以九江市生活垃圾填埋场陈腐垃圾为调查对象,分析了不同填埋结构不同回灌方式下陈腐垃圾中Cr、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Hg和Pb的含量.结果表明:4个填埋体陈腐垃圾中Cr、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Hg和Pb重金属平均含量均低于《土壤环境质量标准》(GB 15618-1995)三级标准,厌氧填埋体D(渗滤液回灌)陈腐垃圾中的Cr略微超标,2种填埋结构清水回灌方式陈腐垃圾中重金属的含量低于渗滤液回灌方式;准好氧填埋结构陈腐垃圾内梅罗综合污染指数处于清洁水平,厌氧填埋结构陈腐垃圾内梅罗综合污染指数处于轻微污染水平.潜在生态风险评价表明,不同填埋结构、不同回灌方式垃圾填埋场陈腐垃圾的重金属潜在生态风险指数(RI)均处于轻微生态风险水平,没有明显的级别差异.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.