我国居民住宅建筑生活能耗差异性调查研究

对我国南北方10个城镇及农村居民建筑生活能耗进行全面调查, 利用调查数据分析我国城乡用能水平与用能方式存在显著差异的主要影响因素。建筑使用能耗主要包括采暖能耗、降温能耗、照明能耗、家用电器能耗以及炊事能耗等5个方面。调查结果表明, 电力、天然气、标准煤是三大主要居住能源; 采暖、炊事以及家电是主要的能源消耗活动。城镇与农村能耗来源和用能结构存在差异, 城镇居民人均生活消费能源是农村的3.2倍。城镇居民建筑用能以燃气和电力为主, 北方城镇燃气和电力分别占73%和20%, 南方城镇则分别占47%和23%; 农村居民建筑用能中, 电力和燃煤所占比例较高。研究结果可为我国实施节能优先政策提供一定的参考依据。     

城镇居民居住建筑能耗情景预测研究——以吉林省为例

建筑能耗是继工业、交通能耗之后的第三大社会能源消耗主体。结合LEAP模型,将吉林省城镇居住建筑能耗分为采暖、炊事热水、照明、电冰箱和其他家用电器用能。在不同情景下进行预测分析。结果表明,2020年吉林省城镇居住建筑能耗在基准情景、政策情景下分别为1 082万吨标煤、952万吨标煤,并对吉林省城镇居住建筑节能工作提出了对策建议,为推动吉林省城镇居住建筑向建筑设节能设计标准迈进提供现实依据。     

Appropriate Strategies for Rural Houses In Northwest China

To avoid the old road of urban development with high consumption and high pollution,this paper took the houses in a village near Yinchuan(a typical city of Northwest China)as an exemplary proiect to explore the appropriate strategies in the arid cold climate for the sustainable devdopment in rural undeveloped areas Northwest China.Firstly,all houses were designed according to the principles of passive solar heating.Second-ly,optimized biomass energy technologies such as biogas pit and straw gasification stove were utilized for cooking or heating.Last but not the least important,the ecological building materials such as earth,straw bale,fly ash were used to construct houses,which improves the indoor thermal comfort and meanwhile lowers the negative impact on the environment.Low costs,easy accessibility and habitants'inclination were taken into account in the process of design.     

架空炕与落地炕采暖对室内环境影响的对比试验

落地炕和架空炕是目前北方农村冬季普遍采用的两种采暖设施,它们的构造与密封性对采暖室内的热湿环境与空气质量有显著影响.参照相关国家标准,在甘肃省临洮县对使用落地炕与架空炕采暖的室内热环境和空气质量进行了连续的对比试验研究.结果表明:架空炕采暖室内日平均温度为12.6 ℃,比落地炕采暖室内日平均温度10.8 ℃高出1.8 ℃;使用PMV-PPD指标评价发现,架空炕室内热舒适度综合评价等级为Ⅱ级,落地炕室内综合评价等级为Ⅲ级.架空炕采暖室内空气质量PM_2.5、PM₁₀和CO指标优于落地炕采暖室内指标,两铺炕采暖室内首要污染物均为PM₁₀.架空炕采暖室内空气质量等级为轻污染,落地炕采暖室内空气质量等级为重污染.     

华北地区空气源热泵无水地板采暖系统节能经济性研究

为了确定空气源热泵无水地板采暖系统在华北地区的适用性,以一栋高层住宅楼为例,利用建筑能耗分析软件Dest对其进行逐时能耗模拟。通过经济性分析,并与燃煤锅炉集中供热采暖方式进行比较,得出无水地板采暖系统能源利用效率较高,其经济性随着煤价的提高而增加,采用峰谷电价可以更好地体现其经济性;并且确定了无水地板采暖系统在华北地区的节能经济区域。     

Energy Consumption by Rural Households in Northern Hunan

TKs study was conducted to investigate the household energy consumption in rural districts in northern Hunan and to help explore the sustainable and ecological energy policy.Questionnaires were used to ac-quire the details of energy consumption,and the electricity equivalent calculation was used in the energy statis-tics in four villages.The energy consumption in these four villages is influenced by the economic condition,geo-graphic position and landform and the local custom.The traditional biomass energy and coal briquette are the primary energy source for cooking and heating,but they are used in a very low efficiency and result in poorIAQ.For sustainability,further measures should be taken to optimize the energy consumption with the efficient use of biomass energy,coal and electricity.     

Review on thermal performance of phase change energy storage building envelope

Improving the thermal performance of building envelope is an important way to save building energy consumption. The phase change energy storage building envelope is helpful to effective use of renewable energy, reducing building operational energy consumption, increasing building thermal comfort, and reducing environment pollution and greenhouse gas emission. This paper presents the concept of ideal energy-saving building envelope, which is used to guide the building envelope material selection and thermal performance design. This paper reviews some available researches on phase change building material and phase change energy storage building envelope. At last, this paper presents some current problems needed further research. Supported by National Supporting Program for Science and Technology of China (Grant Nos. 2006BAA04B02 and 2006BAJ02A09)     

全面建设小康社会的农村能源问题及其发展战略

“三农”问题是全面建设小康社会的关键之一,其有效解决离不开能源的支撑。分析了农村地区全面建设小康社会对能源尤其是优质能源的需求趋势,指出农村能源供应和消费是全面实现农村小康社会必须面对的问题;而且农村能源作为国家整个能源系统不可分割的组成部分,其发展必然影响到国家能源供需部的形势,因此,要从战略的高度重视农村能源问题;还提出了通过大力开发可再生能源来解决农村能源问题的战略思路和技术重点。     

北方乡村住宅节能与热舒适的形体参数多目标优化设计

为进一步降低北方乡村住宅采暖能耗、改善室内热舒适,依托Rhino-Grasshopper可视化编程平台,构建北方乡村住宅形体参数多目标优化设计框架.结合天津乡村实地调研数据,对北方乡村住宅规划和单体层面的9项形体参数进行了多目标优化,应用TOPSIS(technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution )综合评价法对帕累托解集进一步筛选,得到L型及U型乡村住宅形体参数最终设计方案.结果显示:优化后的L型乡村住宅采暖能耗及热舒适表现均优于U型;L型、U型乡村住宅形体优化方案在基准建筑基础上分别节约采暖能耗16.6%~18.0%,16.3%~26.4%,室内热舒适改善16.5%~17.5%,2.1%~19.0%.     

不同气候区遮阳控制策略的节能与舒适度优化

遮阳设计是影响建筑能耗及室内光热舒适度的重要原因之一,开启遮阳系统可以减少太阳辐射,降低夏季制冷能耗,减少眩光问题,但同时会导致更高的照明能耗及冬季的供暖能耗.为研究中国寒冷地区和夏热冬暖地区酒店建筑典型遮阳控制策略的节能潜力和环境舒适度,采用Comfen软件模拟量化不同气候区下3种遮阳形式及10种控制策略对能耗及舒适度的影响规律,通过制冷、供热、照明能耗和总能耗、光、热舒适度以及综合优化指数来评估其性能.模拟结果表明:遮阳控制策略会影响建筑能耗和室内舒适度,根据不同优化目标给出其对应的最优控制策略,两气候区对遮阳策略与设计的选择也有所不同,通过分析其差异,为遮阳系统设计提供参考建议.     

中国建筑环境影响的生命周期评价

为了量化评价建筑相关活动的节能及综合环境影响,提出了适合中国国情的建筑生命周期评价方法。分析了在原料掘取、建材生产、施工、运行、报废处置5个阶段带来的能耗、资耗、污染3方面的环境影响。应用该方法对北京某新建住宅进行分析。结果表明,在生命周期总能耗中,建筑生产过程、运行采暖、运行照明分别占20%、40%和24%。运输能耗占建材生产能耗的5%,不可忽视。运行用水在资源消耗中最大。聚苯保温层厚度超过100 mm后再增厚便会得不偿失。从生命周期角度进行分析能得到更全面的结论。     

被动式超低能耗木结构建筑外围护结构节能设计

在被动式超低能耗木结构建筑能量损失中外围护结构的传热损失占比最高,为了降低能耗,研究了被动式超低能耗木结构建筑外围护结构节能设计方案。通过标定热箱法对建筑外围护结构保温性进行测试,获取建筑外围护结构传热系数或热阻。分析了建筑外围护外墙、屋顶和外窗,研究了各外围护组成部分的传热系数。将屋顶、外墙和外窗当成正交实验的三个因素,通过等水平正交实验表获取实验方案组合。将研究的被动式超低能耗木结构建筑当成基准建筑,将其冷热总负荷和各外围护结构节能设计方案全年空调总负荷的差值当成对应组合方案的总负荷节能值,获取节能设计方案。利用Energyplus软件对设计节能方案进行能耗模拟,获取前三个最优方案在一段时间内的能耗值,对节能设计方案进行验证。结果表明：4号节能设计方案空调总负荷节能值最高,其次是2号节能设计方案,再次为8号节能设计方案;方案4能耗低,二氧化碳减排量高,舒适性好。可见桁架屋顶、玻璃纤维保温棉填充墙体、low-E中空（断热铝窗框）外窗组成的外围护结构节能设计方案最优。     

中国车用氢能潜力分析

 分析了中国氢气应用和生产的现状,利用实际工业生产数据,根据工业氢气制取、转化的应用原理,得出了中国氢气消费总量与相关化工产品产量的数量关系,确定了目前中国工业氢气的生产能力和副产氢资源。采用情景分析方法,预测了2050年前燃料电池汽车发展对应的氢能需求及面临的供应选择。分析结果表明,根据目前中国的规模化工企业的生产现状,每吨合成氨耗氢量178.18~182.44kg,每吨甲醇耗氢量126.45~142.26kg,根据2007年中国合成氨和甲醇的产量,对应氢气消费量分别达920万吨和130万吨。根据中国炼油加氢工艺耗氢量和近年加氢裂化和加氢处理加工量,耗氢量达180万吨。合计中国工业氢气消费量超过1200万吨,年均增长速度9%。此外,中国是世界重要的烧碱、钢铁和焦炭生产大国,根据每生产1吨烧碱副产270m3氢气,氯碱工业每年副产氢气约41.57万吨,同时1m3的焦炉煤气可制取约0.44m3的氢气,中国焦炉煤气蕴含563.86万吨的副产氢资源。合计超过600万吨的副产氢资源可供应686万辆燃料电池大客车或2703万辆乘用车的运行,是未来重要的车用氢能来源。通过设定缓慢、中等、快速发展情景假设,中国副产氢资源可满足燃料电池汽车在缓慢情景下到2050年对氢能的需求,在中等和快速发展情景下分别支持到2046年和2040年对氢能的需求。     

热激活相变复合墙体动态热特性与节能潜力

为提升老旧建筑热工性能,基于中国北方清洁供暖背景,提出一种利用夜间低谷电力制取低品位热水作为热源,进行蓄能的热激活相变建筑系统。建立了典型热激活相变复合墙体传热模型并与参照实验进行验证,在寒冷地区供暖季气候条件下,模拟分析了管间距、相变层厚度和朝向等因素对复合墙体热特性以及节能潜力影响。结果表明：将集成内嵌管的相变夹层置于墙体与外保温之间具备技术可行性,可大幅提升墙体热工性能;以南墙为例,因墙体引起的热负荷和一次能源消耗分别减少105.5%和14.07%;管间距相比相变层厚度影响更为明显,综合考虑热阻及蓄放热特性,管间距100 mm和相变层厚度30 mm较优;朝向对复合墙体影响较大且北墙提升最为明显,与南墙相比其一次能源消耗和运行费用减少率分别高出20.3和9.0个百分点。研究结果为热激活相变围护结构设计及其在清洁供暖和超低能耗建筑应用中提供了参考。     

TiO2-based building materials: Above and beyond traditional applications

In the 1910s, TiO₂ began to be used in building materials as pigments and opacifier due to its excellent optical property. Since the photocatalytic property of TiO₂ was observed in 1972, its application field was expanded to air cleaning and sterilization. Thereafter, people added TiO₂ into building materials to develop novel and facile building materials. These materials were widely used for air cleaning, sterilization, self-cleaning, anti-fogging, decoration, and building cooling. The combination of building and other functions can serve simultaneously. Although TiO₂-based building materials have bright prospects, some aspects such as improving the stability and enhancing photoactive performance of the materials are of importance for future research. Supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program (“863” Program) of China (Grant No. 2007AA061402), Chinese Key Technology Research and Development Program of the Eleventh Five-year Plan (Grant No. 2006BAJ02A08), Hangzhou Science & Technology Development Program (Grant No. 20061133B27) and Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education (Grant No. 20070335197)     

蒙古包现状分析与窗户节能改造研究

以内蒙古地区的蒙古包建筑为研究对象,采用实地调研、实验测量和建筑能耗模拟软件DeST-h的仿真模拟相结合的方法,从自然采光和建筑供暖能耗两方面分析蒙古包的现状,并研究窗地比和窗户材质对蒙古包的供暖能耗的影响。结果表明,蒙古包的供暖能耗随窗地比的增大而减小,在窗户节能改造中宜采用大窗地比,在窗地比最大为0.0482时,采暖季热负荷指标相比传统蒙古包降低0.73 W?m-2;选取蒙古包窗户材质时,要综合考虑窗户的传热系数、遮阳系数SC值和太阳能得热系数SHGC等参数,在本文研究中高透低辐射玻璃的供暖能耗最小,相比采用普通6 mm单玻璃的传统蒙古包节省6.64 kW?h?m-2能耗,降低1.38 W?m-2热负荷指标。     

Applications of membrane distillation technology in energy transformation process-basis and prospect

Membrane distillation technology is a new type of efficient separation technology that combines traditional distillation technology and membrane separation technology. In the study, applications of membrane distillation technology in thermal engineering and refrigerating engineering with typical energy transformation process were presented. Desorption and regeneration process of saline solution by vacuum membrane distillation was proposed on the basis of the concentration and separation properties of membrane distillation. Membrane distillation technology could be used in lithium bromide absorption refrigeration system, energy storage system, and the regeneration process of liquid desiccant solution in temperature-humidity independent control air-conditioning system. The aim of the applications was to use the low-grade energy such as waste heat, solar energy and geothermal energy adequately and to improve the available temperature difference of heat source. According to latent heat transfer and thermal conduction across the membrane in direct contact membrane distillation process, a novel membrane heat exchanger with both heat transfer and mass transfer processes was proposed. The heat exchanger could be used as the solution heat exchanger of lithium bromide absorption refrigeration system and as the special heat exchanger that recovered heat and pure water simultaneously. Some feasible process flows about the applications of membrane distillation technology to energy transformation process were listed and analyzed. Finally, future research emphases were indicated.     

台湾住商部门因应温室气体减量之策略

在经济迅速成长,生活质量不断提升之下,台湾住商部门能源需求之成长率在近年均超过6%,能源消耗为本部门主要之CO2排放因子.为此提议八个节能方案,分别为:发展节能之建材,强化建筑外壳节能设计,建立建筑空调及照明节能设计基准,提升耗能器具能源效率标准,推动旧建筑节能改善服务,日常节能之教育倡导,推广建筑物利用再生能源,及调整累进电价之差别费率.以上方案为无悔策略,目标为节约能源,预估2015年累计年节约364万公秉油当量,降低CO2排放量994万吨,2025年累计年节约873万公秉油当量,降低CO2排放量2383万吨.     

浅谈建筑节能

建筑节能是提高能源利用率、解决能源紧缺矛盾、改善居住环境质量的一项根本措施。论述了我国建筑能耗与国外相比的差距,分析了影响建筑物节能的主要因素,给出了建筑节能的计量和评价指标体系。     

我国居民生活用能能源效率回弹效应研究

基于国际上已有研究成果, 总结能源效率回弹效应定义的三种演化形式, 即能源服务需求的能源效率弹性, 能源服务需求的能源服务价格弹性以及能源需求的价格弹性。在数据获取局限的情况下, 能源需求价格弹性是在中国进行居民生活用能回弹效应实证研究的理想定义。在考虑全国居民生活用能特征和城乡能源消费的差异以后, 总结生活能源消费的影响因素, 并建立多元线性回归计量经济学模型。经过 E-G 两步法协整检验确定变量间长期均衡关系, 并得出长期回弹效应数值为 0.27%。然后通过误差修正模型, 计算出短期 回弹效应数值为 0.16%。由此说明, 从宏观角度来看, 我国居民生活用能能源效率回弹效应并不大。因此我 国在居民生活能源消费领域应继续坚持已有的节能增效战略和路线, 必要时可以以碳税、补贴清洁能源和阶梯电价等为手段, 预防能源效率回弹效应的升高。