茂名油页岩、黄县腐泥煤高锰酸钾氧化产物的分析

用高锰钾碱液对茂名油页岩及黄县腐泥煤进行了分步氧化,对氧化产品水溶酸及水不溶酸经酯化后分别作了色谱分析。在水溶酸的乙醚、丙酮抽出物中主要是C_4～C_(11)的正构脂肪族二元酸,此外还有C_8～C_(16)的正构脂肪族一元酸,还可能有少量芳香酸。在水不溶酸的乙醚、丙酮抽出物中主要是C_6～C_(28)的正构脂肪族二元酸及C_8～C_(31)的正构脂肪族一元酸。     

褐煤氧化制备水溶酸

实验研究发现,黄县褐煤的碱空气深度氧化法制备水溶酸的最佳氧化条件：温度为２２０℃,压力为２．８ＭＰａ,碱煤质量比为１．６∶１,反应时间为６ｈ。在此条件下,有机碳的有效转化率为６７．５％,其中水溶酸中的碳占７２．３％。采用蒸汽压渗透法测定水不溶酸和水溶酸的相对分子质量,并采用色质谱对用石灰乳处理后的氧化液的组成进行了定性分析。由分析结果知,水溶酸主要由苯多羧酸组成,酯化后可作为聚氯乙烯增塑剂和润滑剂添加剂     

褐煤氧化制备水溶酸

实验研究发现，黄县褐煤的碱－空气深度氧化法制备水溶酸的最佳氧化条件：温度为２２０℃，压力为２．８ＭＰａ，碱煤质量比为１．６：１，反应时间为６ｈ。在此条件下，有机碳的有效转化率为６７．５％，其中水溶酸中的碳占７２．３％。采用汽压渗透法测定水不溶酸和水溶酸的相分子质量，并采用－质谱对用石灰乳处理后的氧化液的组成进行了定性分析。由分析结果知，水溶酸主要由多羧酸组成，酯化后可作为聚氯乙烯增塑剂和润滑剂添加     

用高锰酸钾分步氧化法对干酪根结构的研究

本文采用碱性高锰酸钾分步氧化法,并配合现代物理仪器分析,对黄县和茂名两种页岩干酪根进行了组成结构的研究。两种干酪根分别经过16步和15步的仔细氧化,获得占原料碳82.45％和82.24％的有机酸碳收率,其中有占原料碳48.32％和42.24％的产物得到了乙醚、丙酮的溶解抽提。通过对两种干酪根及其氧化产物的元素分析和红外分析及对产物中的溶剂可溶部分的色谱和色质谱分析,证明了两种干酪根的长链脂肪性,并指出两者在组成结构上各自的特征和差异。黄县干酪根脂性强于茂名,其中尤以长链脂性更强。黄县干酪根的芳构分子比茂名少,但具有较强的稠合度。茂名干酪根中芳香组价略多,但稠合度小,而其脂环和甲基取代异构物均多于黄县。对于干酪根中杂原子的存在形式也作了粗略的探讨。通过对分步氧化产物的前后两种馏份及氧化残渣的全面分析验证,提出了对氧化机理的看法。     

不同氧化剂对黄县油页岩氧化的影响

采用三种不同类型的氧化剂对黄县油页岩进行氧化。试验结果表明,采用H_2O_2 TFA(三氟醋酸)作氧化剂时,黄县油页岩中干酪根的芳构部分优先被氧化;用 KMnO_4 作氧化剂时,黄县油页岩中干酪根的脂族结构部分优先被氧化;当用空气作氧化剂时,黄县油页岩中干酪根的芳构部分和脂族结构部分同时被氧化。在碱性介质下,常压空气可以直接氧化黄县油页岩,无明显的氧化选择性。     

MnO_4~－／MnO_4~（2－）间接电氧化油页岩制取有机羧酸

用ＭｎＯ４－／ＭｎＯ４１２－间接电氧化体系对黄县油页岩的氧化条件及产物进行了研究。实验结果表明此过程可在室温下进行，并大大节省了ＫＭｎＯ４的消耗。氧化产物中的水溶酸主要由Ｃ６～Ｃ２８的饱和脂肪族二元酸和Ｃ８～Ｃ３１的饱和脂肪族一元酸组成。氧化过程中固体燃料残渣的ＦＴ－ＩＲ分析表明，油页岩有机质的脂肪族结构优先被氧化。     

MnO^—4／MnO^2—4间接电氧化油页岩制取有机羧酸

用ＭｎＯ＾－４／ＭｎＯ＾２－４间接电氧化体系对黄县油页岩的氧化条件及产物进行了研究。实验结果表明此过程可在室温下进行，并大大节省了ＫＭｎＯ４的消耗。氧化产物中的水溶酸主要由Ｃ６～Ｃ２８的饱和脂肪族二元酸和Ｃ８～Ｃ３１的饱和脂肪族一元酸组成。氧化过程中固体燃料残渣的ＦＴ－ＩＲ分析表明，油页岩有机质的脂肪族结构优先被氧化。     

黄县褐煤高锰酸钾碱液分步氧化的研究

用高锰酸钾碱性溶液对黄县褐煤进行了九步氧化,按先后次序将产物分为两个馏份进行分析鉴定。有机酸碳收率达76.5％。对两个馏份酸用乙醚抽提并经甲酯化后分别进行了色-质谱分析,鉴定出六十多种单体化合物,主要有脂肪二元酸及一元酸、芳香二元酸及一元酸,多官能团酸,此外还有一些非酸化合物,如酮、醇、胺、含氮和硫的杂环化合物以及烃类等。配合元素分析及红外光谱分析等对产物进行了较为全面的分析鉴定。     

神府煤萃取物组成结构的特征分析

采用苯、甲醇、丙酮、等体积的CS2与丙酮的混合溶剂和四氢呋喃依次萃取神府煤,得到其萃取物E1～E5,并采用钌离子催化氧化法氧化各级萃取物,所得氧化产物经重氮甲烷酯化后再进行GC/MS分析,以产物组成结构的差异来推测各级萃取物组成结构的差异.结果表明,神府煤萃取物所得酯化产物的主要成分是烷酸甲酯和烷二酸二甲酯,推测其萃取物中含有大量的烷基芳烃和α, ω-二芳基烷烃;且随着溶剂极性的增强,其萃取物氧化后的酯化产物中,烷酸甲酯和烷二酸二甲酯的碳链长度呈一定的递增趋势,推测神府煤中长链烷基芳烃和α, ω-二芳基烷烃易溶于极性较强的溶剂;在氧化产物中还检测出19种甾烷酸甲酯、萜烷酸甲酯和霍烷酸甲酯,表明神府煤萃取物中含有与芳环相连的甾烷基、萜烷基和霍烷基结构.     

由粗Zr(OH)4生产四水硫酸锆的实验研究

针对高硅低锆粗Zr(OH) 4生产四水硫酸锆过程中酸溶产物过滤困难、锆回收率较低的问题 ,以锆英石纯碱烧结、水解后产生的粗Zr(OH) 4为原料 ,在实验室条件下用高温高酸溶出的方法制得了四水硫酸锆 ,并提出了解决该问题的方案 .此外 ,通过条件实验 ,确定了可行的工艺流程及重要实验参数 .所得四水硫酸锆样品经X射线衍射分析、X射线荧光分析、差热分析及元素定量分析 ,结果表明 ,由粗Zr(OH) 4生产的四水硫酸酸锆达到了工业四水硫酸锆纯度及物相要求 .     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.