四轮毂驱动EV双容积卡尔曼路面附着系数估计

针对车辆在行驶过程中难以实时、准确地获取路面附着系数这一问题,本研究在结合车辆三自由度动力学模型和Dugoff修正轮胎力模型所搭建的四毂驱动联合仿真电动汽车平台基础上,设计了一种时效性、鲁棒性强的双容积卡尔曼滤波路面附着系数观测算法。双容积卡尔曼滤波算法利用奇异值分解优化求解误差协方差矩阵,将车辆行驶状态观测器信息与附着系数观测器信息相互联系,形成闭环反馈校正更新观测信号,实现对路面附着系数的实时估计。在四轮毂驱动联合仿真电动汽车平台中设置低附着路面,在开路面仿真工况下对双容积卡尔曼滤波算法进行验证,并与传统容积卡尔曼滤波观测器数据进行比较和分析。结果表明:双容积卡尔曼滤波算法具有更快的的响应速度,估计的路面附着系数精度更高,实时性更强。     

基于功能原理和模糊控制的路面附着系数估计

为从根本上解决轮胎参数变化影响估计精度的问题,文中不引入轮胎模型,提出了一种基于功能原理和模糊控制的路面附着系数估计算法.首先利用功能原理推算当前车辆状态下的利用附着系数,再通过模糊推理的方法由当前状态下的利用附着系数和滑移率推算当前行驶路面的峰值附着系数,然后利用Matalb软件建立车辆的三自由度模型,对估计算法进行了仿真分析.结果表明,文中算法能有效地估计路面附着系数,具有良好的实时性和准确性.     

基于无迹卡尔曼滤波的汽车状态参数估计

由于部分汽车状态参数无法直接通过传感器获得,为了提高这些参数的估计精度以准确判断汽车行驶过程中的状态变化,增强控制系统的鲁棒性,文中提出了基于无迹卡尔曼滤波的汽车状态参数估计方法.该方法在传统卡尔曼滤波算法的基础上,采用无迹卡尔曼滤波算法对汽车质心侧偏角、横摆角速度、路面附着系数等状态参数进行估计,并运用Simulink与Carsim进行联合仿真.结果表明,无迹卡尔曼滤波算法响应快,估计精度较扩展卡尔曼滤波高,能满足车辆高级动力学控制系统的控制需要.     

基于双重扩展卡尔曼滤波汽车防碰撞模型研究

针对现有的汽车防碰撞高速扇形预警模型,文章提出了基于双重扩展卡尔曼滤波的高速扇形预警模型。根据双重扩展卡尔曼滤波原理,将车辆状态和路面附着系数估算过程形成闭环控制,实现了对车辆状态和路面附着系数的准确估算;建立汽车的四自由度动力学模型和魔术轮胎模型,结合Carsim和Matlab/Simulink软件进行联合仿真。仿真实验结果表明,该模型能够实时监测路面附着系数,正常预警。     

基于 UKF车辆状态及路面附着系数估计的AFS控制

本文侧重于主动前轮转向(Active Front Steering,AFS)控制系统的应用性与可行性研究,针对紧急转向工况下轮胎呈现强非线性问题,以及AFS控制算法中部分状态量难以获取、路面附着系数对车辆稳定性有重要影响但难以直接测量等问题,设计非线性滑模控制器以综合考虑载荷转移、轮胎非线性及路面条件等对操稳性影响,同时,通过ESP系统现有的IMU传感器测量信息,运用无迹卡尔曼滤波(Unscented Kalman Filter,UKF)算法为滑模控制器动态估计车辆状态信息和路面附着系数.在得到期望轮胎侧偏力后,通过非线性轮胎模型精确反求所需叠加转角,以在"轮胎-路面"附着能力范围内检验控制系统的有效性.最后,高附着系数情况下的鱼钩测试仿真及低附着系数时的角阶跃转向仿真共同表明,通过IMU与UKF结合的状态估计确保了AFS控制系统的可行性,有效提高了车辆操纵稳定性.     

采用自适应无迹卡尔曼滤波器的车速和路面附着系数估计

针对车辆主动安全控制中的车速和路面附着系数这一关键信息,提出了一种实时估计该信息的滤波算法,同时建立了将包含时变噪声统计特性的七自由度非线性车辆动力学模型作为滤波算法的标称模型,以及一种自适应无迹卡尔曼滤波算法。该算法采用传统的无迹卡尔曼滤波器来估计车速和路面附着系数,同时利用次优Sage-Husa噪声估计器对系统的噪声统计特性进行实时更新,其中采用遗忘因子限制噪声估计器的记忆长度,使新近数据发挥重要作用,使陈旧数据逐渐被遗忘,从而解决了因系统标称模型误差、外界扰动等因素引起的噪声时变的问题。在不同路面条件下进行了多种工况的实验验证,并与无迹卡尔曼滤波器的估计结果进行对比分析,结果表明,该算法具有良好的鲁棒性,其估计精度高于无迹卡尔曼滤波器,且满足车辆主动安全控制系统的要求。     

基于轮胎侧偏刚度估计的路面附着条件辨识

准确、实时地获取路面附着信息是汽车主动安全控制系统正常工作的前提.路面及其粗糙度、干湿状态对侧偏刚度有很大影响.基于此,文中在车辆稳态转向下进行轮胎侧偏刚度估计,从而进行路面附着条件辨识.首先由二自由度车辆模型得到前后轴的侧向力及侧偏角,并考虑载荷转移得到各个轮胎的垂向力.通过前后轴之间的差值,消去较难得到的质心侧偏角,而后通过递推最小二乘法估计得到归一化的轮胎侧偏刚度,并比较不同路面附着条件下的估计结果.与之前的侧偏刚度估计方法不同,所提出的方法不需要测量或估计质心侧偏角,因此不需要昂贵的额外传感器,并且考虑了载荷转移对侧偏刚度估计的影响.文中最后通过仿真及电控模型车辆道路试验对所提出的算法进行了验证.仿真及试验结果表明:在考虑载荷转移的条件下,文中提出的辨识算法可以进行路面附着条件辨识.     

基于路面附着系数估计的车辆自适应巡航控制研究

为了提高复杂工况下特别是低附着路面工况下车辆自适应巡航控制(Adaptive cruise control,ACC)的安全问题,该文提出基于路面附着实时估计的ACC控制方案。基于模型预测控制(Model predictive control,MPC)设计了ACC控制器,通过实时滚动优化计算得到期望的加减速度值。基于递推最小二乘法设计路面附着系数实时估计策略,根据实时估计的路面附着情况确定MPC控制器中的加减速度极限约束条件。基于Lagrangian方法建立了四自由度的非线性纵向车辆动力学模型,作为ACC控制系统的车辆仿真模型,得到了车辆在高、低不同附着路面上行驶的安全情况。仿真结果表明:基于路面附着系数实时估计的ACC控制方案在各种路面条件下都能确保前、后两车之间保持期望的车间距离安全行驶。     

基于自适应无迹卡尔曼滤波的分布式驱动电动汽车车辆状态参数估计

以精确估计车辆状态参数为目标,提出了一种基于自适应无迹卡尔曼滤波的车辆状态参数估计算法,采用非线性三自由度车辆模型,将模糊控制与无迹卡尔曼滤波算法相结合,实现对系统测量噪声的自适应调整,通过对方向盘转角,纵向加速度和横向加速度等低成本传感器信息融合实现对质心侧偏角和横摆角速度的状态估计.应用CarSim与Matlab/Simulink建立分布式驱动电动汽车整车模型并且联合仿真对估计算法的有效性进行验证.结果表明自适应无迹卡尔曼滤波比无迹卡尔曼滤波更能有效准确地进行车辆状态参数估计,在双移线工况中,质心侧偏角估计精度提高了6.7%,横摆角速度估计精度提高了4.8%.      

宋儒的族学思想探析

考虑路面附着条件对车辆横摆响应的影响,设计了路面附着系数修正的主动转向控制策略.为了迅速准确 地获取当前路面附着信息,采用了无迹卡尔曼滤波观测器观测路面附着系数,并用Carsim-Simulink联合仿真验证了此方法的有效性.在传统主动转向控制的基础上将路面附着系数作为输入,设计了滑模控制器.通过Simulink仿真,验证了所设计的滑模控制器在低附着路面、对接路面均能提高车辆的操纵稳定性和理想轨迹跟踪能力.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.