横流条件下垂直动量射流数值模拟

运用标准k-ε紊流模型和易实现k-ε紊流模型对横向流动条件下垂直动量射流的混合特性进行数值模拟.计算结果表明,2个模型均较好地复演了横向流动条件下垂直动量射流的传播和混合过程.在时均特性方面,2个模型的模拟结果相近,计算结果与前人的试验结果吻合较好.在紊动特性方面,计算的紊动强度分布趋势与试验结果吻合较好,且易实现k-ε紊流模型的模拟结果要优于标准k-ε紊流模型,但2个模型都不足以从定量上描述横向射流的紊动特性.     

合成射流流动与传热特征的数值模拟

采用RNGκ-ε模型和PISO算法,通过求解三维N-S方程,对腔体右侧振动膜片运动的二维合成射流流动与传热特征进行了数值模拟.模拟结果显示由于激励器在右侧振动膜片的作用下,合成射流产生的喷射气流在喷口中心右边速度稍大于左边速度,形成不对称射流流场;射流冲击壁面的速度峰值出现在中心区两侧,使得射流冲击换热的Nu数形成相应的峰值;随着合成射流冲击距离Z/do的增大,其对流换热系数出现先增大后减小的变化规律,当冲击距Z/do=20~30 mm时冷却效果较佳.     

用非线性k-ε模型对狭缝冲击射流进行数值计算

采用Ｓｐｅｚｉａｌｅ的非线性ｋ－ε模型和标准的ｋ－ε的模型计算了狭缝冲击射流,给出了径向平均速度和脉动速度沿壁面法向的分布,并同实验结果作了对比．结果表明,当其他条件都相同时,线性和非线性模型在冲击射流的计算中相差不大,今后的改进应当在近壁区或对紊流模型本身进行     

轴对称紊流射流流场数值模拟

选取标准的Ｋ－ε二方程模型及优选的紊流模型系数，运用有限差分方法对淹没轴对称紊流射流流场进行数值计算．计算结果表明，射流轴心速度是逐渐衰减的，其衰减规律和射流出口雷诺数无关，无因次等速核长度（Ｌ／Ｄ）约为４～５，和实验数据符合较好．对射流径向速度Ｖ沿径向截面的分布及射流基本段内轴向速度分布的相似住进行了预测．     

饱和蒸汽在高速过冷水射流外凝结换热的数值模拟

采用数值计算的方法,研究了高速过冷水射流外饱和蒸汽的凝结换热过程,在研究中,采用标准的k-ε紊流计算模型,两相界面上采用了凝结换热边界条件,并考虑了蒸汽凝结造成的相界面处的法向速度,计算表明,凝结换热强度完全由高速过冷水充中的紊流运动决定,其平均对流换热系数可以达到1．0MW／（m2,℃）,与实验结果相符合。     

用非线性κ—ε模型对狭缝冲击射流进行数值计算

采用Ｓｐｅｚｉａｌｅ的非线性κ－ε模型和标准的κ－ε的模型计算了狭缝冲击射流,给出了径向平均速度和脉动速度沿壁面法向的工同实验结果作了对比。结果表明,当其他条件都相同时,线性和非线性模型在冲击射流的计算中相差不大,今后的改进应当在近壁区域对紊流模型本身进行。     

半封闭圆管冲击射流湍流换热数值模拟

采用标准κ-ε模型、RNGκ—ε模型结合壁面函数以及低雷诺数κ—ε模型，对半封闭圆管冲击射流流场的平均速度、湍动能分布和Nu数分布进行了数值计算，并将此3种模型的计算结果与文献中的测量结果进行了比较．结果表明：3种湍流模型都未能完全准确地预测冲击射流场的流动特性与传热特性，其中标准κ—ε模型和低雷诺数κ—ε模型的结果很差，而RNGκ—ε模型的结果与其它两种模型相比更接近实验值。     

热辐射对中庭火灾烟流的影响

根据中庭火灾特点，提出了考虑辐射换热损失和壁面传热损失，不考虑燃烧过程视火焰为体积热源，浮升力作用下火灾烟气紊流流动的场模型，引入6通量辐射换热模型，分析热辐射对中庭火灾烟流的影响，并将辐射换热损失计入壁面传热损失，简化辐射换热模型计算，采用PHOENICS通用软件进行数值计算。结果表明，由于中庭温度相对较低，较射换热的影响较小，将壁面传热系数取最大值，从而将辐射换热的影响计入壁面传热损失的计算方法是可行的，应进一步完善数学模型，引入燃烧子模型。     

稳态射流数值模拟中速度参量对传热的影响机制分析

对文献中多个槽缝冲击射流的经典实验结果进行数值模拟,考察RNG k-ε和Transition SST湍流模型的表现,主要分析射流出口中心线和展向、壁面射流区域的雷诺时均速度和湍流度分布,以及靶面换热效果与流场模拟结果之间的关系.模拟结果表明,与Transition SST湍流模型相比,RNG k-ε模型的结果表现出更强的湍流粘性,使得其中心线上速度衰减较快,该效果可能导致低估靶面上的冲击换热效果;而在冲击滞止区域,RNG k-ε湍流模型结果表现出过高的湍动能,该效果可能导致高估靶面上的冲击换热效果.因此,当射流雷诺数较小时,Transition SST模型所得滞止区换热系数要高于RNG k-ε模型的结果,反之亦然;而在壁面射流区域,RNG k-ε模型对于流场速度的模拟较好,但相应区域的传热模拟并没有表现出明显的优越性.     

用标准k-ε模型求解二维紊动淹没射流

本文认完整的纳维埃—斯托克斯方程出发,分别采用紊动粘性系数为常数的紊流模型相标准k-ε紊流模型,求解船闸中的二维紊动淹没射流。计算结果与实测结果值的比较表明,标准k-ε模型远优于常数模型,它能准确地预测紊动淹没射流涡旋区的非边界层型的复杂流态及紊动动能的分布。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.