考虑利他偏好的低碳供应链决策

为研究供应链成员的利他偏好属性对低碳供应链决策和利润的影响,考虑由单一制造商和单一零售商组成的两级供应链,分别建立了完全自利、零售商具有利他偏好和制造商具有利他偏好下的低碳供应链决策模型,进一步分析了利他偏好和企业社会责任承担效应对利润的影响。结果表明,只有利他偏好系数较小的零售商才会愿意与完全自利型的制造商合作,无论是零售商还是制造商具有利他偏好,制造商均会提高碳减排率和社会责任绩效水平。此外,利他偏好属性可以实现利他效应,但无法实现利他利己的双重效应;而社会责任承担效应对利润的影响取决于利他偏好属性。     

二次订货机会下基于交易信用的供应链组合激励机制

对广告影响随机需求且带有二次订货机会的两级供应链,比较了集中决策与分散决策系统下供应链成员的最优策略.研究表明:在分散决策供应链中,单一的广告补贴机制难以实现供应链的完美协调;通过设计由交易信用与广告补贴构成的组合激励机制,可以使零售商的订货数量与广告投入同时达到集中决策时的最优水平,实现制造商与零售商期望利润的帕累托改善.通过一个数值算例验证了主要结论,并说明了相关参数调整对供应链最优策略及期望利润分配的影响.     

需求依赖库存量的n-2型供应链网络决策模型研究

针对n个制造商和2个零售商组成的供应链网络,假定不同制造商生产的品牌产品无差异、产品需求依赖于产品初始库存水平,并受到竞争产品库存和竞争零售商产品库存的影响,分别研究了各成员以自身利润最大化为目标进行分散式决策的带均衡约束的均衡模型、制造商主导的以品牌利润最大化为目标进行集中式决策的纳什均衡模型、以及零售商主导的以渠道利润最大化为目标进行集中式决策的纳什均衡模型,并给出了三种模式下的竞争均衡状态。结果表明,三种模式中分散式决策模式下的订购量最低,导致相应的品牌利润低于品牌利润最大化决策模式、相应的渠道利润低于渠道利润最大化模式。提出了可协调分散式供应链中零售商分别选择品牌利润最大化模式下的订购量和渠道利润最大化模式下的订购量的两种回购合同形式。数值算例表明了模型的合理性和协调合同的有效性。     

随机需求下两级供应链回购协调机制供需双方Stackelberg博弈分析

市场需求的快速变化要求供应链成员企业采用灵活的协调机制来提高供应链的运营效率和利润.由单一供应商和单一零售商组成的供应链中,对供需双方分别占主导地位的回购协调机制进行研究,建立了Stackelberg博弈模型,考虑供应链市场需求信息对称且需求具有价格弹性,并确定模型的均衡解.通过Maple软件进行模拟仿真,分析决策变量之间的关系,计算不同类型供应链(无回购、供应商主导或零售商主导的回购机制)中供需双方的利润关系,证实回购机制可以达到双赢,并得出决策变量对利润的影响.模型为供应链成员企业提供决策支持,指导供需双方选择合适的博弈策略以实现销售目标.     

考虑零售商横向公平的二层供应链网络均衡决策

将单个制造商和零售商的供应链纵向公平研究拓展到上层为单个制造商、下层为多个零售商和需求市场的二层供应链网络,分析多个零售商间的横向公平偏好行为。由于下层零售商具有竞争关系,零售商在决策时会因为与同层其他零售商的利润比较而产生横向公平偏好行为。在考虑多个零售商间横向公平偏好基础上,构建了多个零售商的Nash博弈模型及二层供应链上下层间的Stackelberg-Nash博弈模型,并利用罚函数法求解得到供应链各成员的均衡决策。重点分析多个零售商间的横向公平偏好行为对供应链各成员均衡决策、利润和效用的影响。数值结果表明:供应链成员均衡决策都受到零售商横向公平偏好行为影响,且制造商最优利润、零售商最优效用都低于零售商公平中性时的结果。最后对供应链成员应对横向公平偏好提出合理建议。     

消费者参考质量存在时滞效应的动态质量改进策略

考虑制造商产品质量改进的时滞效应对消费者参考质量的影响,构建了Nash非合作博弈、协同合作博弈、制造商承担零售商广告成本的部分合作博弈以及零售商承担制造商质量成本的部分合作博弈的供应链微分博弈模型。借助微分博弈原理得到了4种博弈模式的成员均衡策略和供应链绩效。研究发现:产品质量改进的时滞效应影响制造商的质量改进策略,不影响零售商的广告策略;成员的边际收益和成本是影响其策略以及绩效的关键因素。对比分析和数值算例发现:供应链成员的部分合作博弈虽不能实现供应链的完美协调,但可对分散式供应链进行帕累托改进;无论时滞效应存在与否,协同合作博弈下的成员策略、绩效及消费者参考质量水平更高。     

基于广告和质量的商誉模型研究

针对供应链的制造商和零售商的广告合作问题，将质量因素引入商誉模型，并运用微分对策中的马尔可夫纳什均衡分别分析了基于不考虑质量因素模型与考虑质量因素模型的制造商与零售商的利润，并将结果进行了比较，结果显示，重视质量发展可提高成员的利润．然后，运用最优控制分析了合作广告，并将合作广告的通道总利润与非合作条件下的总利润进行比较，结果显示，合作广告不仅可提高供应链的利润而且可促进质量的发展．     

基于补贴限制的双渠道合作广告模型

双渠道供应链协调问题一直是一个研究热点,为了减小渠道冲突,大多数企业采用了合作广告这种方式.对于进行双渠道销售的制造商而言,直销渠道能获利的情况下,受到利润水平或产品销量的约束,以及双渠道的交叉影响,制造商对零售商广告花费的补贴不会源源不断,没有限制.从双渠道供应链角度出发,考虑制造商主导下的二级供应链,建立了基于广告补贴限制的制造商和零售商的最优广告决策模型,分析广告补贴约束对供应链成员最优广告决策的影响.     

两条单生产商单零售商供应链的选址与定价竞争研究

基于"线性市场"与线性运输成本的Hotelling模型,研究两条由单生产商单零售商组成的供应链的选址与定价竞争,建立了两条供应链均为集中式供应链(II模式)、均为分散式供应链(DD模式)、一条为分散式供应链一条为集中式供应链(DI模式)的竞争均衡模型,给出了均衡解的存在条件和均衡解.研究表明:DD模式下两条供应链的定价与利润比DI模式高,而DI模式又比II模式高,所以供应链集中式决策不是利润最大化目标下的占优策略;两条供应链的成本之差影响到双方利润,低成本供应链具有竞争优势.最后,对3种模式进行了数值仿真,参照结果提出了管理建议.     

信息不对称下零售商销售延保服务的产品服务供应链激励契约设计

针对由一个制造商和一个零售商组成的产品服务供应链(其中制造商生产产品并提供延保服务,零售商销售产品和延保服务,零售商的延保服务销售努力程度为其私有信息),建立了制造商和零售商之间的委托代理模型,研究产品与延保服务的定价策略及制造商的激励契约设计问题,分析了产品故障率、延保服务成本等因素对均衡结果的影响,以及信息不对称对企业价格决策和产品服务供应链系统利润的影响。结果表明:制造商和零售商应根据信息条件和销售努力类型调整延保服务批发价格和销售价格;零售商的信息优势并不总是产生信息租金;零售商促销努力程度与制造商利润的正相关关系受到产品故障率的影响;信息不对称并不一定对供应链系统利润产生不利影响。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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