过去2000年中国温度变化研究的几个问题

根据最近重建的中国东部地区过去2000年冬半年温度距平序列,结合最近其他一些相关研究结果,对过去2000年中国温度变化序列的重建方法、小冰期及魏晋南北朝冷期的起迄时间与寒冷状况、中世纪暖期与隋唐暖期的温暖程度、过去2000年中国冷暖变化的幅度与速率、温度变化的千年波动周期、20世纪气候增暖是否超出过去2000年气候波动的最大范围及20世纪暖期历史相似型等几个问题进行了综合评述.     

中世纪暖期和现代暖期中国季风降水时空模式及其机制

IPCC第五次评估报告认为中世纪暖期(950—1250 A.D.)和现代暖期(20世纪增温)存在具有高可信度.气象观测结果显示20世纪中期以来的显著增温时期,中国降水变化呈现典型的"南涝北旱"两极模式.然而,这一模式与中世纪暖期代用指标重建降水所揭示的"南干北湿"模式存在显著差异,且这一差异的动力学机制亦不明确.继承大气降水氧同位素(δ~(18)O)的中国石笋δ~(18)O记录是描述水循环演变历史信息的理想天然示踪剂.本文将北京石花洞(中国北方)和贵州董哥洞(中国南方)石笋δ~(18)O记录进行对比,基于δ~(18)O-降水-大气环流信号之间的机理联系,解析中世纪和现代暖期大气降水时空模式及其机制.结果显示中世纪暖期石花洞石笋δ~(18)O值显著负偏,指示亚洲夏季风增强,雨带北移,印度洋远源水汽输送增加,而南方洞穴石笋δ~(18)O值相对正偏,指示降水减少或者蒸发加强,局地环流降水增加.在中世纪暖期,洞穴记录对比结果呈现与其他指标重建结果一致的"南干北湿"模式. 20世纪增温时期,石花洞与董哥洞石笋记录均显示δ~(18)O值正偏过程,指示夏季风减弱,雨带南移,北方降水减少;南方降水则由近源水汽输送所控制.研究结果暗示中世纪暖期亚洲夏季风增强可能是气候自然变率的结果,而现代暖期季风减弱则可能与人类活动影响下的海温异常有关.     

近50a皖北地区气温变化特征分析

选取皖北地区5个代表气象站1957～2007年的逐月气温数据,采用线性倾向估计和累积距平等方法,研究了皖北地区气温变化的趋势和空间差异.结果表明:①近50a皖北地区的年平均气温升高约1.3℃,增温率0.25℃/10a;20世纪90年代开始气温快速升高,增暖明显.②四季气温的变化有明显差异,除夏季外,春、秋、冬3季气温均呈上升趋势,气温分别升高了1.7,1.4,1.8℃;增温率分别为0.34,0.27,0.36℃/10a;增温幅度从大到小依次为冬季、春季和秋季.③皖北地区东部的宿州和东南部的蚌埠增暖明显,增温幅度较大;皖北地区西北部的砀山、西部的亳州和西南部的阜阳增温幅度较小.气温异常偏高年份多出现在90年代以后,1991～2007年的17a中,气温异常偏高及以上等级出现10a,占59%.     

近34年湖南省极端最高气温的时空变化特征研究

利用1979-2012年湖南省的ECMWF逐日地面最高气温再分析资料,采用阈值法确定极端最高温度,并通过气候倾向率、气候趋势系数分析法、温度距平以及概率分布等方法分析讨论了极端最高气温的时空变化特征.结果表明：湖南省在1979-2012年的极端最高温度呈上升趋势,增温幅度0.32℃/10a,达到0.1显著性水平检验;从空间分布来看,极端最高温度值由南向北逐渐减少,在区域上,湘东出现高值中心;从各个季节来说,冬季升温趋势显著,升温幅度达0.77℃/10a,其次为秋季、夏季和春季;从年代际来看,90年代中后期到21世纪初变暖程度最大,近34年较高温度发生的概率大于其它温度,2001-2012年出现极端高温天气概率大于其它时段.     

全新世几个特征时期的中国气温

总结分析了近万年以来中国气候变化的4个典型时期(大暖期、中世纪暖期、小冰期及现代暖期)的气候特征．大暖期出现于8．5～3．0kaBP,最暖在5．5～6．0Ka及7．0kaBP前后,气温比近百年平均高2°C以上．公元9世纪后半叶到13世纪末,中国东部气候偏暖,50年平均气温的一些极大值与近百年(19世纪80年代～20世纪》年代)相当或略偏高．但其中12世纪较寒冷．中国西部则除9世纪后半叶较暖外无类似东部的暖期．近千年来中国有5个冷期;在12世纪前半叶,14世纪前半叶,15世纪后半叶到16世纪前半叶,17世纪及19世纪．其中后3个冷期可以认为是中国小冰期的3个冷期．年平均气温的10年平均距平最低在-1．0°C以下,30～50年平均在-0．5"12以下．20世纪是近12个世纪中最暖的一个世纪,比近1 200年平均气温高0．5°C以上．近百年来20世纪20年代到40年代是最暖的时期,但从年平均来看1998年平均气温距平(对1961～1990年30年平均)达到1．38°C,是1880年以来最暖的一年．     

千年尺度上冷暖变化的自相似特征研究

从历史文献和自然证据两方面的信息证明,中国历史时期的冷暖变化在千年尺度上具有自相似特征,其落后自相关在1350a左右的长度上最为显著,此1350a重现周期包括了4个长度在百年以上的冷暖期:持续200～250a的暖期、150～200a的冷期、300～350a的暖期、550～600a的冷期,每个冷暖期中包含若干个相对冷暖事件.相对于550～600a的冷期,另3个阶段可合并为总体上以温暖为主的阶段,这两大冷暖阶段之间以大幅度的快速升温或降温的方式实现状态的转换.根据冷暖变化的1350a的重现周期推断,20世纪暖期属持续时间长度为200多年的暖期,在位相上与570's～770's的隋唐暖期相同,其变化过程与570's～770's暖期十分相近,但升温速率更快一些,特别是1980's～1990's年的温度明显高于1500's～1990's的温度距平与150's～650's的温度距平的回归曲线,这可能反映了人类活动对20世纪增暖的影响.     

近59年合肥气温特征分析及其未来变化趋势预测

基于合肥市1957—2015年逐月温度资料,结合线性回归、Morlet小波和R/S分析等方法,对合肥气温特征进行分析。结果表明:合肥近59年年均温增幅为0. 205℃/10a,近37年增温幅度最大,为0. 391℃/10a;除夏季以外的其余季节增温趋势显著,春季温度增幅对年均温的增温贡献最大,为0. 370℃/10a;冬季最早于1990年发生增暖突变,全年和春秋两季均温都在1993年发生增暖突变;全年和四季温度振荡第一主周期为4-7a,全年和秋冬两季还存在11-14a的中长周期振荡。合肥温度时间序列存在十分明显的赫斯特现象,将温度交替变化的周期特征结合Hurst指数预测合肥未来一段时间内温度将继续升高,下一个7a主周期振荡后全年和春夏秋冬四季温度将分别升高0. 14℃、0. 26℃、0. 02℃、0. 12℃和0. 18℃。     

1960—2013年重庆市气温变化特征分析

【目的】深入了解重庆市气温变化的时空分布格局。【方法】利用重庆市34个气象台站1960—2013年的逐日气温资料,采用线性倾向估计、滑动t检验、Mann-Kendall突变检验以及 Morlet小波等方法分析重庆市气温变化特征。【结果】1960—2013年重庆市的区域增温速率为0.008℃?a-1;四季气温也均呈上升趋势,其中秋季增幅最大,夏季最小;年平均气温存在显著的2~4a周期变化,年均温年代际变化具有阶段性,2000年前有降温的趋势,其中1980—1989年为低温期,2000年气温突变后为升温期;季节均温年代际变化表现为:春季、秋季、冬季呈“降温—增温—降温”的变化过程,夏季则只有“降温—增温”的变化趋势;气温增温速率在空间分布上由西向东逐渐升高,巫溪达到最高值,为0.056 ℃?a-1。【结论】1960—2013年重庆市的区域年平均气温略有上升,四季升温趋势存在差异;气温年代际变化具有阶段性:低温期、过渡期、升温期,2000年为重庆市气温突变年;气温增温趋势总体呈由西向东逐渐递增的空间分布格局。
     

1955—2013年我国主要城市冬季气温变化特征分析

利用1955—2013年我国主要城市90个站点冬季月平均气温数据,采用线性回归分析方法、Mann-Kendall突变检验法、Matlab小波分析法和空间插值法对我国主要城市近60年冬季平均气温的时空变化特征进行了分析.分析结果:1近60年我国主要城市冬季平均气温呈上升趋势,年均温的增温速率为0.301℃/10年.2我国主要城市冬季平均气温突变点出现在1985年,20世纪60年代为温度下降期,70年代开始增温,80年代增温速率最大,90年代增温速率开始减缓,2000年之后增温速率继续下降.3小波分析结果表明,我国主要城市冬季平均气温具有3、6、11年的变化周期,主周期为6年.4温度变率方面,我国北方城市增温速率大于南方,突变点后气温增温速率减缓,但西南地区在突变点后气温增温速率增加,西南地区冬季增温速率与华北及东北地区冬季增温速率存在明显差异.     

10年尺度金华市主城区夏季热环境变化及地表覆盖的影响

以Landsat7/ETM+和快鸟、高分2号遥感影像为数据源,研究金华市建成区夏季热环境的时空特征及土地覆盖类型的城市热环境效应.结果表明:从2005年到2015年,研究区(金华市主城区)夏季热环境发生了很大变化,从区域上看,研究区中心增温不明显,且其局部地区温度下降,研究区其他地方增温显著;从土地覆盖的转换看,水体、植被、裸地转化为厂房后增温20℃以上,林地耕地转化为裸地后增温10℃左右,稀疏林地转化为密林、不透水面转化为植被后降低了地表温度,其最大降幅接近10℃;从变化幅度上看,不透水面的地表温度10年增温幅度远超过植被和水体,而绿化、隔热建筑屋顶分别导致温度下降1.2℃和6℃左右.结论:土地覆盖及其转化是影响城市热环境的主要因素,通过绿化、水体扩容、改变土地利用的类型等方法可以有效地改善城市热环境.     

Characteristics of decadal-centennial-scale changes in East Asian summer monsoon circulation and precipitation during the Medieval Warm Period and Little Ice Age and in the present day

Using meteorological observations, proxies of precipitation and temperature, and climate simulation outputs, we synthetically analyzed the regularities of decadal-centennial-scale changes in the summer thermal contrast between land and ocean and summer precipitation over the East Asian monsoon region during the past millennium; compared the basic characteristics of the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) circulation and precipitation in the present day, the Little Ice Age (LIA) and the Medieval Warm Period (MWP); and explored their links with solar irradiance and global climate change. The results indicate that over the last 150 years, the EASM circulation and precipitation, indicated by the temperature contrast between the East Asian mainland and adjacent oceans, had a significant decadal perturbation and have been weaker during the period of rapid global warming over the past 50 years. On the centennial time scale, the EASM in the MWP was strongest over the past 1000 years. Over the past 1000 years, the EASM was weakest in 1450?C1570. When the EASM circulation was weaker, the monsoon rain belt over eastern China was generally located more southward, with there being less precipitation in North China and more precipitation in the Yangtze River valley; therefore, there was an anomalous pattern of southern flood/northern drought. From the 1900s to 1920s, precipitation had a pattern opposite to that of the southern flood/northern drought, with there being less precipitation in the Yangtze River valley and more precipitation in North China. Compared with the case for the MWP, there was a longer-time-scale southern flood/northern drought phenomenon in 1400?C1600. Moreover, the EASM circulation and precipitation did not synchronously vary with the trend of global temperature. During the last 150 years, although the annual mean surface temperature around the world and in China has increased, the EASM circulation and precipitation did not have strengthening or weakening trends. Over the past 1000 years, the weakest EASM occurred ahead of the lowest Northern Hemispheric temperature and corresponded to the weakest solar irradiance.     

Simulated and reconstructed winter temperature in the eastern China during the last millennium

Since the 1990s, under the auspicious impetus of two international research programs, the “Past Global Changes” (PAGES) and the “Climate Variability and Pre- dictability” (CLIVAR), massive research work has been carried out on climate and environment changes over the past 2000 years[1-3]. But majority of the studies has been centered on obtaining various kinds of climatic proxy data (such as historical documents, tree rings, ice cores, lake cores) and focused on the reconstruction of…     

Late Holocene paleoenvironmental changes in the southern Okinawa Trough inferred from a diatom record

We analyzed sediment diatoms from core MD05-2908 to infer climate and paleoenvironmental changes in the southern Okinawa Trough (SOT) over the past 1000 years.Because the study area is located in the East Asia monsoon area and beneath the main axis of Kuroshio Current,the climatic and hydrographical conditions are strongly influenced by both of these factors.The species used as environmental indicators,including the Kuroshio Current species (KC species) and freshwater species,were investigated in this paper.Changes in the abundance of the two groups of species revealed significant variations in water temperature and hydrography in the SOT during the Medieval Warm Period (MWP) and the Little Ice Age (LIA).From 950-1500 AD,the abundance of the KC species increased fluctuantly,while the freshwater species decreased,showing that the influence of the Kuroshio Current was intensified at that interval and the precipitation of the study area was relatively low.The KC species decreased remarkably and was maintained at a low abundance during the interval of 1500-1900 AD,which suggests that the impact of the Kuroshio Current on the SOT weakened during the period corresponding to the LIA.Moreover,the high abundance of the freshwater species at the same interval indicates a distinct increase in precipitation in northeastern Taiwan,which may be correlated to the south-detention of the rainfall belt in China caused by the southward migration of the western Pacific subtropical high.     

Forced response of atmospheric oscillations during the last millennium simulated by a climate system model

Variations in global atmospheric oscillations during the last millennium are simulated using the climate system model FGOALS_gl. The model was driven by reconstructions of both natural forcing (solar variability and volcanic aerosol) and anthropogenic forcing (greenhouse gases and sulfate aerosol). The model results are compared against proxy reconstruction data. The reconstructed North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) was out of phase with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) in the last millennium. During the Medieval Warm Period (MWP), the NAO was strong while the PDO was weak. During the Little Ice Age (LIA), the NAO was weak while the PDO was strong. A La Niña-like state prevailed in the MWP, while an El Niño-like state dominated in the LIA. This phenomenon is particularly obvious in the 15th, 17th and 19th centuries. Analysis of the model output indicates that the NAO was generally positive during 1000?C1400 AD and negative during 1650?C1900 AD. There is a discrepancy between the simulation and reconstruction during 1400?C1650 AD. The simulated PDO generally varies in parallel with the reconstruction, which has a negative phase during the MWP and a positive phase during the LIA. The correlation coefficient between the reconstruction and simulation is 0.61, and the correlation is statistically significant at the 1% level. Neither the La Niña-like state of the MWP nor the El Niño-like state of the LIA is reproduced in the model. Both the reconstructed and the simulated Antarctic Oscillations had a negative phase in the early period of the last millennium and a positive phase in the late period of the last millennium. The Asian-Pacific Oscillation was generally strong during the WMP and weak during the LIA, and the correlation coefficient between the simulation and reconstruction is 0.50 for the period 1000?C1985 AD. The analysis suggests that the specified external forcings significantly affected the evolution of atmospheric oscillation during the last millennium.     

Temporal and spatial variations in the Palmer Drought Severity Index over the past four centuries in arid, semiarid, and semihumid East Asia

Based on a database of 106 annually resolved tree-ring chronologies and 244 Palmer Drought Severity Index(PDSI)grid data,we attempted to reconstruct gridded spatial drought patterns in each year over the past four centuries in the arid,semiarid,and semihumid East Asia.The results showed that these regions mainly experienced drought events during the periods from AD 1601 to AD 1652,AD 1680 to AD 1718,AD 1779 to AD 1791,AD 1807 to AD 1824,AD 1846 to AD 1885,and AD 1961 to AD 1999.In the middle of the 16th century,severe droughts occurred mainly in North China;during the period from AD 1876 to AD 1878,droughts occurred in most parts of northern China;and from the 1920s to 1940s,catastrophic drought events spread across almost all of northern China and Mongolia.These historical drought events caused severe ecological and environmental problems and substantially affected the development of human society.In these regions,temperature and summer monsoon precipitation are the main factors influencing drought events.In western areas,PDSI and temperature exhibit a close relationship,whereas in eastern areas,summer monsoon rainfall is the dominant factor influencing variations in PDSI.     

Key points on temperature change of the past 2000 years in China

Itisimportanttostudythetemperaturechangeduringthepast 2 0 0 0 yearsforunderstandingtheis suessuchasthegreenhouseeffectandglobalwarminginducedbyhumanactivities .Chinahasadvantagesinreconstructinghistoricalclimatechangeforitsabun dantdocumentedhistoricalrecordsandothernaturalevidenceobtainedfromtreerings ,lakesediments ,icecores ,andstalagmite .SinceDr .Chulaidafounda tiononthestudyoftemperaturechangeinChinaforthepast 5 0 0 0 years[1] ,significantprogressinthestudyoftemperaturechangeofthepast 2…     

Inter-hemispheric comparison of climate change in the last millennium based on the ECHO-G simulation

The commonality and difference in the variations of temperature and precipitation between the Northern Hemisphere （NH） and Southern Hemispheres （SH） in the last millennium are investigated by analysis of the millennium simulation with the ECHO-G coupled climate model. The NH mean temperature variations are generally consistent with those of the SH counterpart on the interannual, decadal and centennial time scales. But, the transition times between the medieval warm period （MWP）, the little ice age （LIA）, and the present-day warm period （PWP） in the NH leads that in the SH; and the anomaly amplitude in the NH is significantly larger than the SH counterpart. For the precipitation variations, the NH mean precipitation varies in-phase with the SH mean precipitation on decadal and centennial scales （mainly in the mid-high latitudes） but out-of-phase on the interannual scale （mainly in the low latitudes）. During the MWP the warming has comparable amplitude in the NH and SH; however, during the PWP the NH warming is considerably stronger than the SH warming. Further, the present-day temperature rises in the NH high latitudes but decreases in the SH high latitudes, which is very different from the warming pattern during the MWP. Since during the MWP the greenhouse gases （GHG） concentration stayed at a low level, we infer that the present-day opposite temperature tendency in the high latitudes between the two hemispheres may be related to the increase of the GHG concentration.     

Humid medieval warm period recorded by magnetic characteristics of sediments from Gonghai Lake,Shanxi, North China

Variations in monsoon strength, moisture or precipitation in eastern China during the MWP reflected by different climatic records have shown apparent discrepancies. Here, detailed environmental magnetic investigations and mineralogical analyses were conducted on lacustrine sediments of Core GH09B1 (2.8 m long) from Gonghai Lake, Shanxi, North China, concerning the monsoon history during the MWP. The results demonstrate that the main magnetic mineral is magnetite. The sediments with relatively high magnetic mineral concentrations were characterized by relatively fine magnetic grain sizes, which were formed in a period of relatively strong pedogenesis and high precipitation. In contrast, the sediments with low magnetic mineral concentrations reflected an opposite process. The variations of magnetic parameters in Gonghai Lake sediments were mainly controlled by the degree of pedogenesis in the lake drainage basin, which further indicated the strength of the Asian summer monsoon. The variations in the and S 300 parameters of the core clearly reveal the Asian summer monsoon history over the last 1200 years in the study area, suggesting generally abundant precipitation and a strong summer monsoon during the Medieval Warm Period (MWP, AD 910–1220), which is supported by pollen evidence. Furthermore, this 3–6-year resolution environmental magnetic record indicates a dry event around AD 980–1050, interrupting the generally humid MWP. The summer monsoon evolution over the last millennium recorded by magnetic parameters in sediments from Gonghai Lake correlates well with historical documentation (North China) and speleothem oxygen isotopes (Wanxiang Cave), as well as precipitation modeling results (extratropical East Asia), which all indicate a generally humid MWP within which centennial-scale moisture variability existed. It is thus demonstrated that environmental magnetic parameters could be used as an effective proxy for monsoon climate variations in high-resolution lacustrine sediments.     

From Pingcheng to Luoyang-Substantiation of the climatic cause for capital relocation of the Beiwei Dynasty

Emperor Tuoba Hong1) of Beiwei relocated the capital from Pingcheng to Luoyang approximately 1500 years ago. Most historians speculate that his motivation was based on considerations of politics, economics, military, history, and Chinese culture. However, Sima Guang, a famous historian during the Song Dynasty, claimed 1000 years ago that cold climate was the cause of this historical event. In order to assess the credibility of Sima Guang's claim, this research examines related ancient documents and the recent frost data for a comparative study. It is found that the mean minimum temperature in Pingcheng during 479AD～509AD is estimated to be lower than present minimum temperature by 2.48 ℃.     

青藏高原中西部湖泊生物标志物记录的过去两千年气候变化

以青藏高原中西部湖泊达则错和阿翁错为研究对象,通过分析湖泊沉积物岩芯中GDGTs、长链不饱和烯酮与叶蜡化合物单体氢同位素等生物分子标志物获得过去2000 a以来青藏高原中西部定量的温度与降水同位素记录,以期探讨晚全新世以来不同时段青藏高原气候变化区域特征,并揭示过去2000 a季风与西风对青藏高原影响范围的变化.结果表明:(1)青藏高原气候变化存在强烈的区域性特征,两个湖泊均存在中世纪暖期(MWP),但是暖期持续的时间有所不同,高原西部(阿翁错) MWP持续时间明显长于高原中部(达则错);达则错有明显的小冰期(LIA)降温,阿翁错没有发现明显的LIA,可能受样品分辨率低的影响;过去200 a达则错温度有缓慢降低趋势,可能是冰融水补给湖泊温度变化滞后于气候变化的表现.(2)过去2000 a印度夏季风在青藏高原的最北界线可能发生了北移,在距今1000～2000 a,夏季风边界线位于阿翁错以北、达则错以南;但在过去1000 a印度季风边界线移动到阿翁错和达则错以北.